Are we supreme in agriculture?

17 x 24 cm

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014)

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014). Particular priority areas of the project activities included creating a training package for agri-environment advisers and testing it, farm-specific advisory services and exploitation of experiences of advice provision, putting together an information package of agri-environment issues, farm-level experiments, and development of water quality monitoring. The recommendations issued by advisers on targeting environmental measures were based on utilising geographical information material and nutrient balances. The project was implemented in cooperation by Southwest Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, MTK-Satakunta and MTK-Varsinais-Suomi. The project received funding from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of the Environment. Participating farmers, with whom environmental advice was developed and experiments were carried out, were important partners for the project. The operating area of the project was Satakunta and Varsinais-Suomi in Southwest Finland, but its outcomes can be exploited nationally. A national perspective was ensured by close cooperation with actors in different provinces. This final report describes project experiences and outcomes including environmental advisory services, training of agri-environmental advisers, farm visits and the feedback received from farmers on agri-environmental advice, development of water quality monitoring, experiments and project work.

The Methods of Possible Joint Treatment of Manure and Sewage Sludge in the Leningrad Region

The nutrient load to the Gulf of Finland has started to increase as a result of the strong economic recovery in agriculture and livestock farming in the Leningrad region. Also sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plant of the Leningrad region causes the great impact on the environment, but still the main options for its treatment is disposal on the sludge beds or Landfills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of possible joint treatment methods of manure form livestock and poultry enterprises and sewage sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Leningrad region. The study is based on published data. The most attention was put on the anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The manure and sewage sludge generation for the whole Leningrad region and energy potential produced from their treatment were estimated. The calculations showed that total amount of sewage sludge generation is 1 348 000 t/a calculated on wet matter and manure generation is 3 445 000 t/a calculated on wet matter. The potential heat release from anaerobic digestion process and incineration process is 4 880 000 GJ/a and 5 950 000 GJ/a, respectively. Furthermore, the work gives the overview of the general Russian and Finnish legislation concerning manure and sewage sludge treatment. In the Gatchina district it was chosen the WWTP and livestock and poultry enterprises for evaluation of the centralized treatment plant implementation based on anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The electricity and heat power of plant based on biogas combustion process is 4.3 MW and 7.8 MW, respectively. The electricity and heat power of plant based on manure and sewage sludge incineration process is 3.0 MW and 6.1 MW, respectively.

Dialogue in the crisis of representation : realism and antirealism in the context of the conversation between theologians and quantum physicists in Göttingen 1949-1961

The aim of this study is to analyse the content of the interdisciplinary conversations in Göttingen between 1949 and 1961. The task is to compare models for describing reality presented by quantum physicists and theologians. Descriptions of reality indifferent disciplines are conditioned by the development of the concept of reality in philosophy, physics and theology. Our basic problem is stated in the question: How is it possible for the intramental image to match the external object?Cartesian knowledge presupposes clear and distinct ideas in the mind prior to observation resulting in a true correspondence between the observed object and the cogitative observing subject. The Kantian synthesis between rationalism and empiricism emphasises an extended character of representation. The human mind is not a passive receiver of external information, but is actively construing intramental representations of external reality in the epistemological process. Heidegger's aim was to reach a more primordial mode of understanding reality than what is possible in the Cartesian Subject-Object distinction. In Heidegger's philosophy, ontology as being-in-the-world is prior to knowledge concerning being. Ontology can be grasped only in the totality of being (Dasein), not only as an object of reflection and perception. According to Bohr, quantum mechanics introduces an irreducible loss in representation, which classically understood is a deficiency in knowledge. The conflicting aspects (particle and wave pictures) in our comprehension of physical reality, cannot be completely accommodated into an entire and coherent model of reality. What Bohr rejects is not realism, but the classical Einsteinian version of it. By the use of complementary descriptions, Bohr tries to save a fundamentally realistic position. The fundamental question in Barthian theology is the problem of God as an object of theological discourse. Dialectics is Barth¿s way to express knowledge of God avoiding a speculative theology and a human-centred religious self-consciousness. In Barthian theology, the human capacity for knowledge, independently of revelation, is insufficient to comprehend the being of God. Our knowledge of God is real knowledge in revelation and our words are made to correspond with the divine reality in an analogy of faith. The point of the Bultmannian demythologising programme was to claim the real existence of God beyond our faculties. We cannot simply define God as a human ideal of existence or a focus of values. The theological programme of Bultmann emphasised the notion that we can talk meaningfully of God only insofar as we have existential experience of his intervention. Common to all these twentieth century philosophical, physical and theological positions, is a form of anti-Cartesianism. Consequently, in regard to their epistemology, they can be labelled antirealist. This common insight also made it possible to find a common meeting point between the different disciplines. In this study, the different standpoints from all three areas and the conversations in Göttingen are analysed in the frameworkof realism/antirealism. One of the first tasks in the Göttingen conversations was to analyse the nature of the likeness between the complementary structures inquantum physics introduced by Niels Bohr and the dialectical forms in the Barthian doctrine of God. The reaction against epistemological Cartesianism, metaphysics of substance and deterministic description of reality was the common point of departure for theologians and physicists in the Göttingen discussions. In his complementarity, Bohr anticipated the crossing of traditional epistemic boundaries and the generalisation of epistemological strategies by introducing interpretative procedures across various disciplines.

Non-Markovian Dynamics and the Quantum-To-Classical Transition for Quantum Brownian Motion

In this Thesis I discuss the dynamics of the quantum Brownian motion model in harmonic potential. This paradigmatic model has an exact solution, making it possible to consider also analytically the non-Markovian dynamics. The issues covered in this Thesis are themed around decoherence. First, I consider decoherence as the mediator of quantum-to-classical transition. I examine five different definitions for nonclassicality of quantum states, and show how each definition gives qualitatively different times for the onset of classicality. In particular I have found that all characterizations of nonclassicality, apart from one based on the interference term in the Wigner function, result in a finite, rather than asymptotic, time for the emergence of classicality. Second, I examine the diverse effects which coupling to a non-Markovian, structured reservoir, has on our system. By comparing different types of Ohmic reservoirs, I derive some general conclusions on the role of the reservoir spectrum in both the short-time and the thermalization dynamics. Finally, I apply these results to two schemes for decoherence control. Both of the methods are based on the non-Markovian properties of the dynamics.

Professional sports and gambling regulation in Finland - Examining the institutional factors of gambling affecting professional sport clubs in Finland

This study examines how to institutional environment of gambling is currently in motion both in Europe and Finland. Furthermore, it examines the criticism by Finnish professional sport clubs directed towards the national gambling monopolies, especially Veikkaus Oy. This criticism addresses the acclaimed issue of low or non-existing sponsorship funds coming to the clubs despite the clubs’ duties to promote Veikkaus Oy in their stadiums etc. In essence the main research objective was to examine the interaction and institutional environments of both Finnish professional sport clubs and gambling regulation. This was done through three sub-objectives: 1) to analyze professional sport as business and its institutional environment 2) to analyze the institutions of gambling in their current state and their potential future 3) to evaluate the potential impact of an institutional change in gambling legislation to the professional sport clubs The findings from Finland were then compared to those of Denmark where an institutional change had occurred in gambling regulation. Empirical data was collected through multiple interviews. Interviewees represented sport clubs (7), sport association (1), sport league (1), Finnish monopoly representatives (2), commercial gambling providers (1), Danish monopoly system representatives (1), Danish sport club (1). In addition a vast amount of secondary data (e.g. Green and white books by EU, court decisions, a variety of studies etc.). Theoretically this study combines the aspects of institutional theory with the theory of professional sports as business. This proved to be a rather new approach and no published literature was found to have done specifically this. The findings of this study are twofold, on the European level it is clear that the momentum if towards a more liberated gambling market while Finland is at the moment trying to go the opposite direction and uphold its monopoly. From the sport club’s level the findings suggest that currently sport clubs do not directly benefit from the funds originated from Veikkaus Oy as these funds are more or less used on the association/league levels. However, the clubs themselves are also lacking in self-criticism as they are lacking in clear sponsorship packages/programs which Veikkaus Oy might be interested in participating. If liberation of the gambling market would occur it is highly possible that that the largest clubs in football and ice-hockey would be the main beneficiaries while smaller clubs and sports could possibly be worse off than currently. These interpretations were well supported by the findings from Denmark.

Feasibility of the use of recycled nutrients in fast growing pulpwood production

The application of pulp and paper mill (PPM) sludge in agriculture and forestry has been acknowledged as soil amendments and a plant nutrient source. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the total cost of the use of recycled nutrients from PPM sludge in fast growing pulpwood production, and the financial profitability of fast growing pulpwood production with the use of these recycled nutrients. The investment and production costs of fast growing pulpwood plantation were directly acquired from a previous research, while the other data was compiled through different studies. The total cost of the use of PPM sludge was evaluated based on assumed factors. Discounted cash flow method was used to evaluate the financial profitability, using NPV and IRR as indicators. The results of estimated sludge nutrient contents were 16.2 g N, 2.9 g P, and 2.4 g K kg-1 of dry sludge. The sludge application rate was estimated at 1.36 Mg/ha in the first year. The total cost of the use of PPM sludge involved transport and spreading cost of US$49.15/dry ton. The fertilization cost applied in the financial model was designed in 3 different options and their results were as follows: option (1) was taken directly from the reference research (US$97/ha); option (2) was the use of sludge alone (US$66.75/ha); and option (3) was the use of sludge and TSP fertilizer (US$83.80/ha). The average NPV without discounting was US$248,180 while the IRRs ranged between approximately 3-4% with an average of 3.63%. Although option (2) and (3) contributed to higher IRRs compared to option (1), this increase was still not significant as the IRR was not sensitive to the total fertilization cost. The advantages are that this practice can be performed at a lower cost and the application rate can be still increased if necessary. It is better for forest plantations compared to agriculture and consequently supports reforestation program. In addition, it can be similarly applied in wood biomass production. A disadvantage is that the IRRs were not very favorable compared to the criterion of 11%. The sludge high in C:N ratio can cause nitrogen immobilization, and regulatory concerns may restrict and complicate the use of sludge landspreading and contribute to additional costs and processes.

Cardiac Imaging in the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease: The Value of Quantitative Imaging of Myocardial Perfusion and Deformation

Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive disease of the vasculature. Increasing coronary atherosclerosis can lead to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows noninvasive assessment of coronary anatomy and quantitation of atherosclerotic burden. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) can be accurately measured in absolute terms (mL/g/min) by positron emission tomography (PET) with [15O] H O as a radiotracer. We studied the coronary microvascular dysfunction as a risk factor for future coronary calcification in healthy young men by measuring the coronary flow reserve (CFR) which is the ratio between resting and hyperemic MBF. Impaired vasodilator function was not linked with accelerated atherosclerosis 11 years later. Currently, there is a global interest in quantitative PET perfusion imaging. We established optimal thresholds of [15O] H O PET perfusion for diagnosis of CAD (hyperemic MBF of 2.3 mL/g/min and CFR of 2.5) in the first multicenter study of this type (Turku, Amsterdam and Uppsala). In myocardial bridging a segment of the coronary artery travels inside the myocardium and can be seen as intramural course (CTA) or systolic compression (invasive coronary angiography). Myocardial bridging is frequently linked with proximal atherosclerotic plaques. We used quantitative [15O] H O PET perfusion to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of myocardial bridging. Myocardial bridging was not associated with decreased absolute MBF or increased atherosclerotic burden. Speckle tracking allows quantitative echocardiographic imaging of myocardial deformation. Speckle tracking during dobutamine stress echocardiography was feasible and comparable to subjective wall motion analysis in the diagnosis of CAD. In addition, it correctly risk stratified patients with multivessel disease and extensive ischemia.

Partiaalis-refleksiiviset asennon muutosta ilmaisevat verbit suomen kielessä

Summary: Partial-reflexive motion verbs in Finnish

Haja-asutusalueiden sakokaivolietteiden kalkkistabilointi ja hyötykäyttö maataloudessa

In the sparsely populated areas of Finland there are approximately 350 000 households and 450 000 leisure time residences outside sewer networks. According to the Finnish domestic wastewater act outside sewer networks, the Finnish Government is reducing the environmental load of domestic wastewaters by the year 2017. The law is aimed at restricting the quality of sludge from domestic wastewater purification systems. The wastewater purification systems are complex systems, which often include sedimentation basins. The sedimentation basins remove most of the nutrients from the domestic wastewaters. The Finnish Government has decided that sedimentation basin sludge must be treated before reusing. One possibility is to stabilise domestic sludge with slaked lime and to reuse treated sludge in agriculture. According to this master’s thesis lime stabilisation can be done in sedimentation basins or in decanting tanks. Decanting tanks must be under 100 m3. Dosage of stabilisation is 8,5 kg/m3 of lime. If you are treading sludge that is highly hydrous, you need 13,5 kg/m3 of lime. In stabilisation lime and sludge must be thoroughly mixed. Mixed sludge must be in sedimentation basin at least two hours. If there is evidence that sludge contains salmonella or if it’s decanting tank stabilisation time is 48 hours. Sludge must be mixed at least once during the longer stabilisation time. Lime destroys Esherichia coli and enterococcus concentrations below accepted level. Lime also destroys Salmonella bacterium. After treating, sludge’s can be distributed over a field. You can safely spread lime treated domestic sludge’s about 40 m3/ha. Lime stabilisation can also be used to treat separately and collectively collected domestic wastewaters.

Rakennusinvestointien käsittelyprosessin tehostaminen

Suomen valtionhallinnon maaliskuussa 2005 julkaisemat tuloksellisuuden tavoitteet koskettavat kaikkia hallinnonaloja. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön ohjeistamat Työvoima- ja elinkeinokeskusten maaseutuosastot ovat yksikköjä, joita vaikuttavuus- ja tuloksellisuustavoitteet velvoittavat. Tehokasta elintarviketuotantoa ja maatalouden kustannuskehityksen hallintaa voidaan tarkastella kiinteiden tuotannontekijöiden, kuten maatalousrakennusten ja investointituilla tuetun rakentamisen, vaikuttavuuden kautta. Työn tavoitteena oli tehostaa rakennusinvestointien käsittelyprosessia: kehittää sekä tehostamisen menetelmiä että työväline toiminnan ohjaukseen maa- ja metsätalousministeriölle. Ratkaisuja etsittiin teorian ja empirian pohjalta kehitettävien käsitteistöjen ja menetelmien avulla. Teoriaosuudessa haettiin kirjallisuudesta välineitä joilla prosesseja voitaisiin analysoida, mitata ja kehittää. Prosessimallinnukset, Italian vastaavan järjestelmän tutkimus ja Suomen rakennustoimelle tehty kysely muodostavat empiirisen aineiston, jonka perusteella lopulliset tehostamisen keinot ja konstruktiot kehitettiin. Tehostamisen menetelmäksi kehitettiinaluehallinnolle sovellettu suorituskyvyn mittausjärjestelmä, panosprisma. Tuloksellisuus, vaikuttavuus ja laatu riippuvat työn tuottamisen lähtökohdista. Prosessia voidaan tehostaa kiinnittämällä huomiota tulosohjaukseen, asiakirjojen saatavuuteen ja laatuun, neuvonnan oikea-aikaiseen ajoittuvuuteen ja riittävyyteen sekä tietojärjestelmien kehittämiseen. Näiden avulla voidaan saavuttaa käsittelyprosessin aika- ja kustannussäästöjä, tukivarojen käyttöön saaminen ja hyödynnettävyys paranevat ja tukipäätöksen tuottamisen asiakaspalveluprosessi tehostuu.

Metsäteollisuuden lentotuhkien laadun vaikutus hyötykäyttösovellutuksiin

Työn tavoitteena oli kartoittaa metsäteollisuuden tuotantolaitoksissa syntyvän lentotuhkan laadun vaikutusta hyötykäyttökohteisiin. Hyötykäyttökohteista tarkasteltiin tuhkien soveltumista maarakentamiseen, päällystettyyn- ja peitettyyn rakenteeseen, pelto- ja puutarhakäyttöön, maisemointiin ja viherrakentamiseen sekä metsäkäyttöön. Tuhka-analyysien tietojen perusteella tuhkalle määritettiin mahdollinen hyötykäyttökohde verrattaessa niitä lainsäädännönasettamiin raja-arvoihin jokaisessa hyötykäyttökohteessa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiinmahdollisia esteitä tuhkan käytölle tietyissä hyötykäyttökohteissa sekä pyrittiin saamaan tuhkalle järkevämpi loppusijoituspaikka kuin kaatopaikka. Kirjallisuusosaan on koottu metsäteollisuudessa käytössä olevat polttomenetelmät sekä poltettavat raaka-aineet. Eri polttojakeiden tuhkien koostumuksista on tehty yhteenveto kirjallisuudesta löytyvien tietojen perusteella. Lisäksi kirjallisuusosassa on esitetty lentotuhkan fraktiointimenetelmiä sekä eri hyötykäyttökohteet ja niiden vaatimukset lentotuhkalta. Kokeellisessa osassa on vertailtu olemassa olevien tuhkanäytteiden haitta-aineiden pitoisuuksia eri hyötykäyttökohteiden vaadittuihin raja-arvoihin. Tähän työhön valittiin viisi eri metsäteollisuuden tuotantolaitosta Suomesta ja niille jokaiselle pyrittiin löytämään parhaiten soveltuva loppukäyttö. Metsäteollisuuden tuotantolaitoksilla poltetaan useita eri polttojakeita. Lisäksi polttoainekoostumus ja -määrä vaihtelevat vuositasolla. Tämä vaikuttaa tuhkan laatuun ja vaikeuttaa tuhkan hyödyntämistä eri hyötykäyttökohteissa. Jokaiselle tuhkan eri hyötykäyttökohteelle on säädetty omat raja-arvonsa, joka rajoittaa tuhkan hyötykäyttöä. Tällä hetkellä tuhkaa hyödynnetään eniten metsälannoitteena, jolloin puuaineksen mukana poistuneet ravinteet saadaan palautettua takaisin luontoon. Myös tuhkan hyödyntäminen maarakentamisessa on järkevää, koska silloin korvataan maa-ainesta tuhkalla ja vältytään kaatopaikkasijoittamiselta. Yleisesti pelto- ja puutarhakäyttöä ajatellen raja-arvot ovat liian tiukat metsäteollisuuden lentotuhkalle.

Terässiilojen mitoitusohjelman kehittäminen

Siiloja käytetään jauhemaisten ja rakeisten aineiden varastointiin ja annosteluun maataloudessa sekä mm. lasi-, laasti- ja tasoiteteollisuudessa. Tällaiset laitokset toimitetaan usein kokonaistoimituksina, joissa tavanomaisten teräsrakenteiden kustannusvaikutus voi olla jopa 30 % koko toimituksen arvosta. Niinpä osaltaan siilojen tehokkaalla mitoituksella ja erilaisiarakenneratkaisuja vertailemalla voidaan alentaa toimitusten kokonaiskustannuksia. Tässä diplomityössä perehdyttiin siilojen rakenteisiin ja niiden lujuustekniseen mitoitukseen etenkin tuentaratkaisujen osalta. Mitoituksen osalta työssä perehdyttiin pääasiassa uusiin Eurooppalaisiin standardeihin SFS-EN 1991-4 ja SFS-EN 1993-4-1. Niiden mukaan määritetään mitoituskuormat sekä tehdään lujuustekninen mitoitus. Työn tuloksena laadittiin Microsoft Excel -pohjainen mitoitusohjelma, jolla voidaan nopeasti mitoittaa siilojen olennaisimmat teräsrakenteet. Ohjelmalla voidaan määrittää mitoitus koskien siilon lieriön ja kartion seinämiä sekä tuentaratkaisuja. Ohjelma nopeuttaa erityisesti tarjousvaiheen suunnittelua ja antaa pohjan varsinaiselle siilojen yksityiskohtaiselle mitoittamiselle ja suunnittelulle.

Korkeakappa-massan suotatuvuus

Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia korkeakappa-massan suotautuvuutta sekä etsiä uusia analyysimenetelmiä korkeakappa-massan karakterisoimiseksi. Työssä pyrittiin määrittämään tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat korkeakappa-massan suotautumiseen. Työn kirjallisessa osassa tarkasteltiin aluksi yleisesti keiton teoriaa, minkä jälkeen käsiteltiin jauhatusta ja tarkemmin korkeakappa-massan hienovaraisempaa jauhatusta eli kuidutusta. Seuraavaksi käsiteltiin suodatusta ja sen teoriaa sekä suodatukseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Massan pesusta esitettiin perusteet ja teoriaa. Lopuksi tarkasteltiin massan karakterisointia eri lähestymistavoilla sekä kuitujen perusominaisuuksia. Kokeellisessa osassa verrattiin LTY:n koesuodatuslaitteistolla tehdyillä suodatuskokeilla korkeakappa-massaisen sellukakun suotautuvuutta eri paine-eroilla, suodoksen eri hienoainepitoisuuksilla sekä ennen ja jälkeen sellutehtaallatapahtuneen kuidutuksen. Savonlinnassa sijaitsevalla laitteistolla tehtiin syrjäytystestejä ennen ja jälkeen kuidutusta otetuilla sellumassoilla. Lisäksi ennenja jälkeen kuidutusta otettuja sellumassanäytteitä karakterisoitiin mm. kuituanalysaattorilla, huokoskoko- ja ominaispinta-ala-analyyseillä sekä SEM-kuvilla. Suodatuskokeissa hienoainepitoisuudella ei ollut merkitystä permeabiliteettiin mitattujen suodosvirtausten perusteella. Kuten Darcyn lain perusteella voitiin olettaa, kakun paine-eron kasvaessa permeabiliteetti kasvoi. Vaikutus ei ollut kuitenkaan lineaarinen paine-eroon verrattuna vaan kakun permeabiliteetti kasvoi enemmän tietyllä paine-erovälillä. Tämä paine-eroväli vaihteli hieman riippuen oliko sellumassa otettu ennen vai jälkeen kuidutusta. Lappeenrannassa tehdyissä suodatuskokeissa ei ennen ja jälkeen kuidutusta otetuilla näytteillä ollut selvää eroa permeabiliteeteissa, mutta Savonlinnan syrjäytystesteissä ero syrjäytymisnopeudessa oli selvä. Ennen ja jälkeen kuidutusta otettujen sellumassojen kuituanalysaattorituloksissa ja SEM-kuvissa ei havaittu eroa näytteiden välillä, mutta massojen huokoskoko muuttui kuidutuksen vaikutuksesta.