Integration of microgrids into electricity distribution networks

Existing electricity distribution system is under pressure because implementation of distributed generation changes the grid configuration and also because some customers demand for better distribution reliability. In a short term, traditional network planning does not offer techno-economical solutions for the challenges and therefore the idea of microgrids is introduced. Islanding capability of microgrids is expected to enable better reliability by reducing effects of faults. The aim of the thesis is to discuss challenges in integration of microgrids into distribution networks. Study discusses development of microgrid related smart grid features and gives estimation of the guideline of microgrid implementation. Thesis also scans microgrid pilots around the world and introduces the most relevant projects. Analysis reveals that the main focus of researched studies is on low voltage microgrids. This thesis extends the idea to medium voltage distribution system and introduces challenges related to medium voltage microgrid implementation. Differences of centralized and distributed microgrid models are analyzed and the centralized model is discovered to be easiest to implement into existing distribution system. Preplan of medium voltage microgrid pilot is also carried out in this thesis.

Analysis of value drivers behind CRM adoption projects in financial services industry

This research is focused on deriving framework for the value thought for from the Customer Relationship Management system adopted by an enterprise operating in the financial services industry. It will analyze existing academic work to derive a conceptual value model, while applying secondary industry specific case studies provided by the CRM vendors to check the validity and commonality of these drivers. Furthermore this work locates the variances and correlation between value thought for from CRM system, scope of enterprise operations and size of the enterprise.

Development of Piping Stress Analysis Guideline for Neste Jacobs' Projects

The aim of this research was to develop a piping stress analysis guideline to be widely used in Neste Jacobs Oy’s domestic and foreign projects. The company’s former guideline to performing stress analysis was partial and lacked important features, which were to be fixed through this research. The development of the guideline was based on literature research and gathering of existing knowledge from the experts in piping engineering. Case study method was utilized by performing stress analysis on an existing project with help of the new guideline. Piping components, piping engineering in process industry, and piping stress analysis were studied in the theory section of this research. Also, the existing piping standards were studied and compared with one another. By utilizing the theory found in literature and the vast experience and know-how collected from the company’s employees, a new guideline for stress analysis was developed. The guideline would be widely used in various projects. The purpose of the guideline was to clarify certain issues such as which of the piping would have to be analyzed, how are different material values determined and how will the results be reported. As a result, an extensive and comprehensive guideline for stress analysis was created. The new guideline more clearly defines formerly unclear points and creates clear parameters to performing calculations. The guideline is meant to be used by both new and experienced analysts and with its aid, the calculation process was unified throughout the whole company’s organization. Case study was used to exhibit how the guideline is utilized in practice, and how it benefits the calculation process.

Innovation Benchmark Study: Analysis of Innovation Processes in Finnish Companies

Liikevaihdon orgaaninen kasvu on ensisijainen tekijä ja haaste yritysjohdolle yrityksen omistaja-arvon kasvattamiseksi. Tutkimus tarkastelee suosivatko suomalaisyritykset pääasiallisesti olemassa olevaa liiketoimintaa palvelevia innovaatioita vai tukevatko nykyhetken toimintatavat myös uusia kasvua kiihdyttäviä radikaaleja innovaatioita. Lisäksi työ kartoitti suomalaisyritysten innovaatioprosessien kehitysalueita käyttäen itsearviointitutkimusta.Tulokset johtivat kolmeen johtopäätökseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että vastaajayritykset ovat keskittyneet innovaatiotoiminnassaan vahvasti ydinliiketoimintaansa, jättäen potentiaaliset kasvumahdollisuudet huomioimatta. Yritykset tavoittelevat maksimaalisia tuottoja keskittymällä tuotteidensa korkeaan suorituskykyyn. Lyhyen aikavälin epärealistiset tuotto-odotukset sekä projekteille suunnatut arviointikriteerit rajoittavat liiketoimintaa mullistavien radikaalien innovaatioiden kehittymistä organisaatiossa. Toiseksi, tutkimus osoitti, että suuri osa yrityksistä käyttää perinteisen projektien arviointi- ja kehitysprosessin lisäksi vaihtoehtoisia ja huonosti kontrolloitavissa olevia kehitysprosesseja, mikäli projektille annetaan kielteinen rahoituspäätös standardin prosessin sisällä. Kolmanneksi, suomalaisyritysten innovaatioprosesseissa paljastui merkittäviä puutteita mitattavien elementtien suhteen.

Retinal Image Analysis Using Machine Vision

The topic of this thesis is studying how lesions in retina caused by diabetic retinopathy can be detected from color fundus images by using machine vision methods. Methods for equalizing uneven illumination in fundus images, detecting regions of poor image quality due toinadequate illumination, and recognizing abnormal lesions were developed duringthe work. The developed methods exploit mainly the color information and simpleshape features to detect lesions. In addition, a graphical tool for collecting lesion data was developed. The tool was used by an ophthalmologist who marked lesions in the images to help method development and evaluation. The tool is a general purpose one, and thus it is possible to reuse the tool in similar projects.The developed methods were tested with a separate test set of 128 color fundus images. From test results it was calculated how accurately methods classify abnormal funduses as abnormal (sensitivity) and healthy funduses as normal (specificity). The sensitivity values were 92% for hemorrhages, 73% for red small dots (microaneurysms and small hemorrhages), and 77% for exudates (hard and soft exudates). The specificity values were 75% for hemorrhages, 70% for red small dots, and 50% for exudates. Thus, the developed methods detected hemorrhages accurately and microaneurysms and exudates moderately.

On Effort Estimation in Software Projects

Software engineering is criticized as not being engineering or 'well-developed' science at all. Software engineers seem not to know exactly how long their projects will last, what they will cost, and will the software work properly after release. Measurements have to be taken in software projects to improve this situation. It is of limited use to only collect metrics afterwards. The values of the relevant metrics have to be predicted, too. The predictions (i.e. estimates) form the basis for proper project management. One of the most painful problems in software projects is effort estimation. It has a clear and central effect on other project attributes like cost and schedule, and to product attributes like size and quality. Effort estimation can be used for several purposes. In this thesis only the effort estimation in software projects for project management purposes is discussed. There is a short introduction to the measurement issues, and some metrics relevantin estimation context are presented. Effort estimation methods are covered quite broadly. The main new contribution in this thesis is the new estimation model that has been created. It takes use of the basic concepts of Function Point Analysis, but avoids the problems and pitfalls found in the method. It is relativelyeasy to use and learn. Effort estimation accuracy has significantly improved after taking this model into use. A major innovation related to the new estimationmodel is the identified need for hierarchical software size measurement. The author of this thesis has developed a three level solution for the estimation model. All currently used size metrics are static in nature, but this new proposed metric is dynamic. It takes use of the increased understanding of the nature of the work as specification and design work proceeds. It thus 'grows up' along with software projects. The effort estimation model development is not possible without gathering and analyzing history data. However, there are many problems with data in software engineering. A major roadblock is the amount and quality of data available. This thesis shows some useful techniques that have been successful in gathering and analyzing the data needed. An estimation process is needed to ensure that methods are used in a proper way, estimates are stored, reported and analyzed properly, and they are used for project management activities. A higher mechanism called measurement framework is also introduced shortly. The purpose of the framework is to define and maintain a measurement or estimationprocess. Without a proper framework, the estimation capability of an organization declines. It requires effort even to maintain an achieved level of estimationaccuracy. Estimation results in several successive releases are analyzed. It isclearly seen that the new estimation model works and the estimation improvementactions have been successful. The calibration of the hierarchical model is a critical activity. An example is shown to shed more light on the calibration and the model itself. There are also remarks about the sensitivity of the model. Finally, an example of usage is shown.

The Analysis of The Logistics Process between Finland and Russia in An EMS Company

Työn tavoitteena oli selventää Elcoteqin Suomen ja Venäjän välisten yksiköiden logistista prosessia ja erityisesti siihen liittyviä ongelmia. Työ on tehty Elcoteqin Engineering Services yksikköön, jossa ei tyypillisesti ole ollut asiaan liittyvää tietoa. Pääasiallisena työmenetelmänä olivat haastattelut sekä tutustuminen logistiseen putkeen käytännössä. Myös kirjallisuudella oli oma osansa, sekä tullaukseen että asiaan liittyvien teorioiden osalta. Teorioita ja käytännön kokemuksia yhdistäen edettiin analysointiin ja vertailuun, jonka perusteella annettiin suosituksia tulevia projekteja silmällä pitäen. Myös tulevaisuuden odotuksia on käsitelty yleisellä tasolla, lähinnä liittyen erilaisten kehitysohjelmien tarjoamiin mahdollisuuksiin. Logistiikka Suomen ja Venäjän välillä on huomattavasti monimutkaisempaa kuin ensisilmäyksellä näyttää. Ongelmia on niin rajanylityksen, tullauksen kuin lisenssiprosessinkin kanssa. Asioiden kehittämiseksi on kuitenkin paljon tehtävissä, kehityspotentiaali on valtava. Vahvaa panostusta liiketoiminnan kehittämiseksi Venäjällä on jatkettava, vaikka siihen liittyvät ongelmat välillä tuntuvatkin ylivoimaisen suurilta. Erityisen turhauttavia ovat asiat, joihin ei pystytä vaikuttamaan. Työn edetessä tuli kuitenkin esiin uusia näkökulmia, joita ei aiemmin ole otettu huomioon. Tuotteiden valintaan on jatkossa kiinnitettävä enemmän huomiota. Silti myös kuljetuksen ja rajanylityksen nopeuttamisen tutkimista on edelleen jatkettava.

Competitive Analysis of the Northwest Russian Transport Logistics Cluster – Finnish Perspective

Tutkimus tarkastelee Luoteis-Venäjän liikennelogistiikkaklusteria. Tarkoitus on selvittää klusterin nykyinen rakenne ja kilpailukyky sekä klusterin tarjoamat liiketoimintamahdollisuudet suomalaisille logistiikkayrityksille. Työssä käsitellään neljää perusliikennemuotoa: rautatie-, maantie-, meri- ja sisävesi-, sekä ilmaliikennettä. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty tutkimusta varten laadituista kyselyistä, haastatteluista sekä aiemmin julkaistusta materiaalista. Venäjä on suunnitellut kehittävänsä voimakkaasti liikenneinfrastruktuuria, mm. julkaisemalla protektionistisen liikennestrategiasuunnitelman. Ongelmana ovat olleet toteutukset, jotka ovat jääneet yleensä puutteellisiksi. Tällä hetkellä todellista kilpailukykyä löytyy ainoastaan rautatieliikenteestä, muut kolme liikennemuotoa omaavat potentiaalisen kilpailukyvyn. Venäjällä on mahdollisuus hyötyä laajasta pinta-alastaan Aasian ja Euroopan liikenteen yhdistäjänä. Yksi konkreettisimmista esimerkeistä on Trans Siperian rautatie, joka kaipaisi vielä lisäkehitystä. Suomi on toiminut Venäjän liikenteessä arvotavaran kauttakulkumaana, vuonna 2003 noin 30–40 % Venäjän tuonnin arvosta kulki Suomen kautta. Venäjälle tullaan tuomaan arvotavaraa vielä useita vuosia, mutta reittien osalta kilpailu on tiukentunut. Suomalaisten yritysten liiketoimintamahdollisuuksiin esitetään kaksi mallia: kauttakulkuliikenteen lisäarvologistiset (VAL) operaatiot Suomessa tai etabloituminen Venäjän logistisiin ketjuihin. Suomalaisten olisi syytä parantaa yhteistyötään yritysten ja yliopistojen ym. koulutuslaitosten välillä. Myös yhteistyökumppaneiden hakeminen esimerkiksi Ruotsista voisi tuoda merkittäviä etuja. Suomalaista osaamista voitaisiin hyödyntää parhaiten etabloitumalla Venäjän markkinoille, esimerkiksi keskittymällä Venäjän logististen ketjujen johtamiseen. Myös VAL palveluiden johtamiseen Venäjällä olisi erittäin hyvä tilaisuus, koska Venäjän oma tietotaito logistiikassa ei ole vielä kehittynyt kansainväliselle tasolle, mutta kustannustaso on alhaisempi kuin Suomessa.

Coaching agile methods in research and development projects

Agile coaching of a project team is one way to aid learning of the agile methods. The objective of this thesis is to present the agile coaching plan and to follow how complying the plan affects to the project teams. Furthermore, the agile methods are followed how they work in the projects. Two projects are used to help the research. From the thesis point of view, the task for the first project is to coach the project team and two new coaches. The task for the second project is also to coach the project team, but this time so that one of the new coaches acts as the coach. The agile methods Scrum process and Extreme programming are utilized by the projects. In the latter, the test driven development, continuous integration and pair programming are concentrated more precisely. The results of the work are based on the observations from the projects and the analysis derived from the observations. The results are divided to the effects of the coaching and to functionality of the agile methods in the projects. Because of the small sample set, the results are directional. The presented plan, to coach the agile methods, needs developing, but the results of the functionality of the agile methods are encouraging.

Project and customer profitability analysis: an empirical case study

The objective of this case study is to provide a Finnish solution provider company an objective, in-depth analysis of their project based business and especially of project estimation accuracy. A project and customer profitability analysis is conducted as a complementary addition to describe profitability of the Case Company’s core division. The theoretical framework is constructed on project profitability and customer profitability analysis. Project profitability is approached starting from managing projects, continuing to project pricing process and concluding to project success. The empirical part of this study describes the Case Company’s project portfolio, and by means of quantitative analysis, the study describes how the characteristics of a project impact the project’s profitability. The findings indicate that it really makes a difference in project portfolio’s estimated and actual profitability when methods of installation and technical specifications are scrutinized. Implications on profitability are gathered into a risk assessment tool proposal.

Supply chain cost saving potential analysis

Target of this study was to examine the current supply chain with focus on external part and identify the cost potential areas which lie there. The goal was to evaluate the cost save potential and give estimate what would be required in order to realise it. Base data related to study was searched and examined with using company’s enterprise resource planning system. In case feasible two types of scenarios were built in order to describe the scale of save potential. First scenario was theoretical and achieving it would require further investments and second scenario was realistic approach where more limitations were taken into account. The results clearly show that there is high save potential in supply chain costs linked to balance between internal and external operations. Realising of it would require at least minor investments as current internal capacity is not on a level to fully absorb the additional volumes which are needed in order to realise the potential. This study can be used as a basis when starting new projects related to investment needs.

Practical Framework for Monitoring the Performance of Agile IT Projects in an Output-Based Outsourcing Context

Over the past decade, organizations worldwide have begun to widely adopt agile software development practices, which offer greater flexibility to frequently changing business requirements, better cost effectiveness due to minimization of waste, faster time-to-market, and closer collaboration between business and IT. At the same time, IT services are continuing to be increasingly outsourced to third parties providing the organizations with the ability to focus on their core capabilities as well as to take advantage of better demand scalability, access to specialized skills, and cost benefits. An output-based pricing model, where the customers pay directly for the functionality that was delivered rather than the effort spent, is quickly becoming a new trend in IT outsourcing allowing to transfer the risk away from the customer while at the same time offering much better incentives for the supplier to optimize processes and improve efficiency, and consequently producing a true win-win outcome. Despite the widespread adoption of both agile practices and output-based outsourcing, there is little formal research available on how the two can be effectively combined in practice. Moreover, little practical guidance exists on how companies can measure the performance of their agile projects, which are being delivered in an output-based outsourced environment. This research attempted to shed light on this issue by developing a practical project monitoring framework which may be readily applied by organizations to monitor the performance of agile projects in an output-based outsourcing context, thus taking advantage of the combined benefits of such an arrangement Modified from action research approach, this research was divided into two cycles, each consisting of the Identification, Analysis, Verification, and Conclusion phases. During Cycle 1, a list of six Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was proposed and accepted by the professionals in the studied multinational organization, which formed the core of the proposed framework and answered the first research sub-question of what needs to be measured. In Cycle 2, a more in-depth analysis was provided for each of the suggested Key Performance Indicators including the techniques for capturing, calculating, and evaluating the information provided by each KPI. In the course of Cycle 2, the second research sub-question was answered, clarifying how the data for each KPI needed to be measured, interpreted, and acted upon. Consequently, after two incremental research cycles, the primary research question was answered describing the practical framework that may be used for monitoring the performance of agile IT projects delivered in an output-based outsourcing context. This framework was evaluated by the professionals within the context of the studied organization and received positive feedback across all four evaluation criteria set forth in this research, including the low overhead of data collection, high value of provided information, ease of understandability of the metric dashboard, and high generalizability of the proposed framework.

Competitive advantage through proprietary erp implementation: analysis of the project Väinämö

In the market where companies similar in size and resources are competing, it is challenging to have any advantage over others. In order to stay afloat company needs to have capability to perform with fewer resources and yet provide better service. Hence development of efficient processes which can cut costs and improve performance is crucial. As business expands, processes become complicated and large amount of data needs to be managed and available on request. Different tools are used in companies to store and manage data, which facilitates better production and transactions. In the modern business world the most utilized tool for that purpose is ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning system. The focus of this research is to study how competitive advantage can be achieved by implementing proprietary ERP system in the company; ERP system that is in-house created, tailor made to match and align business needs and processes. Market is full of ERP software, but choosing the right one is a big challenge. Identifying the key features that need improvement in processes and data management, choosing the right ERP, implementing it and the follow-up is a long and expensive journey companies undergo. Some companies prefer to invest in a ready-made package bought from vendor and adjust it according to own business needs, while others focus on creating own system with in-house IT capabilities. In this research a case company is used and author tries to identify and analyze why organization in question decided to pursue the development of proprietary ERP system, how it has been implemented and whether it has been successful. Main conclusion and recommendation of this research is for companies to know core capabilities and constraints before choosing and implementing ERP system. Knowledge of factors that affect system change outcome is important, to make the right decisions on strategic level and implement on operational level. Duration of the project in the case company has lasted longer than anticipated. It has been reported that in cases of buying ready product from vendor, projects are delayed and completed over budget as well. In general, in case company implementation of proprietary ERP has been successful both from business performance figures and usability of system by employees. In terms of future research, conducting a study to calculate statistically ROI of both approaches; of buying ready product and creating own ERP will be beneficial.

Stability Analysis in Multicriteria Discrete Portfolio Optimization.

Almost every problem of design, planning and management in the technical and organizational systems has several conflicting goals or interests. Nowadays, multicriteria decision models represent a rapidly developing area of operation research. While solving practical optimization problems, it is necessary to take into account various kinds of uncertainty due to lack of data, inadequacy of mathematical models to real-time processes, calculation errors, etc. In practice, this uncertainty usually leads to undesirable outcomes where the solutions are very sensitive to any changes in the input parameters. An example is the investment managing. Stability analysis of multicriteria discrete optimization problems investigates how the found solutions behave in response to changes in the initial data (input parameters). This thesis is devoted to the stability analysis in the problem of selecting investment project portfolios, which are optimized by considering different types of risk and efficiency of the investment projects. The stability analysis is carried out in two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative approach describes the behavior of solutions in conditions with small perturbations in the initial data. The stability of solutions is defined in terms of existence a neighborhood in the initial data space. Any perturbed problem from this neighborhood has stability with respect to the set of efficient solutions of the initial problem. The other approach in the stability analysis studies quantitative measures such as stability radius. This approach gives information about the limits of perturbations in the input parameters, which do not lead to changes in the set of efficient solutions. In present thesis several results were obtained including attainable bounds for the stability radii of Pareto optimal and lexicographically optimal portfolios of the investment problem with Savage's, Wald's criteria and criteria of extreme optimism. In addition, special classes of the problem when the stability radii are expressed by the formulae were indicated. Investigations were completed using different combinations of Chebyshev's, Manhattan and Hölder's metrics, which allowed monitoring input parameters perturbations differently.

Fuzzy real option analysis in patent related decision making and patent valuation

The shift towards a knowledge-based economy has inevitably prompted the evolution of patent exploitation. Nowadays, patent is more than just a prevention tool for a company to block its competitors from developing rival technologies, but lies at the very heart of its strategy for value creation and is therefore strategically exploited for economic pro t and competitive advantage. Along with the evolution of patent exploitation, the demand for reliable and systematic patent valuation has also reached an unprecedented level. However, most of the quantitative approaches in use to assess patent could arguably fall into four categories and they are based solely on the conventional discounted cash flow analysis, whose usability and reliability in the context of patent valuation are greatly limited by five practical issues: the market illiquidity, the poor data availability, discriminatory cash-flow estimations, and its incapability to account for changing risk and managerial flexibility. This dissertation attempts to overcome these impeding barriers by rationalizing the use of two techniques, namely fuzzy set theory (aiming at the first three issues) and real option analysis (aiming at the last two). It commences with an investigation into the nature of the uncertainties inherent in patent cash flow estimation and claims that two levels of uncertainties must be properly accounted for. Further investigation reveals that both levels of uncertainties fall under the categorization of subjective uncertainty, which differs from objective uncertainty originating from inherent randomness in that uncertainties labelled as subjective are highly related to the behavioural aspects of decision making and are usually witnessed whenever human judgement, evaluation or reasoning is crucial to the system under consideration and there exists a lack of complete knowledge on its variables. Having clarified their nature, the application of fuzzy set theory in modelling patent-related uncertain quantities is effortlessly justified. The application of real option analysis to patent valuation is prompted by the fact that both patent application process and the subsequent patent exploitation (or commercialization) are subject to a wide range of decisions at multiple successive stages. In other words, both patent applicants and patentees are faced with a large variety of courses of action as to how their patent applications and granted patents can be managed. Since they have the right to run their projects actively, this flexibility has value and thus must be properly accounted for. Accordingly, an explicit identification of the types of managerial flexibility inherent in patent-related decision making problems and in patent valuation, and a discussion on how they could be interpreted in terms of real options are provided in this dissertation. Additionally, the use of the proposed techniques in practical applications is demonstrated by three fuzzy real option analysis based models. In particular, the pay-of method and the extended fuzzy Black-Scholes model are employed to investigate the profitability of a patent application project for a new process for the preparation of a gypsum-fibre composite and to justify the subsequent patent commercialization decision, respectively; a fuzzy binomial model is designed to reveal the economic potential of a patent licensing opportunity.