Hahmonimet hahmottumassa. Disney-piirroselokuvissa esiintyvien suomenkielisten henkilönnimien sananmuodostus, rakenne ja merkityssuhteet

Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma on vuosina 1936–1986 valmistuneiden 11 pitkän Disneypiirroselokuvan fiktiivisten hahmojen suomenkielisten nimien onomastinen tutkimus. Pyrin käsittelemään elokuvien hahmonnimien muodostusta, rakennetta ja merkitystä kognitiivisesta näkökulmasta. Aineistossani analysoimani elokuvien 112 hahmonnimeä ovat johdoksina, yhdyssanoina, kollokaatioina ja appellatiiveina esiintyviä henkilönnimiä. Korpukseeni keräämäni hahmonnimet esiintyvät eri nimityyppien kategorioissa joko varsinaisina niminä (esim. Kulkuri), titteleinä ja ammattia ilmaisevina niminä (esim. Suurherttua), sukulaisuutta ilmaisevina niminä (esim. Äiti Osteri), lempija kutsumaniminä (esim. Tipunen) tai kölliniminä (esim. Vanha Puskajussi). Otan historiallisen morfologian lähtökohdan ainestoni hahmonnimien sananmuodostukseen ja sovellan siihen kognitiivisia menetelmiä. Diakronisista diminutiivisista aineksista esimerkiksi ovat kehittyneet feminiinistävät tai affektiiviset johtimet, kuten -tAr tai -(i)nen. Esitän myös, että useat hahmonnimet kuvailevat tai luonnehtivat takoitettaan niiden sananmuodostustapojen tai appellatiivien perusteella. Johdinten, yhdys- tai kollokaatio-osien tai yksittäisten appellatiivien avulla voidaan nähdä, että nimenainekset kategorisoivat hahmonnimen kokonaan. Hahmonnimien rakenteesta osoitan, että johdosnimissä on sekä kategorisoiva että kategorisoitu nimenelementti. Funktionaalis-semanttisen luokittelumallin näkökulmasta osoitan, että kaikissa hahmonnimissä on joko luokitteleva tai yksilöivä nimenosa tai molemmat. Hahmonnimen kategoriointi perustuu sen nimenelementteihin ja -osiin. Hahmonnimien SUKUPUOLI-kategorioinnissa esimerkiksi naishahmon nimi (37 nimeä) on prototyyppisesti merkitty feminiiniksi joko johtimella (32 %) tai appellatiivilla (46 %), kun taas mieshahmon nimi (75 nimeä) on merkitty selvästi maskuliiniksi vain appellativeilla (44 %) tai on kokonaan merkitsemätön (46 %). Kategorioissa NAISPUOLINEN ja MIESPUOLINEN on myös sukupuolen todennäköisiä tunnusmerkitsijöitä. Tämän hahmonnimistön merkityssuhteet kognitiivisiin alueihin voivat olla joko suoria tai epäsuoria. Suora merkityssuhde koskee tarkoitteiden nimen nimenosiin heijastuvia transparentteja ominaispiirteitä (esim. Pahatar). Epäsuora merkityssuhde voi olla metaforinen, kuten ELÄIN ON IHMINEN (esim. Herttuatar), metonyyminen, kuten ÄÄNI EDUSTAA OLENTOA (esim. Helinä-keiju) tai symbolinen (esim. Tuhkimo). Esitän lisäksi yhden hahmonnimen merkityssuhteen, jossa on pakatun merkityssuhteen piirteitä.

Calculation of the carbon footprint of Finnish barley products - methodology and possible applications

The purpose of this thesis was to define how product carbon footprint analysis and its results can be used in company's internal development as well as in customer and interest group guidance, and how these factors are related to corporate social responsibility. From-cradle-to-gate carbon footprint was calculated for three products; Torino Whole grain barley, Torino Pearl barley, and Elovena Barley grit & oat bran, all of them made of Finnish barley. The carbon footprint of the Elovena product was used to determine carbon footprints for industrial kitchen cooked porridge portions. The basic calculation data was collected from several sources. Most of the data originated from Raisio Group's contractual farmers and Raisio Group's cultivation, processing and packaging specialists. Data from national and European literature and database sources was also used. The electricity consumption for porridge portions' carbon footprint calculations was determined with practical measurements. The carbon footprint calculations were conducted according to the ISO 14044 standard, and the PAS 2050 guide was also applied. A consequential functional unit was applied in porridge portions' carbon footprint calculations. Most of the emissions from barley products' life cycle originate from primary production. The nitrous oxide emissions from cultivated soil and the use and production of nitrogenous fertilisers contribute over 50% of products' carbon footprint. Torino Pearl barley has the highest carbon footprint due to the lowest processing output. The reductions in products' carbon footprint can be achieved with developments in cultivation and grain processing. The carbon footprint of porridge portion can be reduced by using domestically produced plant-based ingredients and by making the best possible use of the kettle. Carbon footprint calculation can be used to determine possible improvement points related to corporate environmental responsibility. Several improvement actions are related to economical and social responsibility through better raw material utilization and expense reductions.

Microcracks and Vortices in Superconducting Thin Films

In this work, superconducting YBa₂ Cu₃O_6+x (YBCO) thin films have been studied with the experimental focus on the anisotropy of BaZrO₃ (BZO) doped YBCOthin films and the theoretical focus on modelling flux pinning by numerically solving Ginzburg- Landau equations. Also, the structural properties of undoped YBCO thin films grown on NdGaO₃ (NGO) and MgO substrates were investigated. The thin film samples were made by pulsed laser ablation on single crystal substrates. The structural properties of the thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscope measurements. The superconducting properties were investigated with a magnetometer and also with transport measurements in pulsed magnetic field up to 30 T. Flux pinning was modelled by restricting the value of the order parameter inside the columnar pinning sites and then solving the Ginzburg-Landau equations numerically with the restrictions in place. The computations were done with a parallel code on a supercomputer. The YBCO thin films were seen to develop microcracks when grown on NGO or MgO substrates. The microcrack formation was connected to the structure of the YBCO thin films in both cases. Additionally, the microcracks can be avoided by careful optimization of the deposition parameters and the film thickness. The BZO doping of the YBCO thin films was seen to decrease the effective electron mass anisotropy, which was seen by fitting the Blatter scaling to the angle dependence of the upper critical field. The Ginzburg-Landau simulations were able to reproduce the measured magnetic field dependence of the critical current density for BZO doped and undoped YBCO. The simulations showed that in addition to the large density also the large size of the BZO nanorods is a key factor behind the change in the power law behaviour between BZO doped and undoped YBCO. Additionally, the Ginzburg-Landau equations were solved for type I thin films where giant vortices were seen to appear depending on the film thickness. The simulations predicted that singly quantized vortices are stable in type I films up to quite large thicknesses and that the size of the vortices increases with decreasing film thickness, in a way that is similar to the behaviour of the interaction length of Pearl vortices.