Strategic alliances as an international entry strategy: Finnish cleantech SMEs and the Indian market

The demand for environmental technologies, also called cleantech, is growing globally but the need is especially high in emerging markets such as India where the rising economy and rapid industrialisation have led to increasing energy needs and environmental degradation. The market is of great potential also for the Finnish cleantech cluster that represents advanced expertise in several fields of environmental technologies. However, most of the Finnish companies in the field are SMEs that face challenges in their internationalisation due to their limited resources. The objective of this study was to estimate, whether strategic alliances could be an efficient entry strategy for Finnish cleantech SMEs entering the Indian market. This was done by studying what are the key factors influencing the international entry mode decision of Finnish cleantech SMEs, what are the major factors affecting the entry of Finnish cleantech SMEs to the Indian market and how do Finnish cleantech SMEs use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process. The study was realised as a qualitative multi-case study through theme interviews of Finnish cleantech SME representatives. The results indicated that Finnish cleantech SMEs prefer to enter international markets through non-equity and collaborative modes of entry. These entry modes are chosen because of the small size and limited resources of companies, but also because they want to protect their innovative technologies from property rights violations. India is an attracting market for Finnish cleantech SMEs mainly because of its size and growth, but insufficient environmental regulation and high import tariffs have hindered entry to the market. Finnish cleantech SMEs commonly use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process but the use is rather one-sided. Most of the formed strategic alliances are low-commitment, international contractual agreement in sales and distribution. Alliance partner selection receives less attention. In the future, providing Finnish cleantech SMEs with international experience and training could help in diversifying the use of strategic alliances and increase their benefits to SME internationalisation.

Commitment in Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances

Finnish companies have usually formed a strategic alliance as entry mode when entering the Japanese market. However, these strategic alliances have not been studied in a general level and it remains unknown, what kind cooperation the Finnish companies are operating with their Japanese partners. Especially Finnish companies that aims to penetrate the Japanese market are eager to know more about this. The recent studies on topic have focused on a single industry or company and that is why more general level study was needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze types of Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances from the Finnish point of view. The analysis is conducted by answering the questions what strategic alliance types appear in the strategic alliances between Japanese and Finnish companies, and how commitment affects strategic alliance type. This study also examines how committed Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances are. In this study multiple case study was selected as research method. The data is collected by interviewing six representative of Finnish companies in Japan individually. Multiple case study was chosen for this study, because this study is interested in the topic in general level and this research method is suitable for this kind of research. From the interviews common attributes were pointed out and from them the big picture of the topic was created. Types of strategic alliances were determined by using previous literature on that topic. Two different types of strategic alliance were discovered: supplier alliance which is the most common one and learning alliance. The commitment of strategic alliance was measured visually by utilizing a figure that was modified for this study.The figure is originally based on earlier studies on strategic alliance types and their connection to ownership and commitment. By utilizing the figure it was noticed that commitment affects strategic alliance types: the more there is commitment involved, the more there is cooperation. Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances are not very committed despite they have existed for a long time. However, there is potential to be more committed. That is why Finnish companies should increase the commitment and attract the partners to develop the strategic alliances, because it would possible increase competitive advantage. This would be beneficial to all members within the strategic alliance.

Commitment in Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances

Finnish companies have usually formed a strategic alliance as entry mode when entering the Japanese market. However, these strategic alliances have not been studied in a general level and it remains unknown, what kind cooperation the Finnish companies are operating with their Japanese partners. Especially Finnish companies that aims to penetrate the Japanese market are eager to know more about this. The recent studies on topic have focused on a single industry or company and that is why more general level study was needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze types of Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances from the Finnish point of view. The analysis is conducted by answering the questions what strategic alliance types appear in the strategic alliances between Japanese and Finnish companies, and how commitment affects strategic alliance type. This study also examines how committed Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances are. In this study multiple case study was selected as research method. The data is collected by interviewing six representative of Finnish companies in Japan individually. Multiple case study was chosen for this study, because this study is interested in the topic in general level and this research method is suitable for this kind of research. From the interviews common attributes were pointed out and from them the big picture of the topic was created. Types of strategic alliances were determined by using previous literature on that topic. Two different types of strategic alliance were discovered: supplier alliance which is the most common one and learning alliance. The commitment of strategic alliance was measured visually by utilizing a figure that was modified for this study. The figure is originally based on earlier studies on strategic alliance types and their connection to ownership and commitment. By utilizing the figure it was noticed that commitment affects strategic alliance types: the more there is commitment involved, the more there is cooperation. Finnish–Japanese strategic alliances are not very committed despite they have existed for a long time. However, there is potential to be more committed. That is why Finnish companies should increase the commitment and attract the partners to develop the strategic alliances, because it would possible increase competitive advantage. This would be beneficial to all members within the strategic alliance.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chain. Smile. Part 2. eBusiness in a service business. Case: A maintenance and operations network in forest industry

VVALOSADE is a research project of professor Anita Lukka's VALORE research team in the Lappeenranta University of Technology. The VALOSADE includes the ELO technology program of Tekes. SMILE is one of four subprojects of the VALOSADE. The SMILE study focuses on the case of the company network that is composed of small and micro-sized mechanical maintenance service providers and forest industry as large-scale customers. The basic principle of the SMILE study is the communication and ebusiness in supply and demand networks. The aim of the study is to develop ebusiness strategy, ebusiness model and e-processes among the SME local service providers, and onthe other hand, between the local service provider network and the forest industry customers in a maintenance and operations service business. A literature review, interviews and benchmarking are used as research methods in this qualitative case study. The first SMILE report, 'Ebusiness between Global Company and Its Local SME Supplier Network', concentrated on creating background for the SMILE study by studying general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networks of different industries. This second phase of the study concentrates on case network background, such as business relationships, information systems and business objectives; core processes in maintenance and operations service network; development needs in communication among the network participants; and ICT solutions to respond needs in changing environment. In the theory part of the report, different ebusiness models and frameworks are introduced. Those models and frameworks are compared to empirical case data. From that analysis of the empirical data, therecommendations for the development of the network information system are derived. In process industry such as the forest industry, it is crucial to achieve a high level of operational efficiency and reliability, which sets up great requirements for maintenance and operations. Therefore, partnerships or strategic alliances are needed between the network participants. In partnerships and alliances, deep communication is important, and therefore the information systems in the network also are critical. Communication, coordination and collaboration will increase in the case network in the future, because network resources must be optimised to improve competitive capability of the forest industry customers and theefficiency of their service providers. At present, ebusiness systems are not usual in this maintenance network. A network information system among the forest industry customers and their local service providers actually is the only genuinenetwork information system in this total network. However, the utilisation of that system has been quite insignificant. The current system does not add value enough either to the customers or to the local service providers. At present, thenetwork information system is the infomediary that share static information forthe network partners. The network information system should be the transaction intermediary, which integrates internal processes of the network companies; the network information system, which provides common standardised processes for thelocal service providers; and the infomediary, which share static and dynamic information on right time, on right partner, on right costs, on right format and on right quality. This study provides recommendations how to develop this system in the future to add value to the network companies. Ebusiness scenarios, vision, objectives, strategies, application architecture, ebusiness model, core processes and development strategy must be considered when the network information system will be developed in the next development step. The core processes in the case network are demand/capacity management, customer/supplier relationship management, service delivery management, knowledge management and cash flow management. Most benefits from ebusiness solutions come from the electrifying of operational level processes, such as service delivery management and cash flow management.

Integrated Project Portfolio Management as a Tool for Strategic Steering and Business Control

Tutkielman päätavoitteena oli tutkia miten projektisalkun hallinnalla voidaan tukea organisaation strategista ohjausta ja liiketoimintaa. Tämän lisäksi avaintavoitteina oli kuvata projektisalkun hallinnan nykytilanne kohdeyrityksessä, paljastaa erityisiä kehitystarpeita ja lopulta luoda kohdeyrityksen projektisalkunhallinnalle tavoitetila. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa pohdittiin projektisalkun hallinnan roolia ja tavoitteita, projektisalkun hallinnassa käyttävää prosessia, sekä menetelmiä ja tekniikoita, joilla salkkua hallitaan. Työn empiirisessä osassa syvennyttiin tutkimaan projektinsalkun hallintaan liittyviä erityispiirteitä kohdeyrityksessä. Tutkimustulosten huolellinen analysointi osoitti, että aikaisempi kirjallisuus ei riittävästi huomioi kokonaisvaltaisen, integroidun lähestymistavan tarvetta ja viestinnän tärkeyttä projektisalkun hallinnassa. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksinä luotiin uusi integroitu projektisalkun hallintamalli ja määriteltiin kohdeyritykselle projektisalkun hallinnan tavoitetila sekä ne kehitysaskeleet, joita yrityksen tulisi lähitulevaisuudessa ottaa.

Strategic divide management in pharmaceutical alliances: A partner’s strategic evolution as a reason for strategic divide

Strategic alliances are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and, ideally, they are long-lasting structures that bring many benefits and value to the alliance partners. However, organizations continuously encounter pressures to enhance performance, while the environment in which they operate evolves. Therefore, an alliance partner might be forced to change its strategy, which can lead to the partners’ misaligned priorities and strategic divide. The academic literature acknowledges the impact a partner’s strategic change can have on the value of the alliance, but the phenomenon is not studied further, which is why the purpose of this study is to understand the role that a partner’s strategic evolution plays in strategic alliances within the pharmaceutical industry. The main purpose is further divided into three sub-objectives: 1) Describe reasons behind the strategic direction change of a partner firm, 2) Understand the consequences of partners’ misaligned priorities, and 3) Describe proactive and reactive ways to manage strategic divide between alliance partners. Since the phenomenon is not studied much, the empirical part of the study was conducted as a qualitative analysis using expert interviews to better understand, how the partner’s strategic evolution affects the alliance. The empirical data was organized into themes, according to the researcher’s interpretations on the interviews. The research findings demonstrated, how the partners change their strategies if the external or organizational environments change. The strategic changes, again, cause strategic divides between the alliance partners that are likely to have an impact on the alliance value. The findings revealed that the interviewees consider anticipation of the partner’s strategic change to be really difficult, but, at the same time, it was noted that a proactive strategic divide management could help to prevent and detect some divides. Additionally, the results showed that, after the detection, a reactive approach in a controlled manner was seen to be the most beneficial for the alliance’s future performance. This study proved that a partner’s strategic evolution affects the partners’ priority alignment and alliance value, which is why the strategic divide management is important in organizations that are involved with strategic alliances. In order to understand the role of a partner’s strategic evolution and provide managers with a tool to manage alliances and strategic divides, the study combined the alliance lifecycle as well as the proactive and reactive approaches to strategic divide, and presented a framework for strategic divide management.

Comovement of stock price risk in strategic alliance — Case: mobile internet

The focus of this study has been comovement of stock price risk level between two companies as they form strategic alliance. Thus the main reason has been to shed more light to possible increased risk level that the stockholder confronts when a company he owns forms a strategic alliance with another company. This study has centralized to interfirm cooperation between mobile and internet companies, which have furthered the development of mobile internet. The study has been divided into theoretical and empirical part. In theoretical part the main concepts riskiness of a stock (volatility), comovement and strategic alliance have been run through. In empirical part seven strategic alliances formed by mobile internet companies have been examined. Based on this, strategic alliance seems to increase comovement of stock price risk in some degree. This comovement seems to be stronger when core businesses or operating environments of cooperating companies differ more from each other.

Sauna-alan yrityksen kasvun mahdollisuudet

Yritys voi kasvattaa liiketoimintaansa joko nykyisillä tai uusilla tuotteilla nykyisillä tai uusilla markkinoilla. Kasvua voidaan hakea joko sisäisellä kehittämisellä, yritysostoin tai strategisin sopimusjärjestelyin. Kasvun suunnan valitseminen vaatii tuotteiden ja tuoteryhmien markkinoiden tutkimista, jotta yritys löytää markkinoiltaan houkuttelevimmat tuotteet. Tutkimuksessa kartoitetaan valittujen nykyisten ja uusien tuotteiden markkinoiden houkuttelevuutta. Houkuttelevuuteen vaikuttaa eritoten alan kilpailutilanne ja markkinakysyntä. Kilpailua kartoitettaessa on tutkittu tuotteiden tai tuoteryhmien kilpailijoita, korvaavia tuotteita ja niiden toimittajia, jakelukanavia, uusien alalle tulijoiden uhkaa sekä asiakkaiden ostomotiiveja. Markkinakysyntää ja sen kehitystä on tutkittu nykyisten toimittajien liikevaihtojen, haastatteluiden ja epämuodollisten keskusteluiden kautta. Diplomityössä on esitelty tehty tutkimus ja tutkimuksella kerätty tieto kunkin tuoteryhmän kohdalla. Työn lopussa on tehty analyysit valittujen tuotteiden markkinoista ja niiden houkuttelevuudesta työn teettäneen yrityksen näkökulmasta. Tämän jälkeen on esitetty suositellut toimet yritykselle, mikäli se päättää kartoitettujen tuotteiden olevan sen tulevaisuuden kasvun suunta.

Allianssit metsä- ja ICT -sektoreilla vuosina 1990-2005 - globaalin kehityksen analyysi

Pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena on tarkastella metsä- ja ICT-sektorin allianssien kehitystä vuosina 1990-2005. Lisäksi tarkoituksena on tutkia, voidaanko osoittaa yhteys allianssien ja yrityksen taloudellisen menestymisen välillä. Yhteyden testaamissa käytetään lineaarista regressiota. Aineisto perustuu SDC Platinum -tietokannasta haettuihin allianssitietoihin sekä Thomson One Banker -tietokannan tilinpäätöstietoihin, jotka koskevat 70 liikevaihdoltaan maailman suurinta metsäyritystä ja 43 liikevaihdoltaanmaailman suurinta ICT-yritystä. Hypoteesit vahvistuivat osittain. Toimialan kehitysvaihetta ja alliansseja koskevat hypoteesit vahvistuivat kahta lukuun ottamatta, eli toimialan luonne ja kehitysvaihe vaikuttavat allianssimääriin ja -laatuun. Allianssien ja taloudellisen menestymisen yhteyttä koskevat hypoteesit vahvistuivat osittain. Testauksessa löydettiin positiivinen, tilastollisesti merkitsevä yhteys allianssien ja liikevaihdon välillä sekä sijoitetunpääoman tuoton väliltä. Allianssien yhteismäärä vaikutti positiivisesti liikevaihdon kasvuprosenttiin ICT- ja yhdistelmäaineistossa. Uusien allianssien osuus vaikutti positiivisesti vain sijoitetun pääoman tuottoon. Strategisten allianssien osalta saatiin vain ristiriitaisia tuloksia. Metsäaineistossa ne vaikuttivat negatiivisesti liikevaihdon kasvuun, mutta yhdistelmäaineistossa löydettiin positiivinen yhteys. Liiketuottoprosentin ja allianssien välillä ei voitu osoittaa lainkaan yhteyttä.

Product Platform Development from the Product Lines' Perspective: Case of Switching Platform

In the era of fast product development and customized product requirements, the concept of product platform has proven its power in practice. The product platform approach has enabledcompanies to increase the speed of product introductions while simultaneously benefit from efficiency and effectiveness in the development and production activities. The product platforms are technological bases, which can be used to develop several derivative products, and hence, the differentiation can be pushed closer to the product introduction. The product platform development has some specific features, which differ somewhat from the product development of single products. The time horizon is longer, since the product platform¿slife cycle is longer than individual product's. The long time-horizon also proposes higher market risks and the use of new technologies increases the technological risks involved. The end-customer interface might be far away, but there is not a lack of needs aimed at the product platforms ¿ in fact, the product platform development is very much balancing between the varying needs set to it by thederivative products. This dissertation concentrated on product platform development from the internal product lines' perspective of a singlecase. Altogether six product platform development factors were identified: 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Project communication and deliverables', 'Cooperation with product platform development', 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. From the six factors, three were found to influence quite strongly the overall satisfaction, namely 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. Hence, these three factors might be the ones a new product platform development unit should concentrate first in order to satisfy their closest customers, the product lines. The 'Project communication and deliverables' and 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features' were weaker contributors to the overall satisfaction. Overall, the factors explained quite well the satisfaction of the product lines with product platform development. Along the research, several interesting aspects about the very basic nature of the product platform development were found. The long time horizon of the product platform development caused challenges in the area of strategic fIT - a conflict between the short-term requirements and long term needs. The fact that a product platform was used as basis of several derivative products resulted into varying needs, and hence the match with the needs and the strategies. The opinions, that the releases of the larger product lines were given higher priorities, give an interesting contribution to the strategy theory of powerand politics. The varying needs of the product lines, the strengths of them as well as large number of concurrent releases set requirements to prioritization. Hence, the research showed the complicated nature of the product platform development in the case unIT - the very basic nature of the product platform development might be its strength (gaining efficiency and effectiveness in product development and product launches) but also the biggest challenge (developing products to meet several needs). As a single case study, the results of this research are not directly generalizable to all the product platform development activities. Instead, the research serves best as a starting point for additional research as well as gives some insights about the factors and challengesof one product development unit.

Tutkielman nimi: Strategisten allianssien rakentaminen, johtaminen ja hallinnointi

Työn tavoitteet Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää strategisten allianssien rakentamiseen, johtamiseen ja hallinnointiin liittyviä ongelmia sekä toteutusmalleja. Tarkoituksena oli laatia case -yritykselle toimintaehdotus teorian ja tutkijan muodostaman näkemyksen pohjalta. Tutkimusmetodologia ja -menetelmät Tutkimusote on konstruktiivinen, vaikkakin se sisältää vahvasti käsiteanalyyttisiä piirteitä. Toimeksiantajana tutkimukselle oli Neste Markkinointi Oy, jonka kahden kumppanin kanssa muodostamia alliansseja tarkasteltiin erillisinä. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa perustui teemahaastatteluihin. Tulokset ja päätelmät Strategisten allianssien muodostaminen vaatii yrityksiltä paljon työtä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena yritykselle esitettiin näkemys toiminnasta tulevaisuudessa sillä jo olevien kumppaneiden kanssa. Tehdyt havainnot liittyivät pääosin yhteistyön todelliseen aloittamiseen. Empiirinen osa vahvisti teoriassa muodostunutta näkemystä kumppanuuden rakentamisen vaikeudesta ja todellisen yhteistyön problematiikasta. Yleisesti teorian ja tutkimuksen pohjalta voidaan todeta strategisten allianssien olevan yksi mahdollinen avain yrityksen ylivoimaiseen kilpailukykyyn.

Strategiset allianssit: motiivit ja muodostaminen

Strategiset allianssit ovat yhteistyömuotoja, joiden taustalla on pyrkimys pitkäntähtäimen strategisten tavoitteiden saavuttamiseen. Strategisissa alliansseissa voivat toimia niin suuret ja pienet yritykset kuin julkisen sektorin organisaatiotkin. Tässä työssä strategisista alliansseista esitetään kokonaisvaltainen ja selkeä kuva. Tämän myötä niitä käsitellään omana käsitteenään ominaispiirteineen. Lisäksi strategisten allianssien toteutusvaihtoehtoja tarkastellaan taloudelliseen ja ajalliseen ulottuvuuteen rinnastaen. Motivoituneet osapuolet ovat edellytyksenä strategisen allianssin syntymiselle ja menestymiselle. Keskeisimpiä motiiveja strategiseen allianssiin ryhtymisestä tarkastellaan arvonluonnin näkökulmasta. Motiivit ovat pohjana strategisen allianssin muodostusvaiheen käynnistymiselle. Muodostusprosessia tarkastellaan kolmivaiheisen prosessin näkökulmasta, mikä kattaa päätöksenteon, kumppanin etsinnän ja valinnan sekä neuvotteluvaiheen. Työ sisältää kaksi case-esimerkkiä, joiden tarkoituksena on luoda yhteys teorian ja käytännön välille. Ensimmäisessä esimerkissä tarkastellaan pääomasidonnaista Renault – Nissan -allianssia, joka ristiinomistukseen ja yhteisyrityksiin (joint venture) perustuen toimii monipuolisena esimerkkinä. Toisessa, Sonyn ja Philipsin allianssissa, tarkastellaan ei-pääomasidonnaisen strategisen allianssin erityispiirteitä.