The transfer of 137Cs through the soil-plant-sheep food chain in different pasture ecosystems

Selostus: Radiocesiumin kulkeutuminen eri laidunekosysteemien maa-ruoho-lammas -ravintoketjussa

Modeling reaction kinetics and mass transfer in ozonation in water solutions

This dissertation is based on four articles dealing with modeling of ozonation. The literature part of this considers some models for hydrodynamics in bubble column simulation. A literature review of methods for obtaining mass transfer coefficients is presented. The methods presented to obtain mass transfer are general models and can be applied to any gas-liquid system. Ozonation reaction models and methods for obtaining stoichiometric coefficients and reaction rate coefficients for ozonation reactions are discussed in the final section of the literature part. In the first article, ozone gas-liquid mass transfer into water in a bubble column was investigated for different pH values. A more general method for estimation of mass transfer and Henry’s coefficient was developed from the Beltrán method. The ozone volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the Henry’s coefficient were determined simultaneously by parameter estimation using a nonlinear optimization method. A minor dependence of the Henry’s law constant on pH was detected at the pH range 4 - 9. In the second article, a new method using the axial dispersion model for estimation of ozone self-decomposition kinetics in a semi-batch bubble column reactor was developed. The reaction rate coefficients for literature equations of ozone decomposition and the gas phase dispersion coefficient were estimated and compared with the literature data. The reaction order in the pH range 7-10 with respect to ozone 1.12 and 0.51 the hydroxyl ion were obtained, which is in good agreement with literature. The model parameters were determined by parameter estimation using a nonlinear optimization method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using object function method to obtain information about the reliability and identifiability of the estimated parameters. In the third article, the reaction rate coefficients and the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction of ozone with the model component p-nitrophenol were estimated at low pH of water using nonlinear optimization. A novel method for estimation of multireaction model parameters in ozonation was developed. In this method the concentration of unknown intermediate compounds is presented as a residual COD (chemical oxygen demand) calculated from the measured COD and the theoretical COD for the known species. The decomposition rate of p-nitrophenol on the pathway producing hydroquinone was found to be about two times faster than the p-nitrophenol decomposition rate on the pathway producing 4- nitrocatechol. In the fourth article, the reaction kinetics of p-nitrophenol ozonation was studied in a bubble column at pH 2. Using the new reaction kinetic model presented in the previous article, the reaction kinetic parameters, rate coefficients, and stoichiometric coefficients as well as the mass transfer coefficient were estimated with nonlinear estimation. The decomposition rate of pnitrophenol was found to be equal both on the pathway producing hydroquinone and on the path way producing 4-nitrocathecol. Comparison of the rate coefficients with the case at initial pH 5 indicates that the p-nitrophenol degradation producing 4- nitrocathecol is more selective towards molecular ozone than the reaction producing hydroquinone. The identifiability and reliability of the estimated parameters were analyzed with the Marcov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. @All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author.

Leaf-Targeted Ferredoxin-NADP+-Oxidoreductase (FNR): Electron Transfer Properties and Thylakoid Association in Arabidopsis thaliana

Photosynthetic reactions are divided in two parts: light-driven electron transfer reactions and carbon fixation reactions. Electron transfer reactions capture solar energy and split water molecules to form reducing energy (NADPH) and energy-carrying molecules (ATP). These end-products are used for fixation of inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules. Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ oxidoreductase (FNR) is an enzyme that acts at the branch point between the electron transfer reactions and reductive metabolism by catalyzing reduction of NADP+ at the last step of the electron transfer chain. In this thesis, two isoforms of FNR from A rabidopsis thaliana, FNR1 and FNR2, were characterized using the reverse genetics approach. The fnr1 and fnr2 mutant plants resembled each other in many respects. Downregulation of photosynthesis protected the single fnr mutant plants from excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), even without significant upregulation of antioxidative mechanisms. Adverse growth conditions, however, resulted in phenotypic differences between fnr1 and fnr2. While fnr2 plants showed downregulation of photosynthetic complexes and upregulation of antioxidative mechanisms under low-temperature growth conditions, fnr1 plants had the wild-type phenotype, indicating that FNR2 may have a specific role in redistribution of electrons under unfavorable conditions. The heterozygotic double mutant (fnr1xfnr2) was severely devoid of chloroplastic FNR, which clearly restricted photosynthesis. The fnr1xfnr2 plants used several photoprotective mechanisms to avoid oxidative stress. In wild-type chloroplasts, both FNR isoforms were found from the stroma, the thylakoid membrane, and the inner envelope membrane. In the absence of the FNR1 isoform, FNR2 was found only in the stroma, suggesting that FNR1 and FNR2 form a dimer, by which FNR1 anchors FNR2 to the thylakoid membrane. Structural modeling predicted formation of an FNR dimer in complex with ferredoxin. In this thesis work, Tic62 was found to be the main protein that binds FNR to the thylakoid membrane, where Tic62 and FNR formed high molecular weight complexes. The formation of such complexes was shown to be regulated by the redox state of the chloroplast. The accumulation of Tic62-FNR complexes in darkness and dissociation of complexes from the membranes in light provide evidence that the complexes may have roles unrelated to photosynthesis. This and the high viability of fnr1 mutant plants lacking thylakoid-bound FNR indicate that the stromal pool of FNR is photosynthetically active.

Kinetic modeling of mechanisms of industrially important organic reactions in gas and liquid phase

This dissertation is based on 5 articles which deal with reaction mechanisms of the following selected industrially important organic reactions: 1. dehydrocyclization of n-butylbenzene to produce naphthalene 2. dehydrocyclization of 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutane (MB) to produce 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene 3. esterification of neopentyl glycol (NPG) with different carboxylic acids to produce monoesters 4. skeletal isomerization of 1-pentene to produce 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene The results of initial- and integral-rate experiments of n-butylbenzene dehydrocyclization over selfmade chromia/alumina catalyst were applied when investigating reaction 2. Reaction 2 was performed using commercial chromia/alumina of different acidity, platina on silica and vanadium/calcium/alumina as catalysts. On all catalysts used for the dehydrocyclization, major reactions were fragmentation of MB and 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutenes (MBes), dehydrogenation of MB, double bond transfer, hydrogenation and 1,6-cyclization of MBes. Minor reactions were 1,5-cyclization of MBes and methyl group fragmentation of 1,6- cyclization products. Esterification reactions of NPG were performed using three different carboxylic acids: propionic, isobutyric and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Commercial heterogeneous gellular (Dowex 50WX2), macroreticular (Amberlyst 15) type resins and homogeneous para-toluene sulfonic acid were used as catalysts. At first NPG reacted with carboxylic acids to form corresponding monoester and water. Then monoester esterified with carboxylic acid to form corresponding diester. In disproportionation reaction two monoester molecules formed NPG and corresponding diester. All these three reactions can attain equilibrium. Concerning esterification, water was removed from the reactor in order to prevent backward reaction. Skeletal isomerization experiments of 1-pentene were performed over HZSM-22 catalyst. Isomerization reactions of three different kind were detected: double bond, cis-trans and skeletal isomerization. Minor side reaction were dimerization and fragmentation. Monomolecular and bimolecular reaction mechanisms for skeletal isomerization explained experimental results almost equally well. Pseudohomogeneous kinetic parameters of reactions 1 and 2 were estimated by usual least squares fitting. Concerning reactions 3 and 4 kinetic parameters were estimated by the leastsquares method, but also the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters were determined using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Finally using MCMC method, the estimation of model parameters and predictions were performed according to the Bayesian paradigm. According to the fitting results suggested reaction mechanisms explained experimental results rather well. When the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters (Reactions 3 and 4) were determined using MCMC method, the parameters identified well, and no pathological cross-correlation could be seen between any parameter pair.

Transfer of Administrative HR Services to Global Service Center in Poland

Liiketoimintaa tukevien palvelujen etätuotanto edustaa uutta kansainvälistymisen muotoa. Kehittyvien markkinoiden nousu yhdistettynä yritysten arvoketjutoimintojen kansainvälistymiseen on luonut yrityksille kasvavan paineen etsiä parasta sijaintia toiminnoilleen. Monikansalliset yritykset ovat yhä useammin korvanneet paikallisia henkilöstöpalvelujaan siirtymällä globaaliin malliin jaettujen palvelujen tuotannossa. Tämä diplomityö on toteutettu tukeakseen UPM:n henkilöstöhallintoa globaalin palvelukeskuksen perustamisessa Puolaan. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on laajentaa käsitystä henkilöstöpalvelujen tarjontamallin uudistamiseen johtaneista tekijöistä ja motiiveista. Empiirisen tutkimuksen tärkein tavoite on tukea rekrytoinnin hallinnollisten töiden siirtoa globaaliin palvelukeskukseen palvelun laadun säilyessä vähintään aikaisemmalla tasolla. Tutkimuksen tulokset painottavat strategista näkökulmaa muutokseen. Strategiset syyt UPM:n henkilöstöhallinnon globaalin palvelukeskuksen perustamiselle sisältävät ylikapasiteetin ja päällekkäisten toimintojen vähentämisen eri maissa. Muutos lisää palvelun joustavuutta sekä edesauttaa toiminnan läpinäkyvyyttä, ennustettavuutta ja kustannusten valvontaa. Onnistuneesti toteutetut jaetut palvelut voivat toimia hyvänä lähtökohtana tehokkaiden henkilöstöpalvelujen tuottamiselle.

Regulation of photosynthetic electron transfer in plant chloroplasts

This thesis focuses on the molecular mechanisms regulating the photosynthetic electron transfer reactions upon changes in light intensity. To investigate these mechanisms, I used mutants of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana impaired in various aspects of regulation of the photosynthetic light reactions. These included mutants of photosystem II (PSII) and light harvesting complex II (LHCII) phosphorylation (stn7 and stn8), mutants of energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (npq1 and npq4) and of regulation of photosynthetic electron transfer (pgr5). All of these processes have been extensively investigated during the past decades, mainly on plants growing under steady-state conditions, and therefore many aspects of acclimation processes may have been neglected. In this study, plants were grown under fluctuating light, i.e. the alternation of low and high intensities of light, in order to maximally challenge the photosynthetic regulatory mechanisms. In pgr5 and stn7 mutants, the growth in fluctuating light condition mainly damaged PSI while PSII was rather unaffected. It is shown that the PGR5 protein regulates the linear electron transfer: it is essential for the induction of transthylakoid ΔpH that, in turn, activates energy-dependent NPQ and downregulates the activity of cytochrome b6f. This regulation was shown to be essential for the photoprotection of PSI under fluctuations in light intensity. The stn7 mutants were able to acclimate under constant growth light conditions by modulating the PSII/PSI ratio, while under fluctuating growth light they failed in implementing this acclimation strategy. LHCII phosphorylation ensures the balance of the excitation energy distribution between PSII and PSI by increasing the probability for excitons to be trapped by PSI. LHCII can be phosphorylated over all of the thylakoid membrane (grana cores as well as stroma lamellae) and when phosphorylated it constitutes a common antenna for PSII and PSI. Moreover, LHCII was shown to work as a functional bridge that allows the energy transfer between PSII units in grana cores and between PSII and PSI centers in grana margins. Consequently, PSI can function as a quencher of excitation energy. Eventually, the LHCII phosphorylation, NPQ and the photosynthetic control of linear electron transfer via cytochrome b6f work in concert to maintain the redox poise of the electron transfer chain. This is a prerequisite for successful plant growth upon changing natural light conditions, both in short- and long-term.

Customer Knowledge Transfer in MNCs

The purpose of this Master’s thesis was to study customer knowledge transfer processes in multinational corporations (MNCs). The main objective was to examine how customer knowledge is transferred in MNCs and what kind of factors enhance or inhibit the knowledge transfer process, and to create a framework on the basis of the existing literature and the empirical findings. In this thesis the factors were organized according to whether they are properties of the unit involved in knowledge management, properties of relationships between the units or properties of the knowledge itself. There are various properties that influence knowledge transfer but in this thesis the focus was on examining the relevant findings from the customer knowledge viewpoint. Empirical results show that internal fragmentation in the MNC seems to be inherent in this type of organization, and may cause many problems in customer knowledge transfer and utilization. These knowledge transfer inhibitors rise from the organization’s properties: it’s absorptive capacity, motivation, organizational culture, and the two dimensions of knowledge. However, in spite of the inherent forces causing internal fragmentation and inhibiting knowledge transfer, moderate customer knowledge and expertise codification, cooperative working practices among the experts, and socialization mechanisms posed by the headquarters seem to help maintain customer knowledge transfer, and value creation in the long-term relationship. This value creation can be seen to be based on accessing and integrating a wide variety of knowledge resources in order to create a coherent product and service offering.

Moving lipids : ceramides, glycosphingolipids and the glycolipid transfer protein

Lipid movement in cells occurs by a variety of methods. Lipids diffuse freely along the lateral plane of a membrane and can translocate between the lipid leaflets, either spontaneously or with the help of enzymes. Lipid translocation between the different cellular compartments predominantly takes place through vesicular transport. Specialized lipid transport proteins (LTPs) have also emerged as important players in lipid movement, as well as other cellular processes. In this thesis we have studied the glycolipid transport protein (GLTP), a protein that transports glycosphingolipids (GSLs). While the in vitro properties of GLTP have been well characterized, its cell biological role remains elusive. By altering GSL and GLTP levels in cells, we have extracted clues towards the protein's function. Based on the results presented in this thesis and in previous works, we hypothesize that GLTP is involved in the GSL homeostasis in cells. GLTP most likely functions as a transporter or sensor of newly synthesized glucosylceramide (GlcCer), at or near the site of GlcCer synthesis. GLTP also seems to be involved in the synthesis of globotriacylceramide, perhaps in a manner that is similar to that of the fourphosphate adaptor protein 2, another GlcCer-transporting LTP. Additionally, we have developed and studied a novel method of introducing ceramides to cells, using a solvent-free approach. Ceramides are important lipids that are implicated in several cellular functions. Their role as proapoptotic molecules is particularly evident. Ceramides form stable bilayer structures when complexed with cholesterol phosphocholine (CholPC), a large-headgroup sterol. By adding ceramide/CholPC complexes to the growth medium, various chain length ceramides were successfully delivered to cells in culture. The uptake rate was dependent on the chain length of the ceramide, where shorter lipids were internalized more quickly. The rate of uptake also determined how the cells metabolised the ceramides. Faster uptake favored conversion of ceramide to GlcCer, whereas slower delivery resulted mainly in breakdown of the lipid.

Transfer of MPEG-2 Transport Stream over MPLS

This study examines how MPEG-2 Transport Stream, used in DVB-T video transmission, can be reliably and efficiently transferred to remote locations over an MPLS network. All the relevant technologies used in this scenario are also discussed in the study. This study was done for Digita Oy, which is a major radio and television content distributor in Finland. The theoretical part of the study begins with the introduction to MPLS technology and continues with explanation of IP Multicast and its components. The fourth section discusses MPEG-2 and the formation and content of MPEG-2 Transport Stream. These technologies were studied in relevant literature and RFC documentation. After the theoretical part of the study, the test setup and the test cases are presented. The results of the test cases, and the conclusions that can be drawn based on them, are discussed in the last section of the study. The tests showed that it is possible to transfer digital video quite reliably over an MPLS network using IP Multicast. By configuring the equipment correctly, the recovery time of the network in case of a failure can be shortened remarkably. Also, the unwanted effect of other traffic on the critical video traffic can be eliminated by defining the Quality of Service parameters correctly. There are, however, some issues that need to be tested further before this setup can be used in broadcast networks. Reliable operation of IP Multicast and proper error correction are the main subjects for future testing.

On the Properties and Cosmology of Q-balls

The properties and cosmological importance of a class of non-topological solitons, Q-balls, are studied. Aspects of Q-ball solutions and Q-ball cosmology discussed in the literature are reviewed. Q-balls are particularly considered in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with supersymmetry broken by a hidden sector mechanism mediated by either gravity or gauge interactions. Q-ball profiles, charge-energy relations and evaporation rates for realistic Q-ball profiles are calculated for general polynomial potentials and for the gravity mediated scenario. In all of the cases, the evaporation rates are found to increase with decreasing charge. Q-ball collisions are studied by numerical means in the two supersymmetry breaking scenarios. It is noted that the collision processes can be divided into three types: fusion, charge transfer and elastic scattering. Cross-sections are calculated for the different types of processes in the different scenarios. The formation of Q-balls from the fragmentation of the Aflieck-Dine -condensate is studied by numerical and analytical means. The charge distribution is found to depend strongly on the initial energy-charge ratio of the condensate. The final state is typically noted to consist of Q- and anti-Q-balls in a state of maximum entropy. By studying the relaxation of excited Q-balls the rate at which excess energy can be emitted is calculated in the gravity mediated scenario. The Q-ball is also found to withstand excess energy well without significant charge loss. The possible cosmological consequences of these Q-ball properties are discussed.

Non-surgical transfer of 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained equine embryos

Selostus: Hevosen alkioiden värjääminen DAPI:lla ennen vastaanottajaan siirtoa

Detection of bovine foetal DNA from amniotic fluid using the polymerase chain reaction

Selostus: Sikiön DNA:n tunnistaminen naudan sikiövedestä polymeraasiketjureaktion avulla

Production of calves following nonsurgical transfer of fresh and refrigerated bovine demi-embryos

Selostus: Vasikoiden tuottaminen tuoreilla ja kylmäsäilytetyillä halkaistuilla alkioilla

Finnish embryo transfer breeding program "ASMO" : description of the goals and a summary of the results of initial selection

Selostus: Alkionsiirtojalostusohjelma "ASMO", sen tavoitteet ja yhteenveto alkuvalinnan tuloksista

Universally primed polymerase chain reaction analysis of Fusarium avenaceum isolated from wheat and barley in Finland

Selostus: Vehnästä ja ohrasta eristettyjen F. avenaceum -punahomekantojen analysointi UP-PCR-menetelmällä