Patent claims in certain geographical regions

Työn tavoitteena oli käsitellä mahdollisuutta laatia patenttihakemuksen vaatimuksia siten, että patenttihakemukset toimisivat eri oikeusalueilla, jotka ovat tässä Eurooppa, Suomi ja USA. Aluksi käsiteltiin patentointia ja eri patenttijärjestelmiä yleisesti, jonka jälkeen käsiteltiin lähemmin patenttivaatimuksia, niiden muotoja ja eri vaatimusten edellytyksiä, joita vaaditaan Euroopan patenttisopimuksessa, suomalaisessa ja USA:laisessa patenttijärjestelmässä. Vaikka uutuus, keksinnöllisyys ja teollinen käyttökelpoisuus ovat tärkeimmät edellytykset kun määritetään patenttivaatimuksia, niitä ei käsitelty työn empiirisessä osassa. Työn empiirinen osuus osoittaa selvästi, että erilaiset muodolliset vaatimukset Euroopan patenttisopimuksessa, suomalaisessa ja USA:laisessa patenttijärjestelmässä hankaloittavat patenttivaatimusten laatimista siten että ne toimisivat yhdessä patenttihakemuksessa yllä mainituissa patenttijärjestelmissä. Empiirisen tutkimuksen ja eri oikeusalueilla patenttivaatimusten edellytysten perusteella, ei ole yksinkertaista ratkaisua laatia patenttivaatimuksia (ja myös patenttiselostuksia), jotka toimisivat monilla oikeusalueilla. Eräs ratkaisu ongelmaan on laatia yksi sarja patenttivaatimuksia, jotka täyttävät Euroopan patenttisopimuksen käytännön mukaiset edellytykset (täyttävät myös Suomalaisen patenttijärjestelmän edellytykset) ja toinen sarja patenttivaatimuksia, jotka täyttävät USA:laisen patenttijärjestelmän edellytykset samassa patenttihakemuksessa. Hakemuksen käsittelyvaiheessa hakija voi pudottaa patenttivaatimukset, jotka eivät täytä kansallisen patenttijärjestelmän edellytyksiä patenttihakemuksesta.

The history of Lapland : containing a geographical description, and a natural history of that country; with an account of the inhabitants, their original, religion, customs, habits, marriages, conjurations, employments, &c. Written by John Scheffer, ... Translated from the last edition in Latin, and illustrated with many curious copper-cutts. To which are added, the travels of the King of Sweden's mathematicians into Lapland: the history of Livonia, and the wars there: also a journey into Lapland, Finland, &c. Written by Dr. Olof Rudbeck in the year 1701

Added engraved title page: The history of Lapland.

The Productivity, Economy and Quality of Welding in the Different Geographical Areas of China - Today and in the Future

This master’s thesis gives out the real situation of the China welding industry and factories nowadays in different geographical areas, in order to inform the Finnish companies who have the willing to find a Chinese welding subcontractor a proper and correct selection concept by analyzing and supplying the information of different scale and form welding factories in different Chinese areas. The first section of this thesis gives out the general situation about the co-operation between China and Finland in the welding industry, also includes the general introduction of the Chinese welding industry. The second section gives out the geographical compartmentalization result of Chinese welding industry, which is where and how many areas will be studied in this thesis. The main body of this thesis is the real information of welding productivity, welding cost, and welding quality in China. All the information was collected from real factories in China by the author. The last section of this thesis is the improvements to the Chinese welding factories that have the willing to become a subcontractor, and the suggestions to the Finnish companies who may find a Chinese welding factory as their subcontractor in future.

Economic Geographical Analysis of The Finnish Paper Industry

The purpose of this academic economic geographical dissertation is to study and describe how competitiveness in the Finnish paper industry has developed during 2001–2008. During these years, the Finnish paper industry has faced economically challenging times. This dissertation attempts to fill the existing gap between theoretical and empirical discussions concerning economic geographical issues in the paper industry. The main research questions are: How have the supply chain costs and margins developed during 2001–2008? How do sales prices, transportation, and fixed and variable costs correlate with gross margins in a spatial context? The research object for this case study is a typical large Finnish paper mill that exports over 90 % of its production. The economic longitudinal research data were obtained from the case mill’s controlled economic system and, correlation (R2) analysis was used as the main research method. The time series data cover monthly economic and manufacturing observations from the mill from 2001 to 2008. The study reveals the development of prices, costs and transportation in the case mill, and it shows how economic variables correlate with the paper mills’ gross margins in various markets in Europe. The research methods of economic geography offer perspectives that pay attention to the spatial (market) heterogeneity. This type of research has been quite scarce in the research tradition of Finnish economic geography and supply chain management. This case study gives new insight into the research tradition of Finnish economic geography and supply chain management and its applications. As a concrete empirical result, this dissertation states that the competitive advantages of the Finnish paper industry were significantly weakened during 2001–2008 by low paper prices, costly manufacturing and expensive transportation. Statistical analysis expose that, in several important markets, transport costs lower gross margins as much as decreasing paper prices, which was a new finding. Paper companies should continuously pay attention to lowering manufacturing and transporting costs to achieve more profitable economic performance. The location of a mill being far from markets clearly has an economic impact on paper manufacturing, as paper demand is decreasing and oversupply is pressuring paper prices down. Therefore, market and economic forecasting in the paper industry is advantageous at the country and product levels while simultaneously taking into account the economic geographically specific dimensions.

Charta öfwer Finland år 1747 / sammandragen och förfärdigad wid Kongl. lantmäteri contoiret til General gouvernearens och Riksrådets högwälborne herr baron von Rosens tienst at förwaras wid gouvernaments residencet ; Suomen maantieteellisen seuran julkaisema jäljennös = Kopian publicerad av Geografiska sällskapet i Finland = Reprint published by the Geographical society of Finland.

Kartta ilmestynyt teoksen A map of Finland from 1747 / description by Sakari Härö liitteenä sarjassa Fennia. Supplementum. 1.

Geographical Studies of Underwater Light Dynamics in the Coastal Archipelago of SW Finland, Baltic Sea

The underwater light field is an important environmental variable as it, among other things, enables aquatic primary production. Although the portion of solar radiation that is referred to as visible light penetrates water, it is restricted to a limited surface water layer because of efficient absorption and scattering processes. Based on the varying content of optical constituents in the water, the efficiency of light attenuation changes in many dimensions and over various spatial and temporal scales. This thesis discusses the underwater light dynamics of a transitional coastal archipelago in south-western Finland, in the Baltic Sea. While the area has long been known to have a highly variable underwater light field, quantified knowledge on the phenomenon has been scarce, patchy, or non-existent. This thesis focuses on the variability in the underwater light field through euphotic depths (1% irradiance remaining), which were derived from in situ measurements of vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Spot samples were conducted in the archipelago of south-western Finland, mainly during the ice-free growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. In addition to quantifying both the seasonal and geographical patterns of euphotic depth development, the need and usability of underwater light information are also discussed. Light availability was found to fluctuate in multiple dimensions and scales. The euphotic depth was shown to have combined spatio-temporal dynamics rather than separate changes in spatial and temporal dimensions. Such complexity in the underwater light field creates challenges in data collection, as well as in its utilisation. Although local information is needed, in highly variable conditions spot sampled information may only poorly represent its surroundings. Moreover, either temporally or spatially limited sampling may cause biases in understanding underwater light dynamics. Consequently, the application of light availability data, for example in ecological modelling, should be made with great caution.

National Myths and Heroes: a Case of Vytautas the Great in Lithuania

The main focus of the thesis concentrates on nationalism and how it is expressed through national myth and a hero. As a case study for Lithuania the cult of Vytautas the Great is used. Theses present how the myth of Vytautas the Great was created and why particularly the Grand duke became a national symbol. It also examines how main nationalism theories are reflected in this case. The main purpose of the thesis is to find out how this myth matches the needs of the current Lithuanian society – the last year schoolchildren (eighteen – nineteen years old) in particular. The main method used in the empirical part of the thesis is qualitative analysis: primary source material was gathered by using semi – structured interviews and the results were analyzed by employing thematic analysis. The theoretical part of the study presents the core nationalism and ethnic identity theories and describes the concepts of national myth and hero as well as their connection and influence for the society and Lithuanians precisely. In this study nationalism is understood as a phenomenon that holds a nation together and is reflected via certain national symbols such as national myths and heroes by forming a national identity the meaning of which is different for each generation. The analysis of the results in this study has showed that the idea of Vytautas the Great as a national hero – symbol, created in the interwar Lithuanian society has lost its significance for the current schoolchildren and has been replaced by other images. However, at the same time the Grand duke is still perceived as an embodiment of the main national Lithuanian virtues.