100 resultados para Agrarian actors

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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Paper presented in ISA RC23 meeting, Gothenburg July 16th 2010

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I mars 2003 certifierades en finländsk advokatbyrå av den Europeiska kommissionen som den bästa i Europa inom specialkategorin livslångt lärande. Advokatbyrån var överraskad över utnämningen emedan de inte aktivt och/eller medvetet implementerat eller utövat en livslångt lärandestrategi i sin verksamhet bland sin personal. Byrån deltog i en tävling om bästa arbetsplats i Europa ("Best workplaces in Europe 2003") utan att vara medveten om den Europeiska kommissionens special- kategorier. Emedan advokatbyrån inte medvetet implementerat en livslångt lärandestrategi bland sin personal formar aktörerna, vars uppfattning och prat denna avhandling handlar om, sina föreställningar och sitt prat om livslångt lärande efter utnämningen. Översättningsprocessen av en idé utlöses sålunda i denna studie av en extern händelse. I sin avhandling beskriver Annica Isacsson hur och varför en idé (livslångt lärande) föds (på nytt) på en institutionell nivå, hur idén reser och förändras i en process av översättning, hur idén landar i två organisationer samt hur idén om livslångt lärande uppfattas och beskrivs av lokala aktörer i två olika organisationer. Fokus i studien ligger sålunda på enskilda aktörers uppfattning om ett kontroversiellt koncept i en lokal kontext. Teoretiskt möts och sammanlänkas teori om livslångt lärande, sociokulturella teorier om lärande och teorier om organisatoriskt lärande. Isacssons avhandling visar på hur livslångt lärande inte enbart, i en organisatorisk kontext, handlar om individuell kompetensutveckling utan också om organisatoriskt lärande i vilken lärande av andra organisationsmedlemmar och organisationer ingår. Studien visar vidare på hur enskilda aktörers prat påverkas av det institutionella fältet och av den tidsanda inom vilken diskursen livslångt lärande föds, rör sig och ingår.

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Military conscription and peacetime military service were the subjects of heated political, social and cultural controversies during the early years of national independence in Finland. Both the critics and the supporters of the existing military system described it as strongly formative of young men’s physical and moral development into adult men and male citizens. The conflicts over conscription prompted the contemporaries to express their notions about what Finnish men were like, at their best and at their worst, and what should and could be done about it. This thesis studies military conscription as an arena for the “making of manhood” in peacetime Finnish society, 1918–1939. It examines a range of public images of conscripted soldiering, asking how soldiering was depicted and given gendered meanings in parliamentary debates, war hero myths, texts concerned with the military and civic education of conscripts, as well as in works of fiction and reminiscences about military training as a personal experience. Studying conscription with a focus on masculinity, the thesis explores the different cultural images of manliness, soldiering and male citizenship on offer in Finnish society. It investigates how political parties, officers, educators, journalists, writers and “ordinary” conscripts used and developed, embraced or rejected these notions, according to their political purposes or personal needs. The period between the two world wars can be described as a fast-forward into military modernity in Finland. In the process, European middle class gender ideologies clashed with Finnish agrarian masculinities. Nationalistic agendas for the militarisation of Finnish manhood stumbled against intense class conflicts and ideological resistance. Military propaganda used images of military heroism, civic virtue and individual success to persuade the conscripts into ways of thinking and acting that were shaped by bourgeois mentality, nationalistic ideology and religious morality. These images are further analysed as expressive of the personal experiences and emotions of their middle-aged, male authors. The efforts of these military educators were, however, actively resisted on many fronts, ranging from rural working class masculinities among the conscripted young men to ideological critiques of the standing army system in parliament. In narratives about military training, masculinity was depicted as both strengthened and contradicted by the harsh and even brutal practices of interwar Finnish military training. The study represents a combination of new military history and the historical study of men and masculinities. It approaches masculinity as a contested and highly political form of social and cultural knowledge that is actively and selectively used by historic actors. Instead of trying to identify a dominant or “hegemonic” form of masculinity within a pre-determined theoretical structure, this study examines how the meanings ascribed to manhood varied according to class, age, political ideology and social situation. The interwar period in Finland can be understood as a period of contest between different notions of militarised masculinity, yet to judge by the materials studied, there was no clear winning party in that contest. A gradual movement from an atmosphere of conflict surrounding conscription towards political and cultural compromises can be discerned, yet this convergence was incomplete and many division lines remained.

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My research deals with agent nouns in the language of the works of Mikael Agricola (ca. 1510–1557). The main tasks addressed in my thesis have been to describe individual agent noun types, to provide a comprehensive picture of the category of agent nouns and to clarify the relations between different types of agent nouns. My research material consists of all the agent nouns referring to persons in the language of Agricola’s works, together with their context. The language studied is for the most part translated language. Agent nouns play an important role both in the vocabulary of natural language and in broader sentence structures, since in a text it is constantly necessary to refer to actors re-ferring to persons in the text. As a concept and a phenomenon, the agent noun is widely known in languages. It is a word formed with a certain derivational affixes, which typical-ly refers to a person. In my research the agent noun category includes both deverbal and denominal derivatives referring to persons, e.g. kirjoittaa > kirjoittaja (to write > writer), asua > asuva (to inhabit > inhabitant), imeä > imeväinen (to suck > suckling), juopua > juopunut (to drink > drunkard), pelätä > pelkuri (to fear > one who fears ‘a coward’), apu > apulainen (help/to help > helper); lammas > lampuri (sheep > shepherd). Besides original Finnish expressions, agent noun derivatives taken as such from foreign languages form a word group of central importance for the research (e.g. nikkari, porvari, ryöväri, based on the German/Swedish for carpenter, burgher, robber). Especially important for the formation of agent nouns in Finnish are the models offered by foreign languages. The starting point for my work is predominantly semantic, as both the criteria for collecting the material and the categorisation underlying the analysis of the material are based on semantic criteria. When examining derivatives, aspects relating to structure are also inevitably of central importance, as form and meaning are closely associated with each other in this type of vocabulary. The alliance of structure and meaning can be described in an illustrative manner with the help of structural schemata. The examination of agent nouns comprises on the one hand analysis of syntactic elements and on the other, study of cultural words in their most typical form. The latter aspect offers a research object in which language and the extralinguistic world, referents, their designations and cultural-historical reality are in concrete terms one and the same. Thus both the agent noun types that follow the word formation principles of the Finn-ish language and those of foreign origin borrowed as a whole into Finnish illustrate very well how an expression of a certain origin and formed according to a certain structural model is inseparably bound up with the background of its referent and in general with semantic factors. This becomes evident both on the level of the connection between cer-tain linguistic features and text genre and in relation to cultural words referring to per-sons. For example, the model for the designations of God based on agent nouns goes back thousands of years and is still closely linked in 16th century literature with certain text genres. This brings out the link between the linguistic feature and the genre in a very con-crete manner. A good example of the connection between language and the extralinguistic world is provided by the cultural vocabulary referring to persons. Originally Finnish agent noun derivatives are associated with an agrarian society, while the vocabulary relat-ing to mediaeval urbanisation, the Hansa trade and specialisation by trade or profession is borrowed and originates in its entirety from vocabulary that was originally German.

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Suurpetojen kannanhoitoon, ja etenkin suden kannanhoitoon liittyvä monitahoinen konfl ikti esiintyy jännitteinä paikallisyhteisöjen ja keskushallinnon, maaseudun ja kaupunkien sekä maallikoiden ja tutkijoiden välillä. Suurpetopolitiikan legitimiteettikriisi näkyy kansallisen kannanhoidon tavoitteiden ja toimenpiteiden kiistämisenä passiivisin ja aktiivisin toimin. Tällä ajankohtaisella ongelmalla on mittavat historialliset juuret. Luonnon ja ihmisen välinen suhde on ollut jatkuvaa tasapainottelua konfl iktien ja niiden hallinnan kanssa, ja suurpedot ovat väistämättä olleet konfl iktin keskiössä lajityypillisten piirteidensä vuoksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on osoittaa ympäristöhistoriallisen tutkimusotteen kautta suomalaisen vahinkoeläinhistorian keskeiset toimet ja toimijat, sekä ymmärtää vahinkoeläinten kannanhoidon tavoite- ja toimenpideasettelun vaikutukset eläinpopulaatioihin historiallisessa ja ekologisessa kontekstissa. Tutkimuksen toinen tavoite on tuottaa synteesi nykypäivän suurpetojen kannanhoidon tavoite- ja toimenpiteiden tarkoituksenmukaisuudesta ja vaikuttavuudesta historiallisessa kontekstissa ja esittää uudenlainen lähestymismalli sosiaalisesti kestävämmälle suurpetopolitiikalle. Vahinkoeläinhistoriaa käsitellään deduktiivisella ja rekonstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella käyttäen aineistona lakitekstejä, maksettuja tapporahoja, sanomalehtikirjoituksia, sidosryhmien kirjoituksia sekä eläintieteellisiä julkaisuja. Etenkin laeissa ja asetuksissa eri eläimistä asetetut tapporahat ja toisaalta saalistilastojen perusteella maksetut palkkiot on nostettu tässä tutkimuksessa merkittävään rooliin asenteiden tulkinnan välineenä. Tarkastelu ulotetaan nisäkkäiden lisäksi myös lintuihin, jotka ovat edellä mainitun aineiston valossa olleet merkittävä vainottu eläinryhmä. Nykypäivän petokonfl iktin tarkastelussa keskiöön nostetaan suurpetoasenteet, niiden muodostuminen ja vaikutus suurpetopolitiikan tavoitteiden ja toimenpiteiden kiistämisessä. Suurpetopolitiikan legitimiteettikriisiä tarkastellaan paikallisten uhmakkuutena hallintoa kohtaan ja tulkinta keinoista puuttua sosiopoliittiseen rikokseen rakennetaan tätä ajatusta vasten. Suurpetojen salakaatajat toimivat yhteisönsä puolesta ja saavat tukensa toimilleen yhteisöltään. Sosiopoliittinen rikos ei siten ole ainoastaan salakaatajien vaan sen sijaan yhteisön yhteinen. Salakaatajat ja paikallisyhteisö pyrkivät häivyttämään yhteiskunnassa viranomaisten ja sidosryhmien taholta toimintaan liittämää stigmaa ja siten oikeuttamaan tekonsa vallitsevissa olosuhteissa. Arvoristiriitoihin perustuvat konfl iktit ovat haasteellisia hallita ja lähtökohtana on oltava ymmärrys siitä, että etenkin suteen liittyvät jännitteet ja ristiriidat ihmisten välisissä suhteissa ovat väistämättömiä. Tunnistamalla historiallisen aineiston merkittävyys nykypäivän ongelmakeskeisen kannanhoidon ratkaisun tietopohjana on mahdollista rakentaa sosiaalisesti kestävämpää suurpetojen kannanhoitoa. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä painotetaan suurpetoihin liittyen ajatusta, jonka mukaan paikallisilta suurpetoalueilla eläviltä ihmisiltä tai sidosryhmien edustajilta ei edellytetä arvomaailman muuttumista, vaan hyväksytään heidän käsityksensä suurpetojen roolista vahingontekijöinä. Sen sijaan vahvistetaan suurpetojen välineellistä roolia paikallisyhteisöjen resurssina ja oleellisten sidosryhmien roolia yhteisön toimijoina psykologisen omistajuuden rakentamisen kautta. Suurpetojen kestävä kannanhoito vaatii siten riistahallinnon toimintakulttuurin muutosta ja uudenlaista suhdetta yhteiskunnan eri toimijoihin.

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My final project presents the directing process of my experimental production based on King Lear by William Shakespeare. I describe the process from the first visions of the beginning to the completed performance and finally the feedback from the audience. I concentrate on the special qualities of the production, such as interaction, small and moveable audience, cinematic qualities, polyphonic dramaturgy, and use of the video. The Project is divided into six parts. The first part introduces the project as a whole. The second part concentrates on the process before the beginning of the rehearsals. The third part focuses on the rehearsals and co-operation with the actors, whereas the fourth part deals with the performance and its special qualities. Following this, in the fifth part I study the interaction of the performance with the help of the audience feedback. In the final part conclusions are drawn. The focus of this work is the use of intuition even as a starting point of the theatre directing process. My conclusions drawn from the description of the process suggest that the starting point of the theatre production may be an intuitive vision as well as some conscious subject or message.

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In Finland, European Union membership and economic globalisation have changed the position of regions from closed territorial systems to nodes of open international networks. The increasing complexity of cities as globalised knowledge centres and functionally specialised and diversified rural areas, and on the other hand growing disparities between prosperous urban cores and lagging peripheral areas are also essential features in contemporary regional development. These trends have produced new needs to promote mutual dialogue between cities and the countryside in western market economies. Urban-rural interaction is an idea which was developed in the late 1990s within regional policy to pull together these new challenges to regional development and handle cities and the countryside as a whole. The aim of my study is to conceptualise the idea of urban-rural interaction, explain the phenomenon theoretically, clarify past and present urban and rural development and analyse regional policies from the interaction angle. The ultimate purpose is to illustrate the existence and nature of particular interaction policy in a globalising society. The general method is discourse analysis, which I use in three cases: Central Finland, South-Ostrobothnia and South-West Finland. Theoretically I have a two-dimensional approach. On the first hand I use World-System theory to explain how the global economy is moulding urban and rural structures at the regional level. On the other hand I use regime theory to explain local political actions and practises between cities and the countryside under the overlapping pressures deriving from reformulated regional structures and policies.

Adaptation to globalisation in Finland has been carried out by strengthening urban centres. The stress in regional policy has been in urban development. The development of the countryside has mostly been implemented by a separate rural policy. At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s Finnish cities have actually shown themselves to be competitive in global markets. The drawbacks of the new growth centre policy have been the sparse network of prosperous cities and their weak spreading effects, which have hindered comprehensive regional development. Tensions between urban and rural areas have also deepened. In this situation the interaction policy is used as a way of balancing development and moderate conflicts within the regions. From this point of view urban-rural interaction can be seen as a way of tackling the challenges of globalisation.

On the other hand the results emphasise that actors involved in regional development still believe, although the hegemonic discourse is on urban policy, that there are opportunities to stimulate progress in the countryside as well. In the situation where regional authorities control development resources, rural development can be successful only if rural actors manage to establish fruitful relationships with their urban partners. This is also the weakness of the programme-based regional policy. If rural municipalities or other actors are for any reason incapable of building development regimes with cities, the offers of interaction policy will be useless.

The problem of the interaction policy is that the focus and methods of it have so far been rather underdeveloped. In order to improve the efficiency of the interaction policy, further research should concentrate on the social processes which define the position of cities and the countryside as partners of interaction, and practises which promote or prohibit the possibilities of developing the interaction policy. The efforts to define different contents of urban-rural interaction or promote interaction projects should not have such an important role in the future as they have had so far. Instead, the focus of interaction policy should be on questions such as how to manage the political tensions between town and country and how to create a positive atmosphere for regional policy where the needs of urban and rural development are promoted equally.

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Summary: An "Old Finn" in the Agrarian Union : Jalo Lahdensuo's ideals and work in public life

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Työn tavoitteena on kuvailla suomalaisen musiikkiteollisuuden toimialan rakennetta määrittelemällä alan arvojärjestelmä. Ensin tutkitaan minkälainen kuvailutapa sopii musiikkiteollisuuden arvojärjestelmän esittämiseen. Toisena analysoidaan Suomen musiikkitoimialan nykytilannetta sekä kehitystä. Kolmantena tarkastellaan, millaisista toiminnoista musiikkiteollisuuden verkosto koostuu ja millainen se on toimintaympäristönä. Työssä esitetään toimialan arvonmuodostumisen mallintamiseen Parolinin (1999) arvojärjestelmän sekä arvoverkon käsitteet. Arvojärjestelmä koostuu tietyn tarjooman tuottamiseen tarvittavista toiminnoista sekä niiden välisistä suhteista. Tätä soveltaen kootaan musiikkiteollisuuden kulutustoimintojoukko, sekä näihin vastaavat tuotantotoiminnot, jotka edelleen jakaantuvat kolmeen perustoimintoon sekä joukkoon tukitoimintoja. Tämän pohjalta esitetään toimialan arvojärjestelmä, josta mallinnetaan tarkemmin tallenne- ja ohjelmatuotannon arvoverkot. Suomalaisen musiikkiteollisuuden tilaa ja ajankohtaisia suuntauksiaanalysoidaan arvoketjun toiminnoittain jäsenneltynä. Alan verkostoa toimintaympäristönä tarkastellaan rakenteellisesta näkökulmasta. Musiikkiteollisuus on vahvasti verkostomainen toimiala. Verkosto on epämuodollinen ja rakentuu toimijoidenvälisistä sosiaalisista suhteista.