From emerging opportunities to successful business networks – evidence from bioenergy

Increasing renewable energy utilization is a challenge that is tried to be solved in different ways. One of the most promising options for renewable energy is different biomasses, and the bioenergy field offers numerous emerging business opportunities. The actors in the field have rarely all the needed know-how and resources for exploiting these opportunities, and thus it is reasonable to seize them in cooperation. Networking is not an easy task to carry out, however, and in addition to its advantages for the firms engaged, it sets numerous challenges as well. The development of a network is a result of several steps firms need to take. In order to gain optimal advantage of their networks, firms need to weigh out with whom, why and how they should cooperate. In addition, everything does not depend on the firms themselves, as several factors in the external environment set their own enablers and barriers for cooperation. The formation of a network around a business opportunity is thus a multiphase process. The objective of this thesis is to depict this process via a step-by-step analysis and thus increase understanding on the whole development path from an entrepreneurial opportunity to a successful business network. The empirical evidence has been gathered by discussing the opportunities of animal manure refinement to biogas and forest biomass utilization for heating in Finland. The thesis comprises two parts. The first part provides an overview of the study, and the second part includes five research publications. The results reveal that it is essential to identify and analyze all the steps in the development process of a network, and several frameworks are used in the thesis to analyze these steps. The frameworks combine the views of theory and practical experiences of empirical study, and thus give new multifaceted views for the discussion on SME networking. The results indicate that the ground for cooperation should be investigated adequately by taking account of the preconditions in all the three contexts in which the actors operate: the social context, the region and the institutional environment. In case the project advances to exploitation, the assets and objectives of the actors should be paired off, which sets a need for relationships and sub-networks differing in breadth and depth. Different relationships and networks require different kinds of maintenance and management. Moreover, the actors should have the capability to change the formality or strategy of the relationships if needed. The drivers for these changes come along with the changing environment, which causes changes in the objectives of the actors and this way in the whole network. Bioenergy as the empirical field of the study represents well an industrial field with many emerging opportunities, a motley group of actors, and sensitivity for fast changes.

Paikallisen energiayhtiön maakaasuliiketoimintojen kehittäminen

Työssä selvitetään mahdollisuuksia laajentaa kaasuliiketoimintaa sellaisilla alueilla, jotka sijaitsevat maakaasun siirtoputken läheisyydessä ja joilla kaukolämpöliiketoimintaa ei pidetä houkuttelevana vaihtoehtona. Tarkasteltavaksi valittiin yksi edellä mainitun kaltainen alue. Tutkimuksen pääasiallinen tarkoitus on vertailla kaukolämmön sekä maakaasun jakelun taloudellista kannattavuutta valitulla alueella. Työssä selvitetään maakaasun jakeluun ja käyttöön tarvittava laitteisto, sekä maakaasuliiketoiminnan taloudellinen kannattavuus. Työssä esitellään lisäksi mikroturbiinien toimintaperiaate ja selvitetään niiden käyttösovellukset sekä mitä mahdollisuuksia niiden käyttö tarjoaisi energiayhtiölle. Kaasuliiketoiminta on tutkitulla alueella kannattavampaa kuin kaukolämpö. Kaasuliiketoiminnasta tulee kannattavaa, jos asiakkaiksi saadaan yli 10 prosenttia alueen kiinteistöistä, kun asiakkailta peritään saman suuruiset maksut kuin kaukolämmöllä. Jos asiakasmaksuina käytetään sellaisia maksuja, että kaasusta tulee kuluttajalle edullisin lämmitystapa, niin tällöin kaasuliiketoiminnasta ei tule kannattavaa vielä 70 prosentin asiakasmäärälläkään. Mikroturbiinit eivät tämän hetkisillä sähkön hinnoilla ole energiayhtiölle järkevä tapa tuottaa sähköä ja lämpöä, sillä mikroturbiineilla tuotetun sähkön hinta on kaksinkertainen verrattuna kaasukombi vastapainelaitoksella tuotetun sähkön hintaan. Energiayhtiön on edullisempaa hankkia sähkö yhteispohjoismaisilta sähkömarkkinoilta, kuin tuottaa sitä mikroturbiinilla. Mikroturbiinit soveltuvat lähinnä kiinteistökohtaiseen sähkön- ja lämmöntuotantoon silloin, kun turbiinin koko lämmön ja sähkön tuotanto saadaan hyödynnettyä ja turbiinin omistaa kiinteistö. Tällöin kiinteistön energiakustannukset jäävät kiinteistökohtaisella mikroturbiinilla pienemmiksi kuin hankkimalla sähkö ja lämpö energiayhtiöltä.

Improving Cost-Efficiency and Reducing Environmental Impacts of Intermodal Transportation with Dry Port Concept – Major Rail Transport Corridor in Baltic Sea Region

Transportation plays a major role in the gross domestic product of various nations. There are, however, many obstacles hindering the transportation sector. Cost-efficiency along with proper delivery times, high frequency and reliability are not a straightforward task. Furthermore, environmental friendliness has increased the importance of the whole transportation sector. This development will change roles inside the transportation sector. Even now, but especially in the future, decisions regarding the transportation sector will be partly based on emission levels and other externalities originating from transportation in addition to pure transportation costs. There are different factors, which could have an impact on the transportation sector. IMO’s sulphur regulation is estimated to increase the costs of short sea shipping in the Baltic Sea. Price development of energy could change the roles of different transport modes. Higher awareness of the environmental impacts originating from transportation could also have an impact on the price level of more polluting transport modes. According to earlier research, increased inland transportation, modal shift and slowsteaming can be possible results of these changes in the transportation sector. Possible changes in the transportation sector and ways to settle potential obstacles are studied in this dissertation. Furthermore, means to improve cost-efficiency and to decrease environmental impacts originating from transportation are researched. Hypothetical Finnish dry port network and Rail Baltica transport corridor are studied in this dissertation. Benefits and disadvantages are studied with different methodologies. These include gravitational models, which were optimized with linear integer programming, discrete-event and system dynamics simulation, an interview study and a case study. Geographical focus is on the Baltic Sea Region, but the results can be adapted to other geographical locations with discretion. Results indicate that the dry port concept has benefits, but optimization regarding the location and the amount of dry ports plays an important role. In addition, the utilization of dry ports for freight transportation should be carefully operated, since only a certain amount of total freight volume can be cost-efficiently transported through dry ports. If dry ports are created and located without proper planning, they could actually increase transportation costs and delivery times of the whole transportation system. With an optimized dry port network, transportation costs can be lowered in Finland with three to five dry ports. Environmental impacts can be lowered with up to nine dry ports. If more dry ports are added to the system, the benefits become very minor, i.e. payback time of investments becomes extremely long. Furthermore, dry port network could support major transport corridors such as Rail Baltica. Based on an analysis of statistics and interview study, there could be enough freight volume available for Rail Baltica, especially, if North-West Russia is part of the Northern end of the corridor. Transit traffic to and from Russia (especially through the Baltic States) plays a large role. It could be possible to increase transit traffic through Finland by connecting the potential Finnish dry port network and the studied transport corridor. Additionally, sulphur emission regulation is assumed to increase the attractiveness of Rail Baltica in the year 2015. Part of the transit traffic could be rerouted along Rail Baltica instead of the Baltic Sea, since the price level of sea transport could increase due to the sulphur regulation. Both, the hypothetical Finnish dry port network and Rail Baltica transport corridor could benefit each other. The dry port network could gain more market share from Russia, but also from Central Europe, which is the other end of Rail Baltica. In addition, further Eastern countries could also be connected to achieve higher potential freight volume by rail.

House heating in Finland and Russia

Achievement of house heating efficiency is one of key questions in building construction field. Finland and nothern part of Russia have similar climate conditions that gives a reason for comparation of their house heating approaches. In this work main questions concerned to house heating energy efficiency are studied, building norms and standards of Russia and Finland are studied and compared from heat storage efficiency point of view, review of statistics is done, some different factors influencing house heating energy efficiency are derived.

Central Spitsbergen from sketch surveys made in 1896 and 1897

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan