Managing the change of organizational culture in cross-border mergers and acquisitions: The role of post-acquisition integration in organizational culture change

Over the years, cross-border mergers and acquisitions have become a popular strategic option for variety of firms. Companies often seek rapid growth through acquiring potentially valuable enterprises or attempting to enhance their organization’s profitability by merging with other firms. However, managing the change of organizational culture is a major managerial challenge as companies often confront difficulties when merging two previously autonomous organizational cultures into one, joint organizational culture. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase understanding related to the challenges and possibilities concerning the management of organizational culture change in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The research question “How to manage the change of organizational culture in cross-border mergers and acquisitions?” is analysed in relation to the theories presented in this thesis regarding organizational culture, organizational change and acculturation as well as in relation with the collected empirical data. The research question is divided into three sub-questions according to the following: (1) “What is the role of organizational culture in organizations?”, (2) “How to manage organizational change in mergers and acquisitions?” and (3) “How to manage organizational culture change through acculturation?”. The thesis is conducted as a qualitative case study research including three personal interviews and one group interview. The interviews were conducted as a combination of semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Theories related to organizational culture, the management of change as well as acculturation are studied and further analysed in relation to empirical material collected by the researcher. Research findings indicate that that several factors can influence the success of managing the organizational culture change in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Factors such as defining the preferred acculturation model prior the merger; managing the resistance of change; open communication; acknowledgement of local culture and cultural differences; involvement of personnel in change processes; as well as the formulation and implementation of comprehensive change plans proved to be important factors with relation to successful management of organizational culture change

Culture change in academia: Making sharing the new norm

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Successful IFRS standard change implementation process after the initial IFRS implementation

The main objective of the study was to form a strategic process model and project management tool to help IFRS change implementation projects in the future. These research results were designed based on the theoretical framework of Total Quality Management and leaning on the facts that were collected during the empirical case study of IAS 17 change. The us-age of the process oriented approach in IFRS standard change implementation after the initial IFRS implementation is rationalized with the following arguments: 1) well designed process tools lead to optimization of resources 2) With the help of process stages and related tasks it is easy to ensure the efficient way of working and managing the project as well as make sure to include all necessary stakeholders to the change process. This research is following the qualitative approach and the analysis is in describing format. The first part of the study is a literature review and the latter part has been conducted as a case study. The data has been col-lected in the case company with interviews and observation. The main findings are a process model for IFRS standard change process and a check-list formatted management tool for up-coming IFRS standard change projects. The process flow follows the main cornerstones in IASB’s standard setting process and the management tool has been divided to stages accordingly.

Liiketoimintaprosessien kehittämismenetelmän suunnittelu ja testaus

Tämändiplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten liiketoimintaprosessissa esiintyviä toimijoiden välisiä riippuvuussuhteita voidaan kehittää, käyttäen juuri tähän tarkoitukseen räätälöityä kehittämismenetelmää ja mitä osia tämäntyyppisen kehittämismenetelmän tulisi sisältää. Työssä ideoitu menetelmä on tarkoitettu jo käytössä olevien liiketoimintaprosessien kehittämiseen. Työ aloitettiin tutkimalla teoriataustaa liiketoimintaprosesseistaja olemassa olevista organisaatioiden sekä liiketoimintaprosessien kehittämismenetelmistä. Kehittämismenetelmän sisällön määrittelyssä hyödynnettiin myös työn tilaajan toimesta aikaisemmin tehtyä menetelmien ja mallien kehittämistyötä. Menetelmän sisältö rajattiin kolmeen vaiheeseen, joita ovat kehittämisprojektin suunnitteluvaihe, prosessin ja toimijoiden välisten yhteistyösuhteiden analysointivaihe sekä kehittämisratkaisujen suunnittelu- ja toteutusvaihe. Menetelmää testattiin kahdessa julkisen sektorin palveluprosessissa, joista saatujen kokemuksien perusteella menetelmää kehitettiin edelleen lopulliseen muotoonsa. Työn varsinaisena tuloksena syntyi sekä käytännössä testattu kehittämismenetelmä että useita potentiaalisia jatkokehityskohteita, jotka koskevat menetelmän yksittäisiä vaiheita. Lisäksi kehittämistyön yhteydessä syntyi myös laajempia kehittämisideoita, jotka koskevat prosessi- ja verkostomallien yhdistämistä, prosessijohtamista ja kehittämishankkeiden koordinointia.

Onnistunut yritysosto - henkilöstö- ja kulttuurinäkökohdat

Useat ”uuden” talouden piirteet, kuten ympäristön ennustamattomuus, globalisaatio, vapaa kauppa ja teknologian leviäminen, ovat lisänneet organisaatioiden muutospaineita. Yritysostoista on tullut resurssien ja markkinavoiman hankkimistyökalu, jonka avulla yritykset voivat kohdata ympäristön niille asettamat haasteet sekä hyödyntää markkinoiden tarjoamat mahdollisuudet. Yritysostojen onnistumisprosentit ovat kuitenkin olleet alhaiset, mahdollisesti siitä syystä, että yritysostoissa on keskitytty taloudellisiin ja oikeudellisiin asioihin henkilöstöprosessien kustannuksella. Tästä syystä henkilöstöjohtamista ja erityisesti integraatiojohtamista on enenevässä määrin pidetty tärkeänä yritysostojen onnistumisen kannalta. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin yritysostojen vaikutuksia yritysten henkilöstöön ja yrityskulttuureihin. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin kolmen eri yrityksen kohdalla suoritettuja yritysostoprojekteja, ja niissä esiin tulleita ongelmakohtia. Vertailut osoittivat yritysostojen merkitsevän henkilöstölle suurta epävarmuutta, jota voitiin vähentää muun muassa toimivalla sisäisellä viestinnällä ja suunnitelmallisella muutosjohtamisella. Suurimmiksi ongelmiksi koettiin ostokohteen maantieteellinen etäisyys ostavasta yrityksestä, pienen ja ison yrityksen kulttuurien yhteensovittaminen sekä henkilöstön huomiointi yritysostotilanteessa ja sen jälkeen.

Murros projektikohtaisista ratkaisuista tuotteiden systemaattiseen kehittämiseen ja hallintaan

Tämä tutkimus käsittelee strategiamuutoksen toimeenpanoa projektiliiketoimintaympäristössä toimivan liiketoimintayksikön tuotekehitys-, suunnittelu- ja tuotetoimitusprosesseissa. Muutoksen tavoitteena on tuoterakenteiden ja toimitusprosessien hallinta pelkän resurssien hallinnan sijaan. Työn tavoitteena on kuvaus siitä, mitä muutoksia strategisten tavoitteiden saavuttaminen edellyttää liiketoimintayksikön tuoteprosessien, tuotearkkitehtuurin ja tietojärjestelmien osalta. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuus käsittelee teknologiastrategiaa, tuotetiedon hallintaa, tuotearkkitehtuureja sekä tuotekehitystoiminnan prosesseja ja menestystekijöitä. Tutkimuksen empiriaosuudessa peilataan liiketoimintayksikön nykytilaa ja strategisia tavoitteita esitettyyn teoreettiseen viitekehykseen, sekä suoritetaan analyysi tavoitellun muutoksen edellytyksistä. Työn tulos sisältää sarjan toimenpiteitä ja näistä muodostetun käsitekartan, joka kuvaa muutosprosessia kokonaisuutena: tuoterakenteiden, tuotetiedon hallinnan, prosessien ja organisaatioiden osalta.

Muutoksen toteuttaminen suuressa teollisuusyrityksessä - Case Hartwall Lahti

Muutos on kiinteä osa tämän päivän organisaatioiden toimintaa. Tämä asettaa haasteita niin muutoksen johtamiselle kuin esimiesten osaamiselle. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka suuressa teollisessa tuotanto-organisaatiossa toteutettuun toimintatapamuutokseen vaikutetaan johtamisen keinoin ja miten eri henkilöstöryhmät kokevat muutoksen. Näiden pohjalta tunnistettiin ne johtamisen osa-alueet ja muut tekijät, joita tulee kehittää seuraavassa muutosprosessissa ja sen suunnittelussa. Työssä tutkitaan toteutettua muutosta viiden eri näkökulman kautta suorittamalla teemahaastattelut johdon, esimiesten ja työntekijöiden edustajille. Teemat, joihin tämä tutkimus pureutui olivat; uuden toimintamallin merkittävin sisältö, muutoksen välttämättömyys, muutosviestintä, muutoksen toteuttaminen ja muutoksen seuranta. Työn johtopäätöksinä ja yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että muutoksen suunnitteluun kannattaa panostaa runsaasti ajallisia resursseja ja sitouttaa henkilöitä eri organisaatiotasoilta. Muutosviestintä on oleellinen osa muutoksen onnistumisessa ja sen osaamista tulisi kehittää, sekä luoda ymmärrystä viestinnän tärkeydestä muutoksessa. Keskijohto sekä työntekijöiden suorat esimiehet ovat ne ryhmät, joiden ymmärrys toteutettavasta muutoksesta on kriittinen tekijä ja joille täytyy erityisesti varmistaa riittävä muutosjohtamisen osaaminen.

Role of culture in knowledge transfer and sharing - case ERP implementation

The main objective of this study was to examine how culture influences knowledge transfer and sharing within multicultural ERP project implementation in China. The main interest was to explain how national culture and knowledge are linked by understanding how culture influences knowledge transfer and sharing in a project organization. The other objective of this work was to discuss what Chinese cultural characteristic inhibit and en-hance knowledge sharing in ERP project. The perspective of this study was qualitative and the empirical material was collected from theme interviews among Stora Enso employees. Conclusion of this thesis is that Finns have a very direct style of communication and sharing knowledge whereas Chinese respect face shaving and indirect communication. Another conclusion is that knowledge sharing does not “just happen”, it is needed that project members understand national culture to get all project members commitment to project. In China most important is understand local business processes and understand role of trust and guanxi.

Consistency and change in Finnish broadcasting policy : the implementation of digital television and lessons from the Canadian experience

Konsistens och förändring i finländsk etermediapolitik. Implementering av digital television och en jämförelse med Kanada Avhandlingen handlar om hur det finländska televisionssystemet förändrades i slutet av 1990-talet från en nationell institution till ett dualistiskt system som präglas av stark marknadsorientering. Syftet med avhandlingen är att förstå på vilket sätt en så snabb förändring kunde ske och analysera de institutionella faktorerna bakom utvecklingen. På teoretisk nivå diskuteras tesen om det nära sambandet mellan statliga politiska institutioner och rundradioverksamhetens institutioner. Avhandlingen består av två fallstudier. Den första sätter fokus på de första åren av den finländska televisionens digitaliseringsprocess som startade med starka industriell-nationalistiska motiveringar. Analysen, som baserar på offentliga dokument, sträcker sig framtill hösten 2001 då de digitala televisionssändningarna startade och regeringspropositionen om den nya kommunikationsmarknadslagen lämnades till riksdagen. Dessa policy-processer analyseras som en ”marknadisering” av de traditionella styrningsprinciper och idéer gällande finländsk rundradioverksamheten. En jämförelse mellan Finlands och Kanadas nationella rundradiopolitik gör att man kan koppla slutsatserna till den internationella utvecklingen. Jämförelsen visar hur kommunikationspolitiska linjen i de två länderna har kommit att likna varandra trots att ländernas tv-system och deras styrordningar är mycket olika. Exemplet med Kanada visar att den särskilda teknologin inte är viktig utan snarare de kommersiella intressen som står bakom och som beslutsfattare gärna döljer i en nationalistisk retorik. Studien visar att det är viktigt att beakta vilken tyngd man i politiken ger de två sidor som rundradioverksamheten består av: sändningsteknologin och verksamheten som en speciell kulturform. Nationalstatens handlingsutrymme minskar inom fältet om målet är att vara framgångsrik i konkurrensen i den nya internationella ekonomin. Enligt de nyliberalistiska principer som det politiska systemet överlag har tillägnat sig det är önskvärd men också helt inhemska institutionella traditioner och praxis som följdes i den finländska digitaliseringsprocessen främjade utvecklingen som ledde till att nästan alla ursprungliga nationella syften föll sönder.

Enabling Change in Universities: Enhancing Education for Sustainable Development with Tools for Quality Assurance

Enabling Change in Universities: Enhancing Education for Sustainable Development with Tools for Quality Assurance This thesis deals with enabling change in universities, more explicitly enhancing education for sustainable development with tools for quality assurance. Change management is a discipline within management that was developed in the 1980s because business changed from being predictable to unpredictable. The PEST mnemonic is a method to categorize factors enabling change; such as political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors, which all affect higher education. A classification of a change, in either hard or soft, can help understanding the type of change that an organization is facing. Hard changes are more applied to problems that have clear objectives and indicators, with a known cause of the problem. Soft changes are applied to larger problems that affect the entire organization or beyond it. The basic definition for sustainable development is: the future generations should have similar opportunities as the previous. The UN has set as a global goal an integration of education for sustainable development (ESD) at all levels of education during 2005- 2014. The goal is set also in universities, the graduates of which are future leaders for all labor markets. The objective for ESD in higher education is that graduates obtain the competence to take economic, social and environmental costs and benefits into account when making decisions. Knowledge outcomes should aim for systematic and holistic thinking, which requires cross disciplinary education. So far, the development of ESD has not achieved its goals. The UN has identified a need for more transdisclipnary research in ESD. A joint global requirement for universities is quality assurance, the aim of which is to secure and improve teaching and learning. Quality, environmental and integrated management systems are used by some universities for filling the quality assurance requirements. The goal of this thesis is to open up new ways for enhancing ESD in universities, beyond the forerunners; by exploring how management systems could be used as tools for promoting ESD. The thesis is based on five studies. In the first study, I focus on if and how tools for quality assurance could be benefitted for promoting ESD. It is written from a new perspective, the memetic, for reaching a diversity of faculty. A meme is an idea that diffuses from brain to brain. It can be applied for cultural evolution. It is a theory that is based on the evolutionary theory by Darwin, applied for social sciences. In the second Paper, I present the results from the development of the pilot process model for enhancing ESD with management systems. The development of the model is based on a study that includes earlier studies, a survey in academia and an analysis of the practice in 11 universities in the Nordic countries. In the third study, I explore if the change depends on national culture or if it is global. It is a comparative study on both policy and implementation level, between the Nordic countries and China. The fourth study is a single case study based on change management. In this study, I identify what to consider in order to enable the change: enhancing ESD with tools for quality assurance in universities. In the fifth Paper, I present the results of the process model for enhancing ESD with management systems. The model was compared with identified drivers and barriers for enhancing ESD and for implementing management systems. Finally, the process model was piloted and applied for identifying sustainability aspects in curricula. Action research was chosen as methodology because there are not already implemented approaches using quality management for promoting ESD, why the only way to study this is to make it happen. Another reason for choosing action research is since it is essential to involve students and faculty for enhancing ESD. Action based research consists of the following phases: a) diagnosing, b) planning action, c) taking action and d) evaluating action. This research was made possible by a project called Education for Sustainable Development in Academia in the Nordic countries, ESDAN, in which activities were divided into these four phases. Each phase ended with an open seminar, where the results of the study were presented. The objective for the research project was to develop a process for including knowledge in sustainable development in curricula, which could be used in the quality assurance work. Eleven universities from the Nordic countries cooperated in the project. The aim was, by applying the process, to identify and publish examples of relevant sustainability aspects in different degree programs in universities in the Nordic countries. The project was partly financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers and partly by the participating pilot universities. Based on the results of my studies, I consider that quality, environmental and integrated management systems can be used for promoting ESD in universities. Relevant sustainability aspects have been identified in different fields of studies by applying the final process model. The final process model was compared with drivers and barriers for enhancing ESD and for implementing management systems in universities and with succeeding with management systems in industry. It corresponds with these, meaning that drivers are taken into account and barriers tackled. Both ESD and management systems in universities could be considered successful memes, which can reflect an effective way of communication among individuals. I have identified that management systems could be used as tools for hard changes and to support the soft change of enhancing ESD in universities with management system. Based on the change management study I have summarized recommendations on what to consider in order to enable the studied change. The main practical implications of the results are that the process model could be applied for assessment, benchmarking and communication of ESD, connected to quality assurance, when applied. This is possible because the information can be assembled in one picture, which facilitates comparison. The memetic approach can be applied for structuring. It is viable to make comparative studies between cultures, for getting insight in special characteristics of the own culture. Action based research is suitable for involving faculty. Change management can be applied for planning a change, which both enhancing ESD and developing management systems are identified to be.

Implementation of educational change in Finland: The case of the undivided basic education reform

For the past decades, educational large-scale reforms have been elaborated and implemented in many countries and often resulted in partial or complete failure. These results brought researchers to study policy processes in order to address this particular challenge. Studies on implementation processes brought to light an existing causal relationship between the implementation process and the effectiveness of a reform. This study aims to describe the implementation process of educational change in Finland, who produced efficient educational reforms over the last 50 years. The case study used for the purpose of this study is the national reform of undivided basic education (yhtenäinen peruskoulu) implemented in the end of the 1990s. Therefore, this research aims to describe how the Finnish undivided basic education reform was implemented. This research was carried out using a pluralist and structuralist approach of policy process and was analyzed according to the hybrid model of implementation process. The data were collected using a triangulation of methods, i.e. documentary research, interviews and questionnaires. The data were qualitative and were analyzed using content analysis methods. This study concludes that the undivided basic education reform was applied in a very decentralized manner, which is a reflection of the decentralized system present in Finland. Central authorities provided a clear vision of the purpose of the reform, but did not control the implementation process. They rather provided extensive support in the form of transmission of information and development of collaborative networks. Local authorities had complete autonomy in terms of decision-making and implementation process. Discussions, debates and decisions regarding implementation processes took place at the local level and included the participation of all actors present on the field. Implementation methods differ from a region to another, with is the consequence of the variation of the level of commitment of local actors but also the diversity of local realities. The reform was implemented according to existing structures and values, which means that it was in cohesion with the context in which it was implemented. These results cannot be generalized to all implementation processes of educational change in Finland but give a great insight of what could be the model used in Finland. Future studies could intent to confirm the model described here by studying other reforms that took place in Finland.

Implementation of educational change in Finland: The case of the undivided basic education reform

For the past decades, educational large-scale reforms have been elaborated and implemented in many countries and often resulted in partial or complete failure. These results brought researchers to study policy processes in order to address this particular challenge. Studies on implementation processes brought to light an existing causal relationship between the implementation process and the effectiveness of a reform. This study aims to describe the implementation process of educational change in Finland, who produced efficient educational reforms over the last 50 years. The case study used for the purpose of this study is the national reform of undivided basic education (yhtenäinen peruskoulu) implemented in the end of the 1990s. Therefore, this research aims to describe how the Finnish undivided basic education reform was implemented. This research was carried out using a pluralist and structuralist approach of policy process and was analyzed according to the hybrid model of implementation process. The data were collected using a triangulation of methods, i.e. documentary research, interviews and questionnaires. The data were qualitative and were analyzed using content analysis methods. This study concludes that the undivided basic education reform was applied in a very decentralized manner, which is a reflection of the decentralized system present in Finland. Central authorities provided a clear vision of the purpose of the reform, but did not control the implementation process. They rather provided extensive support in the form of transmission of information and development of collaborative networks. Local authorities had complete autonomy in terms of decision-making and implementation process. Discussions, debates and decisions regarding implementation processes took place at the local level and included the participation of all actors present on the field. Implementation methods differ from a region to another, with is the consequence of the variation of the level of commitment of local actors but also the diversity of local realities. The reform was implemented according to existing structures and values, which means that it was in cohesion with the context in which it was implemented. These results cannot be generalized to all implementation processes of educational change in Finland but give a great insight of what could be the model used in Finland. Future studies could intent to confirm the model described here by studying other reforms that took place in Finland.