Organizing for Systemic Innovations – Research on Knowledge, Interaction and Organizational Interdependencies

Systemic innovation has emerged as an important topic due to the interconnected technological and sociotechnical change of our current complex world. This study approaches the phenomenon from an organizing perspective, by analyzing the various actors, collaborative activities and resources available in innovation systems. It presents knowledge production for innovation and discusses the organizational challenges of shared innovation activities from a dynamic perspective. Knowledge, interaction, and organizational interdependencies are seen as the core elements of organizing for systemic innovations. This dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the focus of the study and the relevant literature and summarizes conclusions. The second part includes seven publications, each reporting on an important aspect of the phenomenon studied. Each of the in-depth single-case studies takes a distinct and complementary systems approach to innovation activities – linking the refining of knowledge to the enabling of organizations to participate in shared innovation processes. These aspects are summarized as theoretical and practical implications for recognizing innovation opportunities and turning ideas into innovations by means of using information and organizing activities in an efficient manner. Through its investigation of the existing literature and empirical case studies, this study makes three main contributions. First, it describes the challenges inherent in utilizing information and transforming it into innovation knowledge. Secondly, it presents the role of interaction and organizational interdependencies in innovation activities from various novel perspectives. Third, it highlights the interconnection between innovations and organizations, and the related path dependency and anticipatory aspects in innovation activities. In general, the thesis adds to our knowledge of how different aspects of systems form innovations through interaction and organizational interdependencies. It highlights the continuous need to redefine information and adjust organizations and networks based on ongoing activities – stressing the emergent, systemic nature of innovation.

Expectations of elderly people on the nurse-client relationship and interaction in home care : "When I see the nurse's smiling face it feels likes sunshine on a rainy and gloomy day"

The purpose of the thesis was to explore expectations of elderly people on the nurse-client relationship and interaction in home care. The aim is to improve the quality of care to better meet the needs of the clients. A qualitative approach was adopted. Semi-structured theme interviews were used for data collection. The interviews were conducted during spring 2006. Six elderly clients of a private home care company in Southern Finland acted as informants. Content analysis was used as the method of data analysis. The findings suggest that clients expect nurses to provide professional care with loving-kindness. Trust and mutual, active interaction were expected from the nurse-client relationship. Clients considered it important that the nurse recognizes each client's individual needs. The nurse was expected to perform duties efficiently, but in a calm and unrushed manner. A mechanic performance of tasks was considered negative. Humanity was viewed as a crucial element in the nurse-client relationship. Clients expressed their need to be seen as human beings. Seeing beyond the illness was considered important. A smiling nurse was described to be able to alleviate pain and anxiety. Clients hoped to have a close relationship with the nurse. The development of a close relationship was considered to be more likely if the nurse is familiar and genuine. Clients wish the nurses to have a more attending presence. Clients suggested that the work areas of the nurses could be limited so that they would have more time to transfer from one place to another. Clients felt that they would benefit from this as well. The nurses were expected to be more considerate. Clients wished for more information regarding changes that affect their care. They wished to be informed about changes in schedules and plans. Clients hoped for continuity from the nurse-client relationship. Considering the expectations of clients promotes client satisfaction. Home care providers have an opportunity to reflect their own care behaviour on the findings. To better meet the needs of the clients, nurses could apply the concept of loving-kindness in their work, and strive for a more attending presence.

Worldly Saints : Social Interaction of Dominican Penitent Women in Italy, 1200-1500

Doctoral dissertation, University of Turku

Copresence video conference mediated interaction

Abstract

Interaction of prechilling, temperature, osmotic stress, and light in Picea abies seed germination

Summary

Sensitivity of temperate grassland species to elevated atmospheric CO2 and the interaction with temperature and water stress

Selostus: Kohonneen hiilidioksidipitoisuuden, lämpötilan ja kuivuuden vaikutus nurmikasveihin

Exploring the strategic impact of technological change - Studies on the role of Internet in magazine publishing

Over the past few decades, turbulent change has characterized the situation in the media industry. It has been noted that digitalization and new media are strongly influencing the industry: it is changing the existing market dynamics and requires new strategies. Prior research on the impact of digitalization and the Internet has emphasized news-focused media such as newspaper publishing and broadcasting, yet magazine publishing is very seldom the focus of the research. This study examines how the Internetimpacts magazine publishing. The work presents a multi-level analysis on the role and impact of the Internet on magazine products, companies and industry. The study is founded on strategic management, technology management and media economics literature. This study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results of the study. The second part comprises five research publications. Qualitative research methods are used throughout. The results of the study indicate that the Internet has not had a disruptive effect on magazine publishing, and that its strategic implications could rather be considered complementary to the print magazine and the business as a whole. It seems that the co-specialized assets, together with market-related competencies and unchanged core competence have protected established firms from the disruptive effect of the new technology in magazine publishing. In addition, it seems that the Internet offers a valuable possibility to build and nourish customer relationships. The study contributes tomedia management and economics research by moving from product- or industry-level investigations towards a strategic-management perspective.

The Interaction of the Calcium Sensitiser Levosimendan with Cardiac Troponin C

Cardiac failure is one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. As life expectancies of the populations of these countries grow, the number of patients suffering from cardiac insufficiency also increase. Effective treatments including the use of calcium sensitisers are being sought. They cause a positive inodilatory effect on cardio-myocytes without deleterious effects (arrhythmias) resulting from increases in intracellular calcium concentration. Levosimendan is a novel calcium sensitiser that hasbeen proved to be a welltolerated and effective treatment for patients with severe decompensated heart failure. Cardiac troponin C (cTnC) is its target protein. However, there have been controversies about the interactions between levosimendan and cTnC. Some of these controversies have been addressed in this dissertation. Furthermore, studies on the calcium sensitising mechanism based on the interactions between levosimendan and cTnC as followed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) are presented and discussed. Levosimendan was found to interact with bothdomains of the calcium-saturated cTnC in the absence of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). In the presence of cTnI, the C-domain binding site was blocked and levosimendan interacted only with the regulatory domain of cTnC. This interaction may have caused the observed calcium sensitising effect by priming the N-domain for cTnI binding thereby extending the lifetime of that complex. It is suggested that this is achieved by shifting the equilibrium between open and closed conformations.

Investigation of interaction between native and impurity defects in ZnSe

Zinc selenide is a prospective material for optoelectronics. The fabrication of ZnSe­based light-emitting diodes is hindered by complexity of p-type doping of the component materials. The interaction between native and impurity defects, the tendency of doping impurity to form associative centres with native defects and the tendency to self-compensation are the main factors impeding effective control of the value and type of conductivity. The thesis is devoted to the study of the processes of interaction between native and impurity defects in zinc selenide. It is established that the Au impurity has the most prominent amphoteric properties in ZnSe among Cu, Ag and Au impurities, as it forms a great number of both Au; donors and Auz„ acceptors. Electrical measurements show that Ag and Au ions introduced into vacant sites of the Zn sublattice form simple single-charged Agz„+ and Auzn+ states with d1° electron configuration, while Cu ions can form both single-charged Cuz„ (d1) and double-charged Cuzr`+ (d`o) centres. Amphoteric properties of Ag and Au transition metals stimulated by time are found for the first time from both electrical and luminescent measurements. A model that explains the changes in electrical and luminescent parameters by displacement of Ag ions into interstitial sites due to lattice deformation forces is proposed. Formation of an Ag;-donor impurity band in ZnSe samples doped with Ag and stored at room temperature is also studied. Thus, the properties of the doped samples are modified due to large lattice relaxation during aging. This fact should be taken into account in optoelectronic applications of doped ZnSe and related compounds.

Tiimin sisäisen vuorovaikutuksen esteet ja edistäjät, case Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankki

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää tekijöitä, jotka edistävät ja toisaalta estävät vuorovaikutusta tiimissä. Tutkimuksen managerialisena tavoitteena on luoda uusia sisäistä vuorovaikutusta edistäviä toimintatapoja kohdeorganisaation sijoitustiimissä. Teoreettisessa osassa tiimin sisäiseen vuorovaikutukseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä tarkastellaan tiimin sisäisen sosiaalisen pääoman, tiimin viestintävalmiuksien ja teknologisten ja sosiaalisten verkostorakenteiden kautta. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa tarkastellaan kohdeyrityksen sijoitustiimin sisäisen vuorovaikutukseen tilaa ja selvitetään tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat vuorovaikutuksen myönteiseen kehittymiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, että tiimin sisäinen sosiaalinen pääoma: verkostosuhteet, luottamus ja yhteiset pelisäännöt edistävät tiimin vuorovaikutusta. Sosiaaliset suhdeverkostot nousevat yhdeksi tärkeimmistä edistäjistä. Vuorovaikutuksen esteitä – tiimin hajautuneisuus ja kiire - voidaan minimoida sähköisten kommunikaatiovälineiden tarkoituksenmukaisella käytöllä. Esimiehen tärkeä rooli on näiden vuorovaikutusprosessien käynnistämisessä ja ylläpitämisessä.

Knowledge sharing in virtual communities

The Internet has transformed the scope, boundaries and dynamics of social and economic interactions. It is argued to have broadened the notion of the community from physical, colocated groups towards collectives that are able to transcend time and space, i.e. virtual communities. Even if virtual communities have been on the academic agenda for a couple of decades, there is still surprisingly little research on knowledge sharing within them. In addition, prior research has largely neglected the complex dynamics between Internet-based communication channels and the surrounding communities in which they are embedded. This thesis aims at building a better understanding of knowledge sharing supported by conversational technologies in intra-organisational virtual communities and external virtual communities supporting relationships with customers. The focus is thus on knowledge sharing in types of virtual communities that seem to be of relevance to business organisations. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results. The second part comprises seven research publications. Qualitative research methods are used throughout the study. The results of the study indicate that investigation of the processes of knowledge sharing in virtual communities requires a socio-technical perspective, combining the individual, social and technological levels, and understanding the interplay between them. It is claimed that collective knowledge in virtual communities creates the enabling structure for knowledge sharing, and forms the invisible structure of the community on the basis of which it operates. It consists of a shared context, social capital and a unique community culture. The Internet does not inevitably erode social interaction: it seems that supporting social relationships by means of communication technology is a matter of quantity rather than quality. In order to provide access to external knowledge and expertise, firms need to open themselves up to an array of Internet-based conversations, and to consider the relevance of virtual communities to their businesses.

Osaamisen johtaminen Suomen kunnissa

Kunnissa eletään muutosten aikaa, ja osaamisen johtamisella pyritään vastaamaan kehityksen mukanaan tuomiin haasteisiin. Osaamisen johtamista pidetäänkin tärkeänä asiana kuntien kehittämisessä. Viime vuosina osaamisen johtaminen on ollut voimakkaasti esillä myös yksityisellä sektorilla, jossa se on nähty tärkeänä elementtinä kilpailukyvyn kehittämisessä. Osaamisen johtaminen on toimintaa, jolla kehitetään yksilöiden ja organisaation osaamista sekä organisaation yhteistyövalmiutta. Osaamisen johtamisessa huomioidaan myös organisaatiolle asetetut strategiset tavoitteet. Tässä tutkimuksessa osaamisen johtaminen ankkuroidaan tietojohtamisen, henkilöstövoimavarojen johtamisen (HRM:n) ja oppivan organisaation viitekehyksiin. Tutkimusotteeksi on valittu kvantitatiivinen tutkimusote. Kvantitatiivinen tutkimusote mahdollistaa osaamisen johtamisen rakenteellisen analyysin ja kuvaamisen. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmänä ovat kaikki Suomen 444 kuntaa vuonna 2004. Tutkimuksen tiedonkeruu suoritettiin lomakekyselyn avulla, ja tutkimus kohdistettiin kuntien henkilöstöasioiden asiantuntijoille. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tavoitteena oli mallintaa ja kuvata osaamisen johtamista Suomen kunnissa. Tutkimusongelma liittyy kuntien osaamisen johtamisen nykytilaan ja tavoitteisiin sekä siihen, missä vaiheissa kunnat ovat osaamisen johtamisessaan. Kyselyn avulla tutkittiin myös kuntien halukkuutta kehittää osaamisen johtamistaan. Vastausten pohjalta analysoitiin lisäksi, mitkä asiat kunnissa vaikuttavat osaamisen johtamiseen. Tutkimuksen tuloksissa tulevat esille neljä erilaista kunnissa vallitsevaa osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiota: Strategiaohjattu yhteisöllinen orientaatio, Innovatiivinen orientaatio, Teknologinen orientaatio ja Strategialähtöinen järjestelmäorientaatio. Nämä neljä orientaatiota ovat tunnistettavissa myös taustakirjallisuudessa. Kunnat ryhmiteltiin orientaatioiden perusteella neljään ryhmään, jotka nimettiin seuraavasti: Innostuneet aloittelijat, Tekniset aloittelijat, Edistyneet ja Kehittyvät. Innostuneiden aloittelijoiden ryhmässä korostuu innovatiivinen orientaatio, mutta muut osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat esille heikosti. Teknisten aloittelijoiden ryhmässä korostuu teknologinen orientaatio, mutta muut osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat esille heikosti. Edistyneiden ryhmässä kaikki osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat hyvin esille. Kehittyvien ryhmässä korostuvat sekä innovatiivinen että teknologinen orientaatio. Kuntien osaamisen johtamisen nykytilanne on murroksessa. Osaamisen johtaminen on suuressa osassa kunnista hyvässä vauhdissa, mutta kehitettävääkin on. Tietotekniset välineet osaamisen johtamisessa ovat hyvät useimmissa kunnissa. Tulevaisuuden osaamistarpeina pidetään erityisesti vuorovaikutustaitoja ja oman ammattialan osaamista. Kunnissa on myös huomioitu ainakin tavoitteiden tasolla tulevaisuus ja sen tuomat haasteet.

The state of research and development in Australia: implications for future development

The scale of research and development (R&D), and other technological activities, and the way in which the available resources are managed and organized at the enterprise and national level contribute to the rate of technological change in a country. A well organized national innovation system can be a powerful engine of progress, whereas a lack of interaction between institutions results in the slowing down of technological change, thereby diminishing its contribution to economic growth and welfare. The research object of this thesis is Australia’s national innovation system and the state of R&D in Australia. In order to establish an overall picture of the situation and to be able to make recommendations for future development, the general level of R&D activity and the main performers and funders of R&D within the system are analyzed. The framework policies supporting R&D and prevalent dynamics between different actors and sectors are of specific interest of the research. The findings reveal that the Australian culture is not a culture of research and innovation and that the main challenge is building a coherent system with strong domestic and international linkages.