Att lära för livet hemma och i skolan : elevers uppfattningar av kost och hälsa, konsumtion och privatekonomi samt hushåll och miljö

The home is an important societal arena for upbringing and learning. A child can experience a feeling of participation in the household he or she belongs to very early in life. In this manner, the home environment constitutes an essential foundation for instruction in the subject of Home Economics. At school, Home Economics pupils should fulfill the intentions that school curriculum has for the subject, that is to say develop the knowledge, skills, and values that allow pupils to be able to take responsibility for their health, finances, comfort, and safety in their close environment. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, the study aims to examine what knowledge and attitudes children and teenagers have acquired from their home environment, close environment, as well as school. Secondly, the study aims to evaluate the effects of instruction in Home Economics, at the 7th grade level, as regards diet and health, consumption and private finances, as well as household and the environment. The study’s methodological foundation focuses on pupils’ understanding of the surrounding world. A phenomenographical approach to the research phenomenon basis itself on the supposition that knowledge is fixed in human beings’ consciousness and experiences. Furthermore, the study stresses individual variations in conjunction with the experienced phenomenon. The empirical portion of the study is based on semistructured interviews of 30 pupils divided into two reference groups. The pupils were interviewed before instruction in the subject of Home Economics started and upon completing instruction. The interview data was analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the “multistage model”. The study results show that upbringing in the home environment is determinative as pertains to understanding of the socio-cultural household environment. Mealtime traditions, for example, are deeply ingrained but nonetheless influenced by lifestyle changes. The study shows that a didactic challenge exists to draw attention to the consequences of poor mealtime habits and stress for everyone raising or educating children and teenagers. Despite good knowledge of what a healthy diet is, the majority of pupils choose fast-food and junk-food when they eat out to save time and money. Studies of pupils’ preparedness for consumption show that a purposeful upbringing in the home in combination with relevant instruction in Home Economics, results in knowledgeable consumers. This study also shows that upbringing in the home environment and instruction in Home Economics requires an intense and conscious focus on the consequences of a household not run in accordance with nature, where the household lifestyle is nonsustainable. Pupils’ understanding is often based on the disregarding of the survival perspective for a comfort perspective. Parents and Home Economics teachers should be able to bring up and teach children and teenagers in a manner that allows children and teenagers to take responsibility for their health, private finances, as well as comfort and safety in the close environment. The method is conscious nurturing and instruction.

IKT i huslig ekonomi : En kvantitativ enkätstudie om faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi

Det ställs allt högre krav på att kunna hantera den allt mer digitaliserade vardagen. Elevens möjligheter att få utveckla sådana kunskaper, färdigheter och attityder som behövs för att kunna fungera som aktiva medborgare i samhället och i vardagen betonas i både Lagen om grundläggande utbildning och i Grunderna för läroplanen för den grundläggande utbildningen 2014. För att eleven ska kunna uppnå dessa mål ställs krav på att alla elever får utveckla digital kompetens inom den grundläggande utbildningen. Digital kompetens är uppräknad som en av EU-kommissionens åtta nyckelkompetenser för livslångt lärande. Digital kompetens, som i sin tur är uppbyggd av grundläggande IKT-färdigheter finns representerad i Glgu 2014 som en del av den mångsidiga kompetensen. Att eleven ska ges möjlighet att utveckla digital kompetens inom alla läroämnen ställer också krav på att läraren tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. I tidigare forskning har det däremot framkommit att det finns flera faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi. Ett av husliga ekonomins uppdrag är att stödja elevernas förmåga att hantera vardagen och utveckla grundläggande färdigheter för att genomföra uppgifter i anslutning till hushållet. Med tanke på husliga ekonomins starka relation till samhället och läroämnets uppdrag finns ett starkt behov av att kartlägga faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning som i huvudsak grundar sig på statistisk hypotesprövning. I studien har totalt sju hypoteser formulerats för att undersöka samband mellan följande faktorers inverkan på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi: digital kompetens, upplevt stöd, tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur och upplevd nytta med IKT. Dessa faktorer har i tidigare studier visat sig inverka på lärarnas användning av IKT. I studien finns också en deskriptiv målsättning att beskriva de faktorer som ingår i hypotesprövningen. Deskriptiv statistik framtas också för en variabel som på grund av bristande teoriunderlag och avsaknad av tidigare forskning inte ingår som en faktor i hypotesprövningen. Denna variabel utgörs av lärarnas upplevda nytta med IKT för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder i anslutning till de centrala innehållen i huslig ekonomi. Datamaterialet har samlats in via webbenkäter. Målpopulationen består av alla som undervisar huslig ekonomi i årskurserna 7–9 inom den grundläggande utbildningen i Finland. För att göra ett urval av målpopulationen tillämpades en kombination av slumpmässigt och icke-slumpmässiga urval. Själva enkätutskicket genomfördes i ett samarbete mellan Åbo Akademi och Helsingfors universitet. Det insamlade materialet har bearbetats och analyserats med statistikprogrammet SPSS. De uppställda hypoteserna testas med regressionsanalys. Den deskriptiva aspekten i studien syns i den beskrivande statistiken som presenteras med hjälp av frekvenser, procentandelar, lägesmått och centralmått. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen visar på positivt samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens och upplevd nytta samt mellan upplevd nytta och lärarnas IKT-användning. Regressionsanalysen visar också på ett signifikant samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens, IKT-infrastruktur och IKT-användning. Resultaten i den senare regressionsmodellen kan tolkas som att ju högre lärarna uppskattar sin digitala kompetens och ju bättre tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur desto oftare använder lärarna olika IKT-verktyg i undervisningen i huslig ekonomi. Inga signifikanta samband hittades mellan lärarnas upplevda stöd och IKT-användning. Enligt den deskriptiva statistiken upplever lärarna en stor brist på ämnesfortbildningar inom IKT. Lärarna upplever dessutom att det finns bristande tillgång till digitala verktyg. De övergripande resultaten pekar på att ämneslärarna i huslig ekonomi inte har tillräckligt goda förutsättningar för att tillämpa IKT på ett pedagogiskt ändamålsenligt sätt i undervisningen. Tyngdpunkten borde sättas på att trygga tillgången till IKT-infrastruktur, ge lärarna möjligheten att utveckla den digitala kompetensen och erbjuda ett större utbud av ämnesfortbildning inom IKT. Ett förslag på fortsatt forskning kunde vara att genomföra en större jämförelse mellan hur ämneslärare i olika läroämnen tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. En dylik jämförelse kunde ge en inblick i hur de olika läroämnena skulle kunna jobba för att IKT ska få en naturlig plats i undervisningen. Resultaten kunde eventuellt också gynna en helhetsskapande undervisning. En helhetsskapande undervisning kunde vidare lyfta upp husliga ekonomins roll för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder som behövs för ett livslångt lärande.

Database Rights in Safe European Home: The Path to More Rigorous Protection of Information

1. Introduction "The one that has compiled ... a database, the collection, securing the validity or presentation of which has required an essential investment, has the sole right to control the content over the whole work or over either a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the work both by means of reproduction and by making them available to the public", Finnish Copyright Act, section 49.1 These are the laconic words that implemented the much-awaited and hotly debated European Community Directive on the legal protection of databases,2 the EDD, into Finnish Copyright legislation in 1998. Now in the year 2005, after more than half a decade of the domestic implementation it is yet uncertain as to the proper meaning and construction of the convoluted qualitative criteria the current legislation employs as a prerequisite for the database protection both in Finland and within the European Union. Further, this opaque Pan-European instrument has the potential of bringing about a number of far-reaching economic and cultural ramifications, which have remained largely uncharted or unobserved. Thus the task of understanding this particular and currently peculiarly European new intellectual property regime is twofold: first, to understand the mechanics and functioning of the EDD and second, to realise the potential and risks inherent in the new legislation in economic, cultural and societal dimensions. 2. Subject-matter of the study: basic issues The first part of the task mentioned above is straightforward: questions such as what is meant by the key concepts triggering the functioning of the EDD such as presentation of independent information, what constitutes an essential investment in acquiring data and when the reproduction of a given database reaches either qualitatively or quantitatively the threshold of substantiality before the right-holder of a database can avail himself of the remedies provided by the statutory framework remain unclear and call for a careful analysis. As for second task, it is already obvious that the practical importance of the legal protection providedby the database right is in the rapid increase. The accelerating transformationof information into digital form is an existing fact, not merely a reflection of a shape of things to come in the future. To take a simple example, the digitisation of a map, traditionally in paper format and protected by copyright, can provide the consumer a markedly easier and faster access to the wanted material and the price can be, depending on the current state of the marketplace, cheaper than that of the traditional form or even free by means of public lending libraries providing access to the information online. This also renders it possible for authors and publishers to make available and sell their products to markedly larger, international markets while the production and distribution costs can be kept at minimum due to the new electronic production, marketing and distributionmechanisms to mention a few. The troublesome side is for authors and publishers the vastly enhanced potential for illegal copying by electronic means, producing numerous virtually identical copies at speed. The fear of illegal copying canlead to stark technical protection that in turn can dampen down the demand for information goods and services and furthermore, efficiently hamper the right of access to the materials available lawfully in electronic form and thus weaken the possibility of access to information, education and the cultural heritage of anation or nations, a condition precedent for a functioning democracy. 3. Particular issues in Digital Economy and Information Networks All what is said above applies a fortiori to the databases. As a result of the ubiquity of the Internet and the pending breakthrough of Mobile Internet, peer-to-peer Networks, Localand Wide Local Area Networks, a rapidly increasing amount of information not protected by traditional copyright, such as various lists, catalogues and tables,3previously protected partially by the old section 49 of the Finnish Copyright act are available free or for consideration in the Internet, and by the same token importantly, numerous databases are collected in order to enable the marketing, tendering and selling products and services in above mentioned networks. Databases and the information embedded therein constitutes a pivotal element in virtually any commercial operation including product and service development, scientific research and education. A poignant but not instantaneously an obvious example of this is a database consisting of physical coordinates of a certain selected group of customers for marketing purposes through cellular phones, laptops and several handheld or vehicle-based devices connected online. These practical needs call for answer to a plethora of questions already outlined above: Has thecollection and securing the validity of this information required an essential input? What qualifies as a quantitatively or qualitatively significant investment? According to the Directive, the database comprises works, information and other independent materials, which are arranged in systematic or methodical way andare individually accessible by electronic or other means. Under what circumstances then, are the materials regarded as arranged in systematic or methodical way? Only when the protected elements of a database are established, the question concerning the scope of protection becomes acute. In digital context, the traditional notions of reproduction and making available to the public of digital materials seem to fit ill or lead into interpretations that are at variance with analogous domain as regards the lawful and illegal uses of information. This may well interfere with or rework the way in which the commercial and other operators have to establish themselves and function in the existing value networks of information products and services. 4. International sphere After the expiry of the implementation period for the European Community Directive on legal protection of databases, the goals of the Directive must have been consolidated into the domestic legislations of the current twenty-five Member States within the European Union. On one hand, these fundamental questions readily imply that the problemsrelated to correct construction of the Directive underlying the domestic legislation transpire the national boundaries. On the other hand, the disputes arisingon account of the implementation and interpretation of the Directive on the European level attract significance domestically. Consequently, the guidelines on correct interpretation of the Directive importing the practical, business-oriented solutions may well have application on European level. This underlines the exigency for a thorough analysis on the implications of the meaning and potential scope of Database protection in Finland and the European Union. This position hasto be contrasted with the larger, international sphere, which in early 2005 does differ markedly from European Union stance, directly having a negative effect on international trade particularly in digital content. A particular case in point is the USA, a database producer primus inter pares, not at least yet having aSui Generis database regime or its kin, while both the political and academic discourse on the matter abounds. 5. The objectives of the study The above mentioned background with its several open issues calls for the detailed study of thefollowing questions: -What is a database-at-law and when is a database protected by intellectual property rights, particularly by the European database regime?What is the international situation? -How is a database protected and what is its relation with other intellectual property regimes, particularly in the Digital context? -The opportunities and threats provided by current protection to creators, users and the society as a whole, including the commercial and cultural implications? -The difficult question on relation of the Database protection and protection of factual information as such. 6. Dsiposition The Study, in purporting to analyse and cast light on the questions above, is divided into three mainparts. The first part has the purpose of introducing the political and rationalbackground and subsequent legislative evolution path of the European database protection, reflected against the international backdrop on the issue. An introduction to databases, originally a vehicle of modern computing and information andcommunication technology, is also incorporated. The second part sets out the chosen and existing two-tier model of the database protection, reviewing both itscopyright and Sui Generis right facets in detail together with the emergent application of the machinery in real-life societal and particularly commercial context. Furthermore, a general outline of copyright, relevant in context of copyright databases is provided. For purposes of further comparison, a chapter on the precursor of Sui Generi, database right, the Nordic catalogue rule also ensues. The third and final part analyses the positive and negative impact of the database protection system and attempts to scrutinize the implications further in the future with some caveats and tentative recommendations, in particular as regards the convoluted issue concerning the IPR protection of information per se, a new tenet in the domain of copyright and related rights.