42 resultados para Just war

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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English summary: Just war and laws of war

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The wars the Western armies are involved with today are different from those that were fought in the end of 20th century. To explain this change, the Western military thinkers have come up with various different types of definitions of warfare over the last 30 years, each describing the tendencies involved in the conflicts of the time. The changing nature of conflicts surfaced a new term – hybrid warfare. The term was to describe and explain the multi-modality and complexity of modern day conflict. This thesis seeks the answer for the question: what is the development of thought behind hybrid warfare? In this thesis the Vietnam War (1965-1975) is used as an example of compound warfare focusing on the American involvement in the war. The Second Lebanon War (2006) serves as an example of hybrid warfare. Both case studies include an irregular opposing force, namely National Liberation Front in Vietnam War and Hezbollah in the Second Lebanon War. These two case studies are compared with the term full spectrum operations introduced in the current U.S. Department of Army Field Manual No. 3-0 Operations to see the differences and similarities of each term. The perspective of this thesis is the American point of view. This thesis concludes that hybrid warfare, compound warfare and full spectrum operations are very similar. The first two terms are included in the last one. Although hybrid warfare is not officially defined, it will most likely remain to be used in the discussion in the future, since hybrid wars and hybrid threats are officially accepted terms.

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De protestantiska prästernas hustrur, prästfruarna, inom Landeskirche Hannover utgör en liten grupp konfessionellt bundna och troende kvinnor som jag undersökt ur kvinnohistoriskt och kulturvetenskapligt perspektiv. Jag belyser förändringarna i synen på prästgård, prästfruns värv och församling under mitten av 1900-talet då prästfruarna förlorade sin ställning i samhälle och församling. Prästfruarna framstår som vittnen över slutet på en epok som började med reformationen och som visat sig vara grundläggande för utformningen av moderniteten liksom också för övergången till senmoderna makt- och socialtekniker som lett till dagens emancipatoriska krav på självförverkligande med jaget som expert. Förändringarna ledde till kvinnopolitiska segrar, som bättre tillgång till arbetsmarknaden, men också till en hittills inte undersökt tragisk sida av denna modernisering, nämligen hur det självständiga handlingsutrymme försvann som prästfruarna hade i prästgård och församling just som kvinnor. Den protestantiska kyrkan bidrog så till en revolutionerande strukturomvandling för att referera till historikerna Lutz Raphael och Anselm Doering-Manteuffel.

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Opinnäytetyönämme toteutimme yhteisöllisen päivän Helsingissä, Maunulan alueella, yhteistyössä alueen paikallisten toimijoiden verkoston, Maunulatiimin, sekä Haavikon opetus- ja aikuskasvatuskeskuksen kehitysvammaisten nuorten kanssa. Toimimme osana Yhdessä- hanketta, joka on vuonna 2005 käynnistynyt kehittämisprojekti. Hankkeen tavoitteena on luoda inklusiivinen toimintamalli Maunulan alueelle. Tavoitteenamme on rakentaa pysyvä toiminnallinen yhteistyön muoto Haavikon opetus- ja aikuiskasvatuskeskuksen ja Maunulan muiden toimijoiden välille sekä vakiinnuttaa alueelle yhteisöllisyyttä tukeva pysyvä inklusiivinen foorumi. Lisäksi haluamme osallistaa Haavikon opiskelijat tasavertaisina toimijoina yhteisen toiminnan suunnitteluun ja toteuttamiseen. Tavoitteisiin pyrkiessämme käytimme luovaan toimintaan perustuvia työmenetelmiä.Toiminnallamme loimme edellytykset alueen yhteisöllisyyden kehittymiselle sekä puitteet erilaisten ihmisten kohtaamiselle. Sosiaalipedagogisista lähtökohdista tarkastellessa keskeisimpinä esiin nousivat: inkluusio, yhteisöllisyys, osallistuminen ja osallisuus, voimaantuminen sekä innostaminen. Opinnäytetyöprosessimme koostui yhteistyöstä Maunulatiimin kanssa, tapahtuman mainonnan ja tiedotuksen organisoinnista sekä oman toimintapisteen suunnittelusta ja toteutuksesta yhteistyössä Haavikon opiskelijoiden kanssa. Opinnäytetyömme huipentui toukokuussa Haavikon opiskelijoita osallistavaan viidakkoseikkailuun Leikkipuisto Maunulassa. Haavikon opiskelijat osallistuivat aktiivisina ja tasavertaisina toimijoina viidakkoseikkailun toteutukseen. Tapahtuma kokonaisuudessaan onnistui kiitettävästi luoden pohjan yhteisöllisen toiminnan järjestämiselle jatkossakin. Kehitysvammaisten nuorten esimerkillinen työskentely yhteisen toiminnan hyväksi vahvisti alueen inklusiivisemman asenneympäristön kehittymistä.

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Lectio praecursoria at the public examination of his doctoral thesis Fictions to live in: narration as an argument for fiction in Salman Rushdies's novels, Department of English, University of Tampere, on October the ninth, 1998

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Luettelointi kesken

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Digitoitu 5. 1. 2009

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Myös Gramophone GC-2-42786.

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This dissertation explores the complicated relations between Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian postwar refugees and American foreign policymakers between 1948 and 1960. There were seemingly shared interests between the parties during the first decade of the Cold War. Generally, Eastern European refugees refused to recognize Soviet hegemony in their homelands, and American policy towards the Soviet bloc during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations sought to undermine the Kremlin’s standing in the region. More specifically, Baltic refugees and State Department officials sought to preserve the 1940 non-recognition policy towards the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States. I propose that despite the seemingly natural convergence of interests, the American experiment of constructing a State-Private network revolving around fostering relations with exile groups was fraught with difficulties. These difficulties ultimately undermined any ability that the United States might have had to liberate the Baltic States from the Soviet Union. As this dissertation demonstrates, Baltic exiles were primarily concerned with preserving a high level of political continuity to the interwar republics under the assumption that they would be able to regain their positions in liberated, democratic societies. American policymakers, however, were primarily concerned with maintaining the non-recognition policy, the framework in which all policy considerations were analyzed. I argue that these two motivating factors created unnecessary tensions in American policy towards the Baltic republics in the spheres of psychological warfare as well as exile unity in the United States and Europe. Despite these shortcomings, I argue that out of the exiles’ failings was born a generation of Baltic constituents that blurred the political legitimacy line between exiles who sought to return home and ethnic Americans who were loyal to the United States. These Baltic constituents played an important role in garnering the support of the United States Congress, starting in the 1950s, but became increasingly influential after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, despite the seemingly less important role Eastern Europe played in the Cold War. The actions of the Baltic constituents not only prevented the Baltic question from being forever lost in the memory hole of history, but actually created enough political pressure on the State Department that it was impossible to alter the long-standing policy of not recognizing the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States.

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