Adoption av träkomposit teknologi p�� svenska trähusmarknaden

Syftet med uppsatsen är att kategorisera träkomposit teknologi adoption p�� svenska trähusmarknaden genom fallstudie av trähustillverkare och fasadbehandlare. Som undersöknings metod har intervjueroch facklitteratur använts. Med hjälp av litteraturmaterialet sammanställdes enteoretisk referensram, vad efter sedan fallföretagen intervjuades. Genom insamlade sekundärdata betraktades företaget i den teoretiska referensramen. Undersökningens teorin baserar sig p�� adoption av innovation. Inledningsvis redogörs traditionell segmentering av industriella marknader och sedan segmentering efter kundlivscykel. Tyngdpunkten är ändå p�� teknologi adoption livscykel. Empirin är fallstudie av modul, storblock trähustillverkare och fasadbehandlare. Företagets situation studeras inom teoretiska referensramen för att kunna göra en analys avadoptionen och göra slutsatser om produktlanseringen. Rekommendation är några aspekter som innobuild bör beakta vid försäljning av Fasec-fasadsystem. Undersökningen torde kunna användas som stöd vid adoption av en innovation.

[P�� kvällen]

Digitoitu 2. 7. 2008.

Is it possible to utilize VIX for a profitable trading strategy of S&P 500 Index?

The goal of this research was to make an overall sight to VIX® and how it can be used as a stock market indicator. Volatility index often referred as the fear index, measures how much it costs for investor to protect his/her S&P 500 position from fluctuations with options. Over the relatively short history of VIX it has been a successful timing coordinator and it has given incremental information about the market state adding its own psychological view of the amount of fear and greed. Correctly utilized VIX information gives a considerable advantage in timing market actions. In this paper we test how VIX works as a leading indicator of broad stock market index such as S&P 500 (SPX). The purpose of this paper is to find a working way to interpret VIX. The various tests are made on time series data ranging from the year 1990 to the year 2010. The 10-day simple moving average strategy gave significant profits from the whole time when VIX data is available. Strategy was able to utilize the increases of SPX in example portfolio value and was able to step aside when SPX was declining. At the times when portfolio was aside of S it was on safety fund like on treasury bills getting an annual yield of 3 percent. On the other side just a static number’s of VIX did not work as indicators in a profit making way.

Mikael Agricolan teosten kielen ala-, ylä-, ja -p��ä-vartaloiset adpositiot

Adpositions with the stems ala, ylä and p��ä in the language of Mikael Agricola’s writings The language of Mikael Agricola’s (c 1510–1557) writings represents an interesting phase in the development of the Finnish system for adpositions. In the Finnish language, the older Uralic system of postpositions has undergone expansion and a new system of prepositions has been adopted. On the other hand, the adposition system found in Agricola’s writings has also been strongly affected by foreign models, because Agricola’s texts are mainly translations of religious texts, which by and large use a word-for-word translation strategy. In the thesis, I explore Agricola’s use of adpositions; more specifically, which adpositions carry the meaning of ‘being under’ or ‘being over’ something, and in what other functions these adpositions are used. My main focus is on the semantics of the adpositions. I also study the syntactic features of adpositions and adposition structures; these are intertwined with semantics, since the meaning of adpositions is established in the adposition clause. Finally, I compare Agricola’s use of adpositions to the corresponding adpositions of present-day Finnish. Adpositions with stems ala, ylä and p��ä form an interesting subject for research. Their frequency in the data, however, is highly uneven. The overwhelming majority of the adpositions studied in the thesis are p��älle; there are only two occurrences of adpositions with the stem ylä. Adpositions typically denote a location ‘under’ or ‘above’ something. Almost half of the adpositions, however, can be classified as semantically unmotivated and as representing a foreign model in terms of the Finnish language; they do not occur in present-day Finnish. In Agricola’s texts they act in more grammatical roles than the corresponding adpositions of present-day Finnish. In the thesis, the corresponding adpositions in the source languages are carefully analysed. All other uses of the adpositions are marginal in relation to spatial ones and those based on foreign models. The original meanings of the adpositions have not changed much since Agricola, but adpositions considered to originate from foreign models have been intentionally eliminated in presentday standard Finnish. It is also noteworthy that the system of adpositions with the stems ala, ylä and p��ä has changed since Agricola. His texts include the adposition ala, which corresponds to the modern adposition alle. Likewise the adposition yllä is absent in Agricola, as are the internal locative cases of the adposition p��ä.

Den talande bokens poetik : en studie med fokus p�� olika unga vuxnas reception av tre fiktiva texter inlästa p�� band

The purpose of the research project The poetics of the talking book is to contribute to the knowledge about patterns of understanding in young adults’ reception of fiction, which they listened to through audio books. The problem explored was: How do different groups of listeners receive fictive text presented as a talking book with variations regarding use of voice, engagement and sound effects? The problem formulation rendered four specific research questions: 1. What patterns can be identified in the listeners’ answers regarding story structure and cognitive content in a comparative perspective comprising different reading styles in the taped versions of the text? 2. What patterns of understanding in interpretative reading can be identified in different listeners? 3. Which thoughts do the listeners have about what the talking book should sound like? 4. What affordances for young adults with the functional disability of mild mental retardation can be made visible through guided literature conversations? The theoretical frame of reference was formed by text–reader-oriented literary theory, psychological schema theory, and research regarding voice quality and communication. The project was carried out in two steps. The first phase was to produce the audio books with two variations of reading practice of three short stories with an existential theme in each text. The second step comprised interviewing of 32 young adults (a special group with a reading handicap in form of mild mental retardation, and a reference group with no handicap). The interviews formed as literary conversation were carried out three times during one year. The phenomenological-hermeneutic approach focused on the life worlds of the participants as meaning seeking beings. The analysis was carried out using method triangulation, mainly using phenomenological meaning concentration. The double hermeneutics in use when interpreting the interpretations of the participants revealed a capacity for aesthetic reading of fiction in the special group as well as in the reference group. The aesthetic qualities were found sufficient in all variations of reading by the professional readers of the audio book they listened to. The young adults also could describe how they wanted the audio book to sound: just as if you were reading yourself. A model describing the analytical steps and concepts in use was a result that can serve as an outline of a poetics for the talking book. Unexpected research results were how important the guided literary conversation turned out to be in order to realise the affordances given by the texts regarding exploration of existential themes in the young adults’ life worlds. Thus the result of the research project can be positioned as a piece of emancipatory research stressing the importance of including this group of young adults in the society’s conversation about culture and meaning.

P�� spaning efter den goda läroboken : om pedagogiska texters lärande potential

By interpreting research results about textbooks this study tries to answer the question: how should texts be formulated to optimize the learning of the reading pupil? Seven perspectives structure the research: History. The amount of information available in a society influences the learning offered by textbooks. A compressed description indicates that memorizing activities have turned to tendencies for critical reading. Curriculum. The decentralization of curriculum development accentuates the importance of the textbook authors as interpreters of significant information. Because of the authority of textbooks, the way that information is presented can function as an unintended curriculum. Use. In the use of textbooks different functions can be identified. Thus the textbooks have, for instance, an authoritarian, a cohesive and a disciplinary function. Level of difficulty. A text that optimally matches the skills of the readers ina class should both provide facilitating scaffolds for the learning and at the same time challenge especially capable students by not being too obvious. Changing of preconceptions. The only possible starting point for teaching is the knowledge developed earlier by the student. In certain areas misconceptions are usual, which motivates the use of conceptual change texts that enhance the transformation of earlier obtained knowledge. Coherence. Well structured texts can usually be considered beneficial for learning. The same applies to the use of meta-discourse guiding the reader through the text. If the structuring is too obvious, the content may not, at least by capable students, be processed on a deep level. Content. The analysis underlines the need for deep approaches in textbooks. Though this is a relative statement, textbooks from a learning perspective seem to have been too superficial in their presentations. Ten principles were developed as a concluding interpretation of the good textbook. Though these principles capture important tendencies for developing a good textbook, textbook writing has to be considered as an art that cannot be captured in a short formula. The paradoxes identified indicate that the results should be seen as a starting point for further research.

Ja vet int va de heter p�� svenska : interaktion mellan tvåspråkiga elever och deras lärare i en enspråkig klassrumsdiskurs

This is a study about language and learning aspects in the interaction between pupils and teachers in classrooms, where the majority of the pupils are bilingual. The aim of the dissertation is to develop the understanding of interactional learning possibilities and constraints in relation to a bilingual context. Language related learning is used as an overall conception which covers learning related to classroom discourse, language and subject. The empirical study has been made in a Swedish speaking school in a strongly Finnish dominated environment in the south of Finland. In the material, mainly consisting of video recorded lessons in forms one to three, the interaction between the pupils and the teachers is analysed. Building on a social constructionist perspective, where learning is regarded as a social phenomenon, situated and visible in changing participation, sequences where pupils or teachers make the language relevant are emphasised. The sequences are analysed in line with the conversation analytic (CA) approach. A fundamental result is an understanding of a monolingual classroom discourse, jointly constructed by teachers and pupils and visible in the pupils' interactionally problematized code-switching. This means that the pupils are not victims of a top-driven language policy; they are active co-constructors of the monolingual discourse. Through different repair initiations the pupils are doing interactional work in positioning themselves correctly in the monolingual discourse, which they simultaneously maintain. This work has a price in relation to time, knowledge and exactness. The pupils' problematized code-switching is often directly and shortly repaired by the teachers. This kind of repair promotes the pupils' participation and is not, as opposed to the results of research in everyday talk, dispreferred in pupil-teacher talk. When the pupils use the possibility to, in a comparatively easy way, participate and thus express their knowledge through codeswitching, and simultaneously talk a monolingual discourse into being, the teacher can, through direct repair, show an understanding in regard to the content, facilitate language learning and simultaneously confirm the pupils as competent speakers and bilingual individuals. Furthermore, significant results show that the monolingual norm has a function of a contrasting background which gives the pupils and the teachers a possibility to use language alternation as a functional and meaningful activity. The pupils use codeswitching as a way of protesting or expressing non-participation in the classroom talk. By making the pupils' bilingualism relevant, the teachers express understanding and empathy and encourage the pupils' participation in the classroom talk. Bilingualism is a nonpreferred, but functioning, resource in the interaction between pupils and teachers.

[In memoriam A.P.]

Soitinnus: soitinyhtye.

Finska sångare, varför är dom så bra? : Agneta Myreberg och Björn W Stålne p�� jakt efter ett svar

Radio-ohjelma suomalaisesta klassisen laulun kulttuurista, sisältää Suomessa äänitettyjä haastatteluja ja musiikkinäytteitä.

Immateriellt kulturarv som begrepp och process : folkloristiska perspektiv p�� kulturarv i Finlands svenskbygder med folkmusik som exempel

Cultural heritage has become something of an in-word in recent times. Intangible cultural heritage, however, is a category that has received relatively little attention. This folkloristic study focuses on intangible cultural heritage as concept and as process. Folkloristics as a scholarly branch emphasizes non-material culture. Consequently, there is a big potential in bringing existing knowledge of folklore together with current scholarly theories concerning cultural heritage in order to expand the understanding of intangible cultural heritage. In this thesis cultural heritage is regarded as a symbolic construct, which is spoken of and discussed in specific ways. The study of intangible cultural heritage (Swe. kulturarv) as concept focuses on this area. For a cultural component to be experienced as intangible cultural heritage it is, however, not enough to discuss it in those terms. Instead, cultural heritage status needs to be acted out during lengthy processes. This is demonstrated by the study of intangible cultural heritage as process. As a consequence performativity appears crucial to an understanding of cultural heritage – when a sufficient number of people speak and act as if a cultural component has a special status, it will also be perceived as cultural heritage. In this dissertation intangible cultural heritage is studied through cultural analysis, more specifically through discourse analysis. The usage of the concept intangible cultural heritage within cultural organizations, in scholarly use and in the Swedish-speaking press in Finland is examined. Traditional music in the Swedish-speaking districts of Finland is used as a case study of intangible cultural heritage as process. The examination concerns how traditional music, an intangible cultural component, has been discussed, transformed, standardized and objectified in a cultural heritage process. Cultural heritage is generally used as a token of value so that certain cultural components, both intangible and tangible, which are discussed in terms of cultural heritage are perceived to be valuable and should therefore be safeguarded. Intangible cultural heritage depends on performance, that is practitioners use their bodies to act out their traditional knowledge through song, handicraft, storytelling and so on. Intangible cultural components can be transmitted to other individuals in a performance situation, and they can also be documented. In Finland documentation and subsequent filing in archives have been associated with safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. If the aim of safeguarding is to uphold traditional practices, which is the case for among others UNESCO’s programs aimed at intangible cultural heritage, other efforts are called for: forms of safeguarding that support performance and transmission.

Karneval i klassrum – kunskap p�� hjul : en studie av elevers möten med clown analyserade med narrativ metod och poetisk etnografi

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about learning in and through art related to pupils’ study processes developing clown characters in secondary school. The pre understanding of this qualitative piece of micro ethnographic research is that the elaboration of clown has openness to play, creative activity and imagination. The art form clown inspires and motivates. The clown character creates a kind and friendly atmosphere, calls upon smile, which promotes learning. It is an art form promoting deep and personal reflection and evoking questions regarding identity formation. The pre understanding finally is that existential themes are brought to articulation in the art form clown. The problem formulation for the hermeneutic phenomenological study is an exploration of the meaning potential of an arts educational work with clown from the pupils’ as well as the teacher’s perspective. The study elaborates the following research questions: 1.) How are the pupils staging themselves in the work with clown? a) How are they constructing the clown character? b) How do they reflect upon their construction? c) What are the characteristics of the working process in the elaboration of clown? 2.) What is characteristic of the teacher’s contribution to the arts educational work? 3.) What is characteristic of the meaning making in the elaboration of clown? One group of 21 pupils and their drama teacher in a Swedish secondary school in six workshops (each one 90 minutes) elaborating the clown theme is the group under study through video observation, interviews, students’ logs and drawings, teacher log and researcher’s field notes. The theoretical framework comprises three perspectives on clown: a perspective on the culture of carnival, a drama education perspective and a performance perspective. Through a content analysis of texts about clown a set of characteristics for the clown is used as analytical concepts in the subsequent analysis of the pupils’ working process when they create three clown characters: August, the white clown and the bag lady. The results are presented as fictive narratives built on the video observations and the interviews. The presentation is brought to even more condensation through poetic ethnographic writing of haiku poems by the researcher. This ethnographic writing is idiomatic to the art form under study, and can be seen as a metaphorical meta commentary to the narratives. As a main result the researcher has developed a model describing the different aspects of the clown characters and the meaning potential of the clown as learning regarding exploration of identity and elaboration of existential questions regarding life, loneliness, love, religion and death.

Landskapet i nord : ”Gjennomføring av Den europeiska Landskapskonvensjonen i kommunene p�� Nord-Kalotten” – Konferansen 7.-9. 9.2011, Enare, Finland

Kansainvälinen Eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden saavuttamista edistävä konferenssi järjestettiin Inarissa 7.-9.9.2011. Konferenssissa käsiteltiin maisemasopimuksen tavoitteita, tarpeita ja mahdollisuuksia Pohjois-Kalotin alueella. Tähän raporttiin on koottu konferenssissa esiintyneiden asiantuntijoiden laatimat artikkelit aiheesta. Raportin toivotaan helpottavan alueiden käytön suunnittelijoita käytännön työssään ja rohkaisevan kuntia toteuttamaan tulevaisuuden suunnittelua Eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden mukaisesti. Raportti on saatavissa viidellä eri kielellä: suomeksi, ruotsiksi, norjaksi, pohjoissaameksi ja englanniksi. Pohjois-Kalotin aluetta yhdistää yhteinen tunnusomainen maisema. Saamelaiskulttuurin sekä poronhoidon muovaamat tunturimaisemat ja upeat jokivarsimaisemat heijastuvat ymp��ristössä laaja-alaisesti. Alueen maisemalle haasteita tuovat sen moninaiset maankäyttömuodot ja elinkeinot, kuten matkailu, kaivosteollisuus ja energiantuotanto. Arvokkaiden maisemapiirteiden säilyttäminen vaatii erityistä tuntemusta ja tietämystä alueen kunnissa. Maisemansuojelua ja -hoitoa toteutetaan alueiden- ja maankäytön suunnittelun kautta, p��äasiallisesti kaavoituksella ja maisemanhoitosuunnitelmilla. Pohjois-Kalotin alueen kunnissa on erilaiset osin toisistaan poikkeavat toimintatavat ja käytännöt maisemanhoidossa. Kuitenkin alueen asukkailla on yhtäläisiä intressejä elinymp��ristönsä suojeluun ja säilyttämiseen. Maisema nähdään vetovoimatekijänä, jota ei haluta menettää. Lisääntyvät maankäyttötarpeet kunnissa luovat tarpeen entistä moniulotteisemmalle suunnittelulle. Paikallisten tahojen osallistaminen suunnitteluprosesseihin aikaisessa vaiheessa ja monimuotoinen vuorovaikutus, niin toimijoiden, kansalaisten kuin viranomaisten välillä vähentää konfliktien muodostumista. Tutkimustiedon tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen ja valtiorajat ylittävä yhteistyö helpottaa p��ätöksentekoa ja luo yhteisiä linjoja maisemansuojelutyöhön. Yhteiset kokemukset, käytännöt ja tietotaidon jakaminen sekä laajemman maisemakokonaisuuden hahmottaminen parantaa eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden toteutumista. Työn jatkuvuuden varmistamiseksi Pohjois-Kalotin alueelle suunnitellaan perustettavaksi maisemayhteistyöryhmä, jonka tehtävä on maisemapolitiikan kehittäminen ja eteenp��in vieminen.

Nordliga landskap : "Tillämpning av den europeiska landskapskonventionen i kommunerna p�� Nordkalotten" - Konferensen 7.-9.9.2011, Enare, Finland

För att kunna nå de uppsatta målen för den europeiska landskapskonventionen anordnades en internationell europeisk konferens den 7–9 september 2011 i Enare. Konferensen var främst inriktad p�� att öka kunskapen om den europeiska landskapskonventionen och de möjligheter och behov den ger vad gäller det praktiska planeringsarbetet, särkilt p�� kommunnivå. Den här rapport är samlat artikel skrev av ledande expertes som var föreläsare i konferensen. Vi hoppas att den här rapport underlättar det praktiska arbetet för planerarna av de här områdena och inspirerar kommunerna att genomföra sina framtidsplaner enligt den europeiska landskapskonventionen. Publikationen finns tillgänglig p�� fem olika språk: finska, svenska, norska, nordsamiska och engelska. Naturen p�� Nordkalotten återspeglar p�� bred front de gemensamma karaktäristiska dragen, såsom de fantastiska älvlandskapen och de vackra fjälltrakterna formade av samekulturen och renskötseln. Turism, energiproduktion, gruvnäring och utbyggnad av infrastruktur leder till nya och mångfacetterade utmaningar för dem som är ansvariga för områdena. Kommunerna behöver kunskap och stöd för att kunna förverkliga de allt mer komplexa planerna i framtiden, så att de unika och värdefulla särdragen kan bevaras. Landskapsskyddet och -vården genomförs i landskapsområdena via områdesplanering och planering av markanvändning, i huvudsak genom planläggning och utarbetande av landskapsvårdsplaner. Kommunerna i Nordkalotten har egna, delvis olikartade metoder och praxis, p�� basis av vilka olika processer i anslutning till områdesanvändningen sköts. Kommunerna och kommuninvånarna har ett stort intresse att bevara och skydda den egna livsmiljön och att upprätthålla och öka områdets attraktionskraft. Landskapet ses ju i kommunerna som en av de viktigaste attraktionsfaktorerna som man inte vill förlora. Kommunernas ökade markanvändningsbehov med avseende p�� bland annat energiproduktionen, gruvindustrin och den växande turistnäringen skapar ett välgrundat behov av en planering med ännu fler dimensioner. Det är viktigt att lokala intressegrupper deltar i planeringen redan i början av processen. Mångsidigt samarbete mellan medborgare, aktörer och myndigheter kan minska eller hindra konflikter. En dialog mellan medborgare, organisationer och myndigheter har en stor inverkan p�� många projekts effekter p�� landskapet. Med hjälp av forskning får vi mer information om landskapen, deras betydelse och hur olika markanvändningsmetoder p��verkar landskapen. Gemensamma erfarenheter och praktik, uppdelningen av kunnande (know-how) samt uppfattningen av bredare landkapshelheten dörbättrar tilsammans de möjligheterna att förverkliga målen som definierats i Europeiska landskapkonventionen.För att säkerställa att arbetet fortsätter upprättas en landskapssamarbetsgrupp p�� Nordkalottens område, som huvuduppgift är att utveckla landskapspolitiken och driva den framåt.

Factors predicting mortality in type 2 diabetes. With special reference to physical exercise, blood pressure, proteinuria, inflammation and P wave duration

Background: Type 2 diabetes patients have a 2-4 fold risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population. In type 2 diabetes, several CVD risk factors have been identified, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, proteinuria, sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia. Although much of the excess CVD risk can be attributed to these risk factors, a significant proportion is still unknown. Aims: To assess in middle-aged type 2 diabetic subjects the joint relations of several conventional and non-conventional CVD risk factors with respect to cardiovascular and total mortality. Subjects and methods: This thesis is part of a large prospective, population based East-West type 2 diabetes study that was launched in 1982-1984. It includes 1,059 middle-aged (45-64 years old) participants. At baseline, a thorough clinical examination and laboratory measurements were performed and an ECG was recorded. The latest follow-up study was performed 18 years later in January 2001 (when the subjects were 63-81 years old). The study endpoints were total mortality and mortality due to CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Results: Physically more active patients had significantly reduced total, CVD and CHD mortality independent of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels unless proteinuria was present. Among physically active patients with a hs-CRP level >3 mg/L, the prognosis of CVD mortality was similar to patients with hs-CRP levels ≤3 mg/L. The worst prognosis was among physically inactive patients with hs-CRP levels >3 mg/L. Physically active patients with proteinuria had significantly increased total and CVD mortality by multivariate analyses. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with proteinuria and a systolic BP <130 mmHg had a significant increase in total and CVD mortality compared to those with a systolic BP between 130 and 160 mmHg. The prognosis was similar in patients with a systolic BP <130 mmHg and ≥160 mmHg. Among patients without proteinuria, a systolic BP <130 mmHg was associated with a non-significant reduction in mortality. A P wave duration ≥114 ms was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in stroke mortality among patients with prevalent CHD or claudication. This finding persisted in multivariable analyses. Among patients with no comorbidities, there was no relationship between P wave duration and stroke mortality. Conclusions: Physical activity reduces total and CVD mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes without proteinuria or with elevated levels of hs-CRP, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity can counteract increased CVD morbidity and mortality associated with a high CRP level. In patients with proteinuria the protective effect was not, however, present. Among patients with proteinuria, systolic BP <130 mmHg may increase mortality due to CVD. These results demonstrate the importance of early intervention to prevent CVD and to control all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. The presence of proteinuria should be taken into account when defining the target systolic BP level for prevention of CVD deaths. A prolongation of the duration of the P wave was associated with increased stroke mortality among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. P wave duration is easy to measure and merits further examination to evaluate its importance for estimation of the risk of stroke among patients with type 2 diabetes.