Kansainvälisen politiikan opetus Suomessa1970- ja 1980-lukujen taitteessa : Morgenthaun realistisen opetusfilosofian näkökulma

English abstract: Teaching international relations in Finland : perspective of Morgenthau's realistic philosophy of education

Kansainvälinen politiikka "käytännöllisten ratkaisujen joukkona" : pragmatistinen tulkinta kansainvälisen politiikan tieteenalan itsekuvasta

English abstract: International relations (IR) as "collection of practical solutions" - pragmatist interpretation of the self-image of the discipline

Kansainvälinen politiikka, historia ja kriittisen kysymisen taito : hermeneuttisia pohdintoja tieteenalan tieteellisyydestä

English abstract: International relations, history and the art of asking critical questions - hermeneutical reflections on the scientificity of the discipline

24+1 kansainvälisten suhteiden perusoppikirjaa : havaintoja ja arvioita

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Uskonto kansainvälisen politiikan teoriassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Ruotsin ja Itävallan suhde EU:n ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaan

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää Itävallan ja Ruotsin suhdetta EU:n yhteiseen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaan. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selvittää, miten keväällä 2014 alkanut Ukrainan sota on vaikuttanut maiden suhteeseen EU:n yhteiseen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaan. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä käytetään sosiaalista konstruktivismia, joka tässä tutkimuksessa perustuu vahvasti Alexander Wendtin teokseen Social Theory of International Relations. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään teoriaohjaavaa laadullista sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkimusaineistona käytetään pääasiassa kohdevaltioiden virallisilta verkkosivuilta löytyviä julkisia englanninkielisiä raportteja, lehdistötiedotteita, strategioita ja muita julkaisuja joista valikoidaan aihetta koskeva lähdeaineisto. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa neljän teeman avulla molempien maiden osalta aineiston se osa, joka on julkaistu ennen Ukrainan sodan alkamista. Teemat ovat: - Sotilaallisen voiman merkitys - EU:n yhteinäisyyden merkitys valtiolle - Yhteisen ulko- ja tuvallisuuspolitiikan suhde valtion omiin intresseihin - EU rauhan takaajana Toisessa vaiheessa analysoidaan molempien maiden osalta aineiston se osa, joka on julkaistu ukrainan sodan alkamisen jälkeen. Pohdintaluvussa tarkastellaan lopulta analyysin tulokset tukeutuen tutkimuskysymyksiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena havaittiin, että molemmat maat olivat vahvasti sitoutuneet EU:n yhteisen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikan tavoitteisiin ja olivat sitoutuneet niihin myös omissa ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittisissa tavoitteissaan. Maiden suhtautumisessa YUTP:n tavoitteisiin ei ollut merkittäviä eroavaisuuksia. Ukrainan sota vaikutti maiden suhteisiin EU:n yhteiseen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaan eri tavoin. Itävalta muuttui lausunnoissaan varovaiseksi ja Venäjää myötäileväksi ja Ruotsi korosti EU:n yhtenäisyyden merkitystä aiempaa kovemmin.

Remembering the War and Aggression: A Discourse Analysis of Japan’s State Apologies and Commemoration Speeches on August 15th 1995-2015

Memories of historical injustices affect contemporary politics from local to global level. In East Asia, questions of commemoration and historical responsibility have turned into international and domestic controversies. The main focus has been and still is in apologies conducted by Japanese prime ministers in regards to the war, aggression and colonialism during the era of Imperial Japan. Although it is granted that state apologies are not a crucial part of reconciliation, they can be analysed as a linked but separate process within the context of memory and international relations. The purpose of this study is to examine the discourses of history in Japanese prime ministers’ commemoration speeches on Memorial Ceremony for the War Dead from 1995 to 2015 in order to analyse how the Japanese government is reflecting on its past. In particular, attention is paid on what is being commemorated and how, whether it is the war and its victims or Japan’s post-war era of peace. As an apology is a reciprocal activity, responses from Japan’s most vocal former victims, South Korea and China, were also examined. Discourse analysis was used to identify and examine the different representations of the past. In addition, the apology statements of Japanese prime ministers were analysed in the Many to Many apology framework developed by Tavuchis (1991). Primary material consisted of 21 prime ministers’ speeches from the annual Memorial Ceremony for the War Dead on August 15th and from three apology statements made in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Further international context was primarily collected from newspaper articles of The New York Times and The Times throughout the examined period. It can be concluded from the findings that in the official Japanese remembrance of the past war from 1985’s annexation of Taiwan to the atomic bombings in 1945, both discourses that reinforce apology and remorse over Japan’s past aggressions and discourses that consciously avoid doing so are used. The commemoration speeches and apology statements consistently assert that Japan has acknowledged its past and expresses regret over the acts of aggression. At the same time, the speeches and statements strengthen the narrative that Japan was a victim of circumstances as well as turn the focus on post-war peace-making or on Japan’s own victimhood.

Le relazioni Italo - Finlandesi nella documentazione del Ministero degli Affari Esteri italiano e nel "Memoriale" di Attilio Tamaro (1929-1935)

My doctoral thesis may be placed within the branch of studies on the history of international relations and it examines the development of Italian-Finnish bilateral relations during the mandate of Attilio Tamaro, the plenipotentiary Minister (1929-1935). The research is based exclusively on Italian sources, on the private documentation of the diplomat and on his “Memoriale”, which have been critically analysed, using theories, such as those on the policies of power, on the soft power and on foreign trade. This research aims to draw attention to the bilateral dynamics, and to bridge the gaps of the specific historiography, paying attention to the relations between the Lapua movement and Italian fascism, and to the role that the Minister Tamaro played. The 1929-1935 period is the most intense one in the bilateral relations, and it expands those already begun in the Twenties, thereby replacing the idea of a poor and backward Italy with that of a modern, strong and orderly country that fascism had been capable of building. The need for Finland to solve its internal problems led to the development of the lappist movement in the first few months of 1930 which, with its anticommunism and anti-parliamentarism, led conservative Finland to look towards the Italian political model with particular fondness. The Italian diplomacy, at least during the Grandi ministry, distinguished itself for its moderate involvement in its connections with lappism. After 1932, with the spread of universal fascism, opposing national-socialism, the relationships between fascism and the lappist movement intensified and led the IKL (Patriotic People’s Movement) into the Italian sphere. Actually, especially after 1933, what was the most effective instrument of Tamaro’s political action was culture: the Italian Readership, the cultural associations, and the use of the cinematic arts and art were the channels for the expansion of a cultural imperialism which abounded in political propaganda. With the War of Ethiopia in 1935, the good Italian-Finnish relationships partly cooled down because Italy appeared to be a dangerous nation for the stability of the security system of Finland. The research results are stimulating: they bring to light the ambitions of great power of monarchist-fascist Italy; they show the importance of the Italian example in inspiring the conservative Finnish right-wing; they allow one to hypothesize that there was at least an indirect influence of the Italian model on the development of Finnish events. The aspiration of our research is to stimulate further studies on diplomatic, military and trade relations between Italy and the Scandinavian countries from 1919 to today.