Effect of milk coagulation properties of herd bulk milks on yield and composition of Emmental cheese

Selostus: Tankkimaidon juoksettumisominaisuuksien vaikutus Emmental-juuston määrään ja koostumukseen

Immunoturbidometrisen fibriinimonomeerimäärityksen menetelmätestaus

Fibriinimonomeerejä syntyy fibrinogeenistä veren hyytyessä. Fibriinimonomeerit muodostavat liukoisia komplekseja, joiden olemassaolo voidaan osoittaa plasmasta silloin, kun niitä esiintyy veressä suuria määriä, kuten disseminoituneen intravaskulaarisen koagulaation (DIK) yhteydessä. HUSLABin Meilahden sairaalan laboratoriossa fibriinimonomeerien olemassaolo todetaan tällä hetkellä hemagglutinaatioon perustuvalla kvalitatiivisella testillä, jossa tulos tulkitaan silmämääräisesti. Diagnostica Stago on tuonut markkinoille uuden kvantitatiivisen STA® - Liatest® FM immunoturbidometrisen testin, joka perustuu monoklonaaliseen fibriinimonomeerivasta-aineeseen. Uusi testi on automatisoitavissa, mikä helpottaa testin suoritusta. Työssäni testasin immunoturbidometrisen menetelmän analyyttisiä suorituskykyominaisuuksia määrittämällä Blood Coagulation System (BCS) -analysaattorilla sarjan sisäisen ja sarjojen välisen toistuvuuden sekä lineaarisuuden. Tulosten perusteella menetelmä toimii toistettavasti, mutta lineaarisuus ei ole optimaalinen. Vertasin myös nykyisen ja uuden menetelmän tuloksia 40:stä potilasnäytteestä. Kaikki näytteet olivat agglutinaatiotestissä negatiivisia. Osa näistä antoi kuitenkin positiivisia tuloksia immunoturbidometrisellä testillä. Tulosten perusteella immunoturbidometrinen menetelmä ei mittaa ainoastaan fibriinimonomeerejä. Lisäksi tarkastelin fibriinimonomeeritulosten korrelaatiota saman näytteen fibrinogeeni- ja D-dimeerituloksiin. Fibriinimonomeeritulokset eivät korreloineet fibrinogeenitulosten kanssa, mutta D-dimeeritulosten kanssa korrelaatio oli voimakasta ja tilastollisesi merkitsevää. D-dimeeri mahdollisesti ristireagoi menetelmässä. Jos menetelmä halutaan ottaa käyttöön, se edellyttää lisätutkimuksia.

Flotaatio jätevedenpuhdistamon tertiäärivaiheena eräässä paperitehtaassa

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka tehokkaasti pystytään aktiivilieteprosessin läpikäynyttä, jälkiselkeytettyä vettä edelleen puhdistamaan flotaatiolla ennen sen johtamista vesistöön. Tarkoituksena oli löytää sellaiset kemikaalit ja näiden annokset, joilla tehtaalle asetetut jätevesien lupa-arvot voitaisiin huonossa tilanteessa, jätevesikuormitushuippujen aikana alittamaan. Työn kirjallisessaosassa tarkasteltiin lyhyesti, minkälaista jätevesikuormaa mekaanista massaa valmistavalta tehtaalta yleensä syntyy ja millaiset ovat tavanomaiset puhdistusmenetelmät. Myös flotaation teoriaa esiteltiin. Kokeellinen osa koostui kolmesta päävaiheesta: esi- eli niin sanotuista kuppikokeista, pilot-flotaatiokoeajoista jalaitosmittakaavan flotaatiokoeajoista. Esikokeet tehtiin niin kutsutulla Jar Test -laitteistolla ja pilot-flotaatiolaitteistona työssä käytettiin YIT:n valmistamaa pilot-flotaattoria. Laitosmittakaavan flotaatioaltaat olivat aikaisemmin biolietteen tiivistykseen käytettyjä, myöhemmin tertiääripuhdistukseen modifioituja flotaatioaltaita. Laitosmittakaavan flotaatiokoeajoissa testattiin neljän eri saostuskemikaalin ¿ polyalumiinikloridin (KEMPAC 18), rautapitoisen alumiinisulfaatin (AVR), ferrisulfaatin ja alumiinisulfaatin ¿ tehokkuutta tertiäärivaiheessa käsiteltävän veden puhdistajana. Esi- ja pilot-kokeiden perusteella laitosmittakaavan kokeisiin valittiin saostuskemikaalien rinnalle polymeeriksi Superfloc C 491. AVR- ja alumiinisulfaattiannokset laitosmittakaavan kokeissa olivat 200 ppm ja 400 ppm. KEMPAC 18- ja ferrisulfaattiannokset olivat 200ppm, 400 ppm ja 600 ppm. Polymeeriannos kokeissa oli pääasiassa 1,2 ppm. Tertiäärivaiheeseen tulevasta vedestä ja poistuvasta kirkasteesta määritettiin kiintoaine, pH, liukoinen ja kokonais-COD, liukoinen ja kokonaisfosfori sekä liukoinen ja kokonaistyppi. Laitosmittakaavan koeajojen tulosten mukaan eniten tertiäärivaiheessa saatiin käsiteltävästä vedestä erotettua fosforia ja toiseksi eniten COD:ta. Typpireduktiot olivat verrattain alhaiset ja myös kiintoainereduktiot jäivät usein pieniksi tai olivat jopa negatiiviset. Kaikki saostuskemikaalit saostivat COD- ja ravinnekuormaa. Eniten kuormaa saostuskemikaaleista saatiin erotettua AVR:llä ja toiseksi eniten KEMPAC 18:lla. Laitteistojen käyttökustannuksia huomioimatta AVR olisi edullisin vaihtoehto saostuskemikaaaliksietenkin pidempiaikaisessa käytössä. Lisäksi työssä tutkittiin polymeeriannoksen kasvattamisen 1,2 ppm:stä 2,5 ppm:ään vaikutusta puhdistustulokseen, kun saostuskemikaaliannos pidettiin vakiona. Tulosten mukaan polymeeriannoksen kasvattaminen kasvatti kokonais-COD- ja kokonaisfosforireduktiota. Myöslaitosmittakaavan flotaatioaltaiden pohjaputkistoja vertailtiin kiintoainereduktioiden perusteella. Kokeissa saatujen tulosten mukaan ei voitu sanoa, oliko toisen altaan pitkä kirkasteenpoistoputki vai toisen altaan lyhyt kirkasteenpoistoputki parempi vaihtoehto.

Sellu ja paperiteollisuuden jätevesien tertiäärikäsittelyn kemikaloinnin optimointi

Kuluneen vuosikymmenen aikana metsäteollisuuden päästöt ympäristöön ovat pienentyneet huomattavasti tuotantomäärien kasvustahuolimatta. Lainsäädännön myötä lupa-arvot tiukentuvat edelleen joten olemassa olevia puhdistus prosesseja on parannettava ja niiden rinnalle on kehitettävä uusia, yhä tehokkaampia menetelmiä. Aquaflow Oy suunnittelee jäteveden puhdistamoja sellu- ja paperiteollisuuteen. Kilpailun kiristyessä kilpailuetua haetaan jatkuvan kehittymisen kautta. Yhä useammilla jäteveden puhdistamoilla tarvitaan teriäärikäsittely biohajoamattoman aineksen poistamiseen. Tertiäärikäsittely on käyttökustannuksiltaan kallis kemikaali kulutuksensa vuoksi. Tässä työssä pyrittiin optimoimaan tertiääriprosessin kemikaalien syöttöä. Lisäksi selvitettiin millaisissa oloissa keskeiset saostus ja flokkaus prosessit toimivatparhaiten, sekä mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat merkittävästi jäteveden kemiallisen käsittelyn tulokseen. Saatujen tulosten perusteella kemikaalien sekoituksen tehostuksen seurauksena kemikaali määriä voidaan pienentää, samalla puhdistustulos paranee ja jäännöskemikaalien määrä pienenee. pH:n säätö on olennainen osa prosessin toiminnan kannalta, jos pH ei ole kemikaalien toiminta alueella ei puhdistusta tapahdu ja kemikaalit kulkeutuvat luontoon. Tertiäärikäsittelyyn tulevan jäteveden online seurannan avulla juuri oikea kemikaaliannos olisihelpompaa määrittää kuin päivän viiveellä tulevien laboratorio analyysien perusteella ja yli-/ali annostukselta vältyttäisiin

Wet Oxidation of Concentrated Wastewaters: Process Combination and Reaction Kinetic Modeling

The accumulation of aqueous pollutants is becoming a global problem. The search for suitable methods and/or combinations of water treatment processes is a task that can slow down and stop the process of water pollution. In this work, the method of wet oxidation was considered as an appropriate technique for the elimination of the impurities present in paper mill process waters. It has been shown that, when combined with traditional wastewater treatment processes, wet oxidation offers many advantages. The combination of coagulation and wet oxidation offers a new opportunity for the improvement of the quality of wastewater designated for discharge or recycling. First of all, the utilization of coagulated sludge via wet oxidation provides a conditioning process for the sludge, i.e. dewatering, which is rather difficult to carry out with untreated waste. Secondly, Fe2(SO4)3, which is employed earlier as a coagulant, transforms the conventional wet oxidation process into a catalytic one. The use of coagulation as the post-treatment for wet oxidation can offer the possibility of the brown hue that usually accompanies the partial oxidation to be reduced. As a result, the supernatant is less colored and also contains a rather low amount of Fe ions to beconsidered for recycling inside mills. The thickened part that consists of metal ions is then recycled back to the wet oxidation system. It was also observed that wet oxidation is favorable for the degradation of pitch substances (LWEs) and lignin that are present in the process waters of paper mills. Rather low operating temperatures are needed for wet oxidation in order to destruct LWEs. The oxidation in the alkaline media provides not only the faster elimination of pitch and lignin but also significantly improves the biodegradable characteristics of wastewater that contains lignin and pitch substances. During the course of the kinetic studies, a model, which can predict the enhancements of the biodegradability of wastewater, was elaborated. The model includes lumped concentrations suchas the chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand and reflects a generalized reaction network of oxidative transformations. Later developments incorporated a new lump, the immediately available biochemical oxygen demand, which increased the fidelity of the predictions made by the model. Since changes in biodegradability occur simultaneously with the destruction of LWEs, an attempt was made to combine these two facts for modeling purposes.

Patents in the Information and Communications Technology Sector - Development Trends, Problem Areas and Pressures for Change

The patent system was created for the purpose of promoting innovation by granting the inventors a legally defined right to exclude others in return for public disclosure. Today, patents are being applied and granted in greater numbers than ever, particularly in new areas such as biotechnology and information andcommunications technology (ICT), in which research and development (R&D) investments are also high. At the same time, the patent system has been heavily criticized. It has been claimed that it discourages rather than encourages the introduction of new products and processes, particularly in areas that develop quickly, lack one-product-one-patent correlation, and in which theemergence of patent thickets is characteristic. A further concern, which is particularly acute in the U.S., is the granting of so-called 'bad patents', i.e. patents that do not factually fulfil the patentability criteria. From the perspective of technology-intensive companies, patents could,irrespective of the above, be described as the most significant intellectual property right (IPR), having the potential of being used to protect products and processes from imitation, to limit competitors' freedom-to-operate, to provide such freedom to the company in question, and to exchange ideas with others. In fact, patents define the boundaries of ownership in relation to certain technologies. They may be sold or licensed on their ownor they may be components of all sorts of technology acquisition and licensing arrangements. Moreover, with the possibility of patenting business-method inventions in the U.S., patents are becoming increasingly important for companies basing their businesses on services. The value of patents is dependent on the value of the invention it claims, and how it is commercialized. Thus, most of them are worth very little, and most inventions are not worth patenting: it may be possible to protect them in other ways, and the costs of protection may exceed the benefits. Moreover, instead of making all inventions proprietary and seeking to appropriate as highreturns on investments as possible through patent enforcement, it is sometimes better to allow some of them to be disseminated freely in order to maximize market penetration. In fact, the ideology of openness is well established in the software sector, which has been the breeding ground for the open-source movement, for instance. Furthermore, industries, such as ICT, that benefit from network effects do not shun the idea of setting open standards or opening up their proprietary interfaces to allow everyone todesign products and services that are interoperable with theirs. The problem is that even though patents do not, strictly speaking, prevent access to protected technologies, they have the potential of doing so, and conflicts of interest are not rare. The primary aim of this dissertation is to increase understanding of the dynamics and controversies of the U.S. and European patent systems, with the focus on the ICT sector. The study consists of three parts. The first part introduces the research topic and the overall results of the dissertation. The second part comprises a publication in which academic, political, legal and business developments that concern software and business-method patents are investigated, and contentiousareas are identified. The third part examines the problems with patents and open standards both of which carry significant economic weight inthe ICT sector. Here, the focus is on so-called submarine patents, i.e. patentsthat remain unnoticed during the standardization process and then emerge after the standard has been set. The factors that contribute to the problems are documented and the practical and juridical options for alleviating them are assessed. In total, the dissertation provides a good overview of the challenges and pressures for change the patent system is facing,and of how these challenges are reflected in standard setting.

Value Processingin Organizations - Individual Perceptions in Three Case Companies

Values and value processes are said to be needed in every organization nowadays, as the world is changing and companies have to have something to "keep it together". Organizational values, which are approvedand used by the personnel, could be the key. Every organization has values. But what is the real value of values? The greatest and most crucial challenge is the feasibility of the value process. The main point in this thesis is tostudy how organizational members at different hierarchical levels perceive values and value processes in their organizations. This includes themes such as how values are disseminated, the targets of value processing, factors that affect the process, problems that occur during the value implementation and improvements that could be made when organizational values are implemented. These subjects are studied from the perspective of organizational members (both managers and employees); individuals in the organizations. The aim is to get the insider-perspective on value processing, from multiple hierarchical levels. In this research I study three different organizations (forest industry, bank and retail cooperative) and their value processes. The data is gathered from companies interviewing personnel in the head office and at the local level. The individuals areseen as members of organizations, and the cultural aspect is topical throughout the whole study. Values and cultures are seen as the 'actuality of reality' of organizations, interpreted by organizational members. The three case companies were chosen because they represented different lines of business and they all implemented value processing differently. Sincethe emphasis in this study is at the local level, the similar size of the local units was also an important factor. Values are in 'fashion' -but what does the fashion tell us about the real corporate practices? In annual reports companies emphasize the importance and power of official values. But what is the real 'point' of values? Values are publicly respected and advertised, but still it seems that the words do not meet the deeds. There is a clear conflict between theoretical, official and substantive organizational values: in the value processing from words to real action. This contradiction in value processing is studied through individual perceptions in this study. I study the kinds of perceptions organizationalmembers have when values are processed from the head office to the local level: the official value process is studied from the individual's perspective. Value management has been studied more during the 1990's. The emphasis has usually been on managers: how they consider the values in organizations and what effects it has on the management. Recent literature has emphasized values as tools for improving company performance. The value implementation as a process has been studied through 'good' and 'bad' examples, as if one successful value process could be copied to all organizations. Each company is different with different cultures and personnel, so no all-powerful way of processing values exists. In this study, the organizational members' perceptions at different hierarchical levels are emphasized. Still, managers are also interviewed; this is done since managerial roles in value dissemination are crucial. Organizational values cannot be well disseminated without management; this has been proved in several earlier studies (e.g. Kunda 1992, Martin 1992, Parker 2000). Recent literature has not sufficiently emphasized the individual's (organizational member's) role in value processing. Organizations consist of differentindividuals with personal values, at all hierarchical levels. The aim in this study is to let the individual take the floor. Very often the value process is described starting from the value definition and ending at dissemination, and the real results are left without attention. I wish to contribute to this area. Values are published officially in annual reports etc. as a 'goal' just like profits. Still, the results/implementationof value processing is rarely followed, at least in official reports. This is a very interesting point: why do companies espouse values, if there is no real control or feedback after the processing? In this study, the personnel in three different companies is asked to give an answer. In the empirical findings, there are several results which bring new aspects to the research area of organizational values. The targets of value processing, factors effecting value processing, the management's roles and the problems in value implementation are presented through the individual's perspective. The individual's perceptions in value processing are a recurring theme throughout the whole study. A comparison between the three companies with diverse value processes makes the research complete

Flokkulaation seuraaminen partikkelikokoanalysaattorilla

Tässä työssä tutkittiin kahden erilaisen partikkelikokoanalysaattorin, PSyA:n ja PIA:n soveltuvuutta flokkuloinnin online-seurantaan. Kummallekin menetelmälle määritettiin raja-arvot, kuten lietteen maksimisakeus. Lisäksi tutkittiin flokkulanttiannostuksen, sekoitusnopeuden, sekoitusajan ja lietteen kiintoainepitoisuuden vaikutusta flokkikokojakaumaan. Kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin kolloidisen suspension ominaispiirteitä, koaguloinnin ja flokkuloinnin teoriaa, flokkulaation kokeellista tutkimista sekä prosessin jatkuvatoimiseen seurantaan soveltuvia laitteita. Lisäksi esitettiin taustaa hydrometallurgisesta prosessista, johon työ liittyy. Flokkauskokeissa käytettiin jätevettä, jonka koostumus vastasi metalliteollisuuden peittausjätevesien tyypillistä koostumusta. Tutkittava jätevesimäärä käsiteltiin ensin kalkkimaidolla, jonka jälkeen saostunut kiintoaine flokattiin synteettisellä polymeeriflokkulantilla. Lietteen keskimääräinen kiintoainepitoisuus oli n. 10 g/l. Esikokeiden perusteella PSyA:lla voitiin mitata ilman laimennusta, mutta PIA:lla tuloksia ei saatu ilman laimentamista kiintoainepitoisuuteen n. 2,5 g/l. Kokeiden aikana havaittiin, että flokit muodostuivat erittäin nopeasti. Flokkien hajoaminen alkoi pian sen jälkeen, kun flokkulantin annostelu lopetettiin. Sekoitusnopeudella 40 r/min tai alle flokit alkoivat laskeutua astian pohjalle sekoituksesta huolimatta ja ne pysyivät pitempään koossa kuin suuremmilla sekoitusnopeuksilla. 5 - 10 minuutin kuluttua flokkulantin lisäämisestä saavutettiin tasapaino, jolloin flokkien kokojakauma ei enää muuttunut. Sekoitusnopeuksilla 80 r/min ja 120 r/min tasapainotilanteen koko-jakauma oli selvästi kapeampi kuin pienimmällä sekoitusnopeudella. Alkuperäisessä lietteessä flokit olivat suurempia kuin laimennetussa lietteessä. PSyA:lla jännepituusjakaumien määrittäminen oli varsin hidasta prosessissa tapahtuviin muutoksiin verrattuna, ja tuloksissa oli suurta hajontaa. PIA:lla saadut partikkelikokojakaumat sitä vastoin olivat johdonmukaisempia, vaikka suurimpien flokkien määrittäminen osoittautuikin epämääräiseksi. Menetelmän suurimmaksi puutteeksi todettiin soveltumattomuus sakeiden lietteiden analysointiin. Kumpikaan menetelmä ei ilman modifiointia sovellu tutkitun lietteen kaltaisten prosessilietteiden flokkuloinnin seurantaan.

Electrocoagulation in the treatment of industrial waters and wastewaters

Chemical coagulation is commonly used in raw water and wastewater treatment plants for the destabilisation of pollutants so that they can be removed in the subsequent separation processes. The most commonly used coagulation chemicals are aluminium and iron metal salts. Electrocoagulation technology has also been proposed for the treatment of raw waters and wastewaters. With this technology, metal cations are produced on the electrodes via electrolysis and these cations form various hydroxides in the water depending on the water pH. In addition to this main reaction, several side reactions, such as hydrogen bubble formation and the reduction of metals on cathodes, also take place in the cell. In this research, the applications of electrocoagulation were investigated in raw water treatment and wastewater applications. The surface water used in this research contained high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM). The effect of the main parameters – current density, initial pH, electric charge per volume, temperature and electrolysis cell construction – on NOM removal were investigated. In the wastewater treatment studies, the removal of malodorous sulphides and toxic compounds from the wastewaters and debarking effluents were studied. Also, the main parameters of the treatment, such as initial pH and current density, were investigated. Aluminium electrodes were selected for the raw water treatment, whereas wastewaters and debarking effluent were treated with iron electrodes. According to results of this study, aluminium is more suitable electrode material for electrocoagulation applications because it produces Al(III) species. Metal ions and hydroxides produced by iron electrodes are less effective in the destabilisation of pollutants because iron electrodes produce more soluble and less charged Fe(II) species. However, Fe(II) can be effective in some special applications, such as sulphide removal. The resulting metal concentration is the main parameter affecting destabilisation of pollutants. Current density, treatment time, temperature and electrolysis cell construction affect the dissolution of electrodes and hence also the removal of pollutants. However, it seems that these parameters have minimal significance in the destabilization of the pollutants besides this effect (in the studied range of parameters). Initial pH and final pH have an effect on the dissolution of electrodes, but they also define what aluminium or iron species are formed in the solution and have an effect on the ζ-potential of all charged species in the solution. According to the results of this study, destabilisation mechanisms of pollutants by electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation are similar. Optimum DOC removal and low residual aluminium can be obtained simultaneously with electrocoagulation, which may be a significant benefit of electrocoagulation in surface water treatment compared to chemical coagulation. Surface water treatment with electrocoagulation can produce high quality water, which could be used as potable water or fresh water for industrial applications. In wastewater treatment applications, electrocoagulation can be used to precipitate malodorous sulphides to prevent their release into air. Technology seems to be able to remove some toxic pollutants from wastewater and could be used as pretreatment prior to treatment at a biological wastewater treatment plant. However, a thorough economic and ecological comparison of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation is recommended, because these methods seem to be similar in pollutant destabilisation mechanisms, metal consumption and removal efficiency in most applications.

Searching for keys to successful post-merger integration : a longitudinal case-study following a public sector merger

Unsuccessful mergers are unfortunately the rule rather than the exception. Therefore it is necessary to gain an enhanced understanding of mergers and post-merger integrations (PMI) as well as learning more about how mergers and PMIs of information systems (IS) and people can be facilitated. Studies on PMI of IS are scarce and public sector mergers are even less studied. There is nothing however to indicate that public sector mergers are any more successful than those in the private sector. This thesis covers five studies carried out between 2008 and 2011 in two organizations in higher education that merged in January 2010. The most recent study was carried out two years after the new university was established. The longitudinal case-study focused on the administrators and their opinions of the IS, the work situation and the merger in general. These issues were investigated before, during and after the merger. Both surveys and interviews were used to collect data, to which were added documents that both describe and guide the merger process; in this way we aimed at a triangulation of findings. Administrators were chosen as the focus of the study since public organizations are highly dependent on this staff category, forming the backbone of the organization and whose performance is a key success factor for the organization. Reliable and effective IS are also critical for maintaining a functional and effective organization, and this makes administrators highly dependent on their organizations’ IS for the ability to carry out their duties as intended. The case-study has confirmed the administrators’ dependency on IS that work well. A merger is likely to lead to changes in the IS and the routines associated with the administrators’ work. Hence it was especially interesting to study how the administrators viewed the merger and its consequences for IS and the work situation. The overall research objective is to find key issues for successful mergers and PMIs. The first explorative study in 2008 showed that the administrators were confident of their skills and knowledge of IS and had no fear of having to learn new IS due to the merger. Most administrators had an academic background and were not anxious about whether IS training would be given or not. Before the merger the administrators were positive and enthusiastic towards the merger and also to the changes that they expected. The studies carried out before the merger showed that these administrators were very satisfied with the information provided about the merger. This information was disseminated through various channels and even negative information and postponed decisions were quickly distributed. The study conflicts with the theories that have found that resistance to change is inevitable in a merger. Shortly after the merger the (third) study showed disappointment with the fact that fewer changes than expected had been implemented even if the changes that actually were carried out sometimes led to a more problematic work situation. This was seen to be more prominent for routine changes than IS changes. Still the administrators showed a clear willingness to change and to share their knowledge with new colleagues. This knowledge sharing (also tacit) worked well in the merger and the PMI. The majority reported that the most common way to learn to use new ISs and to apply new routines was by asking help from colleagues. They also needed to take responsibility for their own training and development. Five months after the merger (the fourth study) the administrators had become worried about the changes in communication strategy that had been implemented in the new university. This was perceived as being more anonymous. Furthermore, it was harder to get to know what was happening and to contact the new decision makers. The administrators found that decisions, and the authority to make decisions, had been moved to a higher administrative level than they were accustomed to. A directive management style is recommended in mergers in order to achieve a quick transition without distracting from the core business. A merger process may be tiresome and require considerable effort from the participants. In addition, not everyone can make their voice heard during a merger and consensus is not possible in every question. It is important to find out what is best for the new organization instead of simply claiming that the tried and tested methods of doing things should be implemented. A major problem turned out to be the lack of management continuity during the merger process. Especially problematic was the situation in the IS-department with many substitute managers during the whole merger process (even after the merger was carried out). This meant that no one was in charge of IS-issues and the PMI of IS. Moreover, the top managers were appointed very late in the process; in some cases after the merger was carried out. This led to missed opportunities for building trust and management credibility was heavily affected. The administrators felt neglected and that their competences and knowledge no longer counted. This, together with a reduced and altered information flow, led to rumours and distrust. Before the merger the administrators were convinced that their achievements contributed value to their organizations and that they worked effectively. After the merger they were less sure of their value contribution and effectiveness even if these factors were not totally discounted. The fifth study in November 2011 found that the administrators were still satisfied with their IS as they had been throughout the whole study. Furthermore, they believed that the IS department had done a good job despite challenging circumstances. Both the former organizations lacked IS strategies, which badly affected the IS strategizing during the merger and the PMI. IS strategies deal with issues like system ownership; namely who should pay and who is responsible for maintenance and system development, for organizing system training for new IS, and for effectively run IS even during changing circumstances (e.g. more users). A proactive approach is recommended for IS strategizing to work. This is particularly true during a merger and PMI for handling issues about what ISs should be adopted and implemented in the new organization, issues of integration and reengineering of IS-related processes. In the new university an ITstrategy had still not been decided 26 months after the new university was established. The study shows the importance of the decisive management of IS in a merger requiring that IS issues are addressed in the merger process and that IS decisions are made early. Moreover, the new management needs to be appointed early in order to work actively with the IS-strategizing. It is also necessary to build trust and to plan and make decisions about integration of IS and people.

Käänteisosmoosin esikäsittelymenetelmät

Käänteisosmoosisuodatusta käytetään erityisesti teollisuuden jätevesien loppupuhdistuksessa. Suodatuksen ongelmana on kalvojen likaantuminen ja tukkiutuminen. Tässä työssä on aiempia tutkimuksia hyväksikäyttäen tutkittu käänteisosmoosiin tulevan veden esikäsittelemistä niin, että kalvojen likaantumiselta vältyttäisiin. Menetelmien vertailussa on käytetty erilaisia veden laadusta kertovia parametreja. Ongelmallisimmiksi aineksiksi huomattiin orgaaninen aines ja jotkin veteen liuenneet ionit. Kiintoaineen erottaminen ei ole ollut suuri ongelma, sillä sen saa poistettua tavallisesti käytetyillä rakeissuodatuksella, laskeutuksella, flotaatiolla ja kalvosuodatuksella. Orgaanista ainesta on saatu erotettua erityisesti hapettamalla, aktiivilieteprosessilla ja biologisella aktiivihiilisuodattimella. Mikro- ja ultrasuodatusta käytetään usein juuri ennen käänteisosmoosia poistamaan erityisesti kolloidista materiaalia ja joitain liuenneita ioneja. Flokkien muodostaminen koagulaatiossa ja flokkulaatiossa parantaa lähes kaikkien menetelmien toimivuutta selvästi. Veden puhdistuksessa käytetyt kemikaalit voivat myös liika-annosteltuina liata kalvoja. Vesien pitoisuuksissa eri ainesten osalta on huomattavia eroja, joten puhdistettava vesi on hyvä analysoida etukäteen parhaiden käsittelymenetelmien valitsemiseksi.

Hydramata: Building a Nimble Solution with Hydra to Transcend the Institutional Repository

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Grey literature, green open access: the BLDS Digital Library

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Functional cellulose microspheres for pharmaceutical applications

Dissolving cellulose is the first main step in preparing novel cellulosicmaterials. Since cellulosic fibres cannot be easily dissolved in water-based solvents, fibres were pretreated with ethanol-acid solution prior to the dissolution. Solubility and changes on the surface of the fibres were studied with microscopy and capillary viscometry. After the treatment, the cellulose fibres were soluble in alkaline urea-water solvent. The nature of this viscous solution was studied rheologically. Cellulose microspheres were prepared by extruding the alkaline cellulose solution through the needle into an acidic medium. By altering the temperature and acidity of the mediumit was possible to adjust the specific surface area and pore sizes of themicrospheres. A typical skin-core structure was found in all samples. Microspheres were oxidised in order to introduce anionic carboxylic acid groups (AGs). Anionic microspheres are more hydrophilic; their water-uptake increased 25 times after oxidation and they could swell almost to their original state (88%) after drying and shrinking. Swelling was studied in simulated physiological environments, corresponding to stomach acid and intestines (pH 1.2-7.4). Oxidised microspheres were used as a drug carriers. They demonstrated a highmass uniformity, which would enable their use for personalised dosing among different patients, including children. The drug was solidified in microspheres in amorphous form. This enhanced solubility and could be used for more challenging drugs with poor solubility. The pores of themicrospheres also remained open after the drug was loaded and they were dried. Regardless of the swelling, the drug was released at a constant rate in all environments.

Intensification of Operation of Inclined Plate Settler at Fertilizer Plant

Fertilizer plant’s process waters contain high concentrations of nitrogen compounds, such as ammonium and nitrate. Phosphorus and fluorine, which originate from phosphoric acid and rock phosphate (apatite) used in fertilizer production, are also present. Phosphorus and nitrogen are the primary nutrients causing eutrophication of surface waters. At fertilizer plant process waters are held in closed internal circulation. In a scrubber system process waters are used for washing exhaust gases from fertilizer reactors and dry gases from granulation drums as well as for cooling down the fertilizer slurry in neutralization reactor. Solids in process waters are separated in an inclined plate settler by gravitational sedimentation. However, the operation of inclined plate settler has been inadequate. The aim of this thesis was to intensify the operation of inclined plate settler and thus the solids separation e.g. through coagulation and/or flocculation process. Chemical precipitation was studied to reduce the amount of dissolved species in process waters. Specific interest was in precipitation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine containing specimens. Amounts of phosphorus and fluorine were reduced significantly by chemical precipitation. When compared to earlier studies, annual chemical costs were almost eight times lower. Instead, nitrogen compounds are readily dissolved in water, thus being difficult to remove by precipitation. Possible alternative techniques for nitrogen removal are adsorption, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. Settling velocities of pH adjusted and flocculated process waters were sufficient for the operation of inclined plate settler. Design principles of inclined plate settler are also presented. In continuation studies, flow conditions in inclined plate settler should be modelled with computational fluid dynamics and suitability of adsorbents, ion exchange resins, and membranes should be studied in laboratory scale tests.