Internet-markkinointiviestintä Venäjällä - Esimerkkinä Aktivist Networkin Pietarin portaali

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää Internet-markkinointiviestinnän nykytilaa Venäjällä. Se alkaa markkinointiviestinnän teorioiden esittelemisellä, joista edetään Internetin lyhyen esittelyn jälkeen siellä tapahtuvaan markkinointiviestintään. Työn empiirisen osan alussa tutustutaan Venäjän Internetiin sekä sen kehitykseen vaikuttaviin taloudellisiin, poliittisiin ja teknisiin seikkoihin. Venäjän Internet-markkinointiviestintä esitellään työssä laajasti ensin erilaisiin kirjallisiin lähteisiin perustuen, jonka jälkeen kuvaa täydennetään työn esimerkkiyrityksen Aktivist Pietarin portaalitoiminnan esittelyllä. Työssä selvisi, että huolimatta muutamista erityispiirteistä, on Internet-markkinointiviestintä Venäjällä suurelta osin samanlaista kuin sitä hieman aikaisemmin aloittamaan päässeissä länsimaissa. Suurimman eron tekee tekniikan matalampi taso, mikä osaltaan vaikuttaa joihinkin viestinnällisiin ratkaisuihin. Tämä ilmenee erityisesti interaktiivisuuden puutteena.

Sisäinen muutosviestintä fuusiotilanteessa - Kansallis-Osake-Pankki Oy:n ja Suomen Yhdyspankki Oy:n fuusion käsittely KOP:n sisäisessä henkilöstöviestinnässä

Tutkielma pyrkii selvittämään millaista viestinnällistä järjestelmää käytettiin kerrottaessa Kansallis-Osake-Pankin henkilöstölle Kansallis-Osake-Pankin ja Suomen Yhdyspankin fuusiosta. Näkökulmana on henkilöstön asema viestin vastaanottajana. Tutkielma hahmottaa johdon taholta tulleita sisäisen viestinnässä käytettyjä äänenpainoja ja sävyjä. Lisäksi tutkielma etsii kahden pankin pääjohtajien muutospuheista sisällöllisiä eroja ja kunkin organisaation totuttuja viestintäkäytänteitä. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään kvalitatiivista tutkimusta ja tutkimusinstrumenttina tässä tutkielmassa toimii diskurssianalyysi. Diskurssianalyysi on teoreettinen viitekehys, jonka tarkoituksena on etsiä mitä merkityksiä teksteissä tuotetaan ja nähdä kieli todellisuuden rakentajana. Tutkimusaineistona on Kansallis-Osake-Pankin henkilöstölehdet, Kansallis-Osake-Pankin ja Suomen Yhdyspankin vuosikertomukset, fuusioesite ja valikoidut aiheesta kirjoitetut lehtiartikkelit. Kansallis-Osake-Pankin sisäistä viestintää leimasi fuusiouutisen julkitultua kriisiviestinnän piirteet: huhujen karkoittaminen ja virallisen tiedon voimakas levittäminen. Fuusiouutisen alkushokin jälkeen KOP:n viestinnästä nousi esiin viisi teemaa: viestien henkilöityminen pääjohtajaan, empatia henkilöstöä kohtaan vaikeissa tilanteissa, yhteisöllisyys, henkilön huomioonottaminen ja läheisyys.

Blogi yrityksen ulkoisen viestinnän uutena kanavana

Työssä tarkastellaan blogin hyödyntämistä yrityksen ulkoisessa viestinnässä. Tutkimuksen empiiriseen osaan on valittu viisi yritystä, joiden blogeja tarkastellaan lähemmin. Työlle asetettiin kolme tutkimuskysymystä: 1) Mitä hyötyä blogista voi olla yritykselle? 2) Mitkä ovat onnistuneen yritysblogin tunnuskriteerit? 3) Kuinka hyvin tarkasteltavat yritysblogit täyttävät onnistuneen yritysblogin tunnuskriteerit ja blogille asetetut viestinnälliset tavoitteet? Työ toteutettiin keräämällä kirjallisuudesta blogilta vaadittavia ominaisuuksia, ja näistä kriteereistä rakennettiin yritysblogien arviointikehys, jonka avulla voidaan tarkastella ja vertailla niiden sisältöä. Onnistuneen blogin tunnuskriteerit jaettiin blogin löydettävyyttä mittaaviin kriteereihin sekä blogilla saavutettavan hyödyn toteutumista määrittäviin tekijöihin. Tutkimuksen keskeiset tulokset osoittavat, että yritysblogilla voidaan saavuttaa kolme merkittävää hyötyä: 1) blogi soveltuu niin yrityksen brändin tunnettuuden kasvattamiseen, 2) asiakassuhteiden luomiseen, ylläpitämiseen ja kehittämiseen kuin myös 3) yrityksen imagon hallintaan. Kaikki tutkimuksessa mukana olleet yritysblogit täyttivät hyvin arviointikehyksen kriteerit ja lisäksi neljä viidestä tutkitusta blogista täytti niille asetetut viestinnälliset tavoitteet.

Exiles and Constituents: Baltic Refugees and American Cold War Politics, 1948- 1960

This dissertation explores the complicated relations between Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian postwar refugees and American foreign policymakers between 1948 and 1960. There were seemingly shared interests between the parties during the first decade of the Cold War. Generally, Eastern European refugees refused to recognize Soviet hegemony in their homelands, and American policy towards the Soviet bloc during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations sought to undermine the Kremlin’s standing in the region. More specifically, Baltic refugees and State Department officials sought to preserve the 1940 non-recognition policy towards the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States. I propose that despite the seemingly natural convergence of interests, the American experiment of constructing a State-Private network revolving around fostering relations with exile groups was fraught with difficulties. These difficulties ultimately undermined any ability that the United States might have had to liberate the Baltic States from the Soviet Union. As this dissertation demonstrates, Baltic exiles were primarily concerned with preserving a high level of political continuity to the interwar republics under the assumption that they would be able to regain their positions in liberated, democratic societies. American policymakers, however, were primarily concerned with maintaining the non-recognition policy, the framework in which all policy considerations were analyzed. I argue that these two motivating factors created unnecessary tensions in American policy towards the Baltic republics in the spheres of psychological warfare as well as exile unity in the United States and Europe. Despite these shortcomings, I argue that out of the exiles’ failings was born a generation of Baltic constituents that blurred the political legitimacy line between exiles who sought to return home and ethnic Americans who were loyal to the United States. These Baltic constituents played an important role in garnering the support of the United States Congress, starting in the 1950s, but became increasingly influential after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, despite the seemingly less important role Eastern Europe played in the Cold War. The actions of the Baltic constituents not only prevented the Baltic question from being forever lost in the memory hole of history, but actually created enough political pressure on the State Department that it was impossible to alter the long-standing policy of not recognizing the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States.

Johtajan vuorovaikutusosaaminen suomalais-venäläisessä esimies-alaissuhteessa

The participants in the dynamic Finnish working environment are expected to display communication skills, which is emphasized when different cultures meet. The objective of this thesis was to study the required interpersonal communication competence of leaders in a Finnish-Russian superior-subordinate relationship. The leadership was approached from a communicational perspective where leadership emerges in a dyadic relationship between leader and subordinate. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The data was gathered from interviews in the target organization. Four superiors and five of their subordinates were interviewed. The qualitative data gathered from the interviews was analyzed by theory-driven content analysis. The representative data was organized and coded in order to establish the main categories, which form a basis of the conclusions of the thesis. Interpersonal communication competence has a significant role alongside substance in leadership. The superiors in the workplace perceive communication as contextual. The findings indicate that there are certain tensions in the relationship between the superiors and their subordinates. The tensions are described as distance, collectiveness and emotions, and verbal expression and understanding. Leadership communication competence is about finding a balance between the tensions based on cultural differences. From the interpersonal communication research tradition point of view, the efficient and appropriate communication competence in this context consists of the knowledge of tensions and challenges, as well as the ability to manage cultural tensions and the motivation to react positively to cultural differences.

Organizational creativity – Hegemonic and alternative discourses

SUMMARY Organizational creativity – hegemonic and alternative discourses Over the course of recent developments in the societal and business environment, the concept of creativity has been brought into new arenas. The rise of ‘creative industries’ and the idea of creativity as a form of capital have attracted the interests of business and management professionals – as well as academics. As the notion of creativity has been adopted in the organization studies literature, the concept of organizational creativity has been introduced to refer to creativity that takes place in an organizational context. This doctoral thesis focuses on organizational creativity, and its purpose is to explore and problematize the hegemonic organizational creativity discourse and to provide alternative viewpoints for theorizing about creativity in organizations. Taking a discourse theory approach, this thesis, first, provides an outline of the currently predominant, i.e. hegemonic, discourse on organizational creativity, which is explored regarding themes, perspectives, methods and paradigms. Second, this thesis consists of five studies that act as illustrations of certain alternative viewpoints. Through these exemplary studies, this thesis sheds light on the limitations and taken-for-granted aspects of the hegemonic discourse and discusses what these alternative viewpoints could offer for the understanding of and theorizing for organizational creativity. This study leans on an assumption that the development of organizational creativity knowledge and the related discourse is not inevitable or progressive but rather contingent. The organizational creativity discourse has developed in a certain direction, meaning that some themes, perspectives, and methods, as well as assumptions, values, and objectives, have gained a hegemonic position over others, and are therefore often taken for granted and considered valid and relevant. The hegemonization of certain aspects, however, contributes to the marginalization of others. The thesis concludes that the hegemonic discourse on organizational creativity is based on an extensive coverage of certain themes and perspectives, such as those focusing on individual cognitive processes, motivation, or organizational climate and their relation to creativity, to name a few. The limited focus on some themes and the confinement to certain prevalent perspectives, however, results in the marginalization of other themes and perspectives. The negative, often unintended, consequences, implications, and side effects of creativity, the factors that might hinder or prevent creativity, and a deeper inquiry into the ontology and epistemology of creativity have attracted relatively marginal interest. The material embeddedness of organizational creativity, in other words, the physical organizational environment as well as the human body and its non-cognitive resources, has largely been overlooked in the hegemonic discourse, although thereare studies in this area that give reason to believe that they might prove relevant for the understanding of creativity. The hegemonic discourse is based on an individual-centered understanding of creativity which overattributes creativity to an individual and his/her cognitive capabilities, while simultaneously neglecting how, for instance, the physical environment, artifacts, social dynamics and interactions condition organizational creativity. Due to historical reasons, quantitative as well as qualitative yet functionally- oriented studies have predominated the organizational creativity discourse, although studies falling into the interpretationist paradigm have gradually become more popular. The two radical paradigms, as well as methodological and analytical approaches typical of radical research, can be considered to hold a marginal position in the field of organizational creativity. The hegemonic organizational creativity discourse has provided extensive findings related to many aspects of organizational creativity, although the con- ceptualizations and understandings of organizational creativity in the hegemonic discourse are also in many respects limited and one-sided. The hegemonic discourse is based on an assumption that creativity is desirable, good, necessary, or even obligatory, and should be encouraged and nourished. The conceptualiza- tions of creativity favor the kind of creativity which is useful, valuable and can be harnessed for productivity. The current conceptualization is limited to the type of creativity that is acceptable and fits the managerial ideology, and washes out any risky, seemingly useless, or negative aspects of creativity. It also limits the possible meanings and representations that ‘creativity’ has in the respective discourse, excluding many meanings of creativity encountered in other discourses. The excessive focus on creativity that is good, positive, productive and fits the managerial agenda while ignoring other forms and aspects of creativity, however, contributes to the dilution of the notion. Practices aimed at encouraging the kind of creativity may actually entail a risk of fostering moderate alterations rather than more radical novelty, as well as management and organizational practices which limit creative endeavors, rather than increase their likelihood. The thesis concludes that although not often given the space and attention they deserve, there are alternative conceptualizations and understandings of organizational creativity which embrace a broader notion of creativity. The inability to accommodate the ‘other’ understandings and viewpoints within the organizational creativity discourse runs a risk of misrepresenting the complex and many-sided phenomenon of creativity in organizational context. Keywords: Organizational creativity, creativity, organization studies, discourse theory, hegemony