Yksityiskohdat malleista 612, 615, 621, 827, 837

kuv., 13 x 21 cm

Specifikationer över modellerna 612, 615, 621, 827, 837

kuv., 13 x 21 cm

Pääministeri Tage Erlander 13/10 1969

Kirje 13.10.1969

Growth strategies of international companies in the emerging markets of South-East Europe

Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia niitä tekijöitä jotka ovat vaikuttaneet kansainvälisten yritysten myynnin kasvuun Romaniassa, Bulgariassa, Serbiassa ja Sloveniassa. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin neljää kansainvälisen yrityksen edustajaa sekä 16 kansainvälisen kaupan ammattilaista. Työn akateemisena viitekehyksenä käytettiin keskeisiä kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan teorioita sekä myynnin strategista viitekehystä. Johtopäätöksenä katsotaan, että menestyvillä yrityksillä on selvä kansainvälistymis-strategia, kansainvälinen organisaatio, konsultoiva myyntityyli ja resursseja investoida koulutukseen. Tarkastelun alla olevista maista etenkin Romaniasta ja Bulgarista löytyy liiketoiminta potentiaalia. Tutkimuksen johtopäätökset perustuvat laadullisiin ja määrällisiin tutkimusmenetelmiin ja ne on tarkoitettu palvemaan Tikkurila Oy:tä. Tutkimustuloksia on myös mahdollista soveltaa laajemmin samanlaisessa tutkimusympäristössä, kunhan tutkittavan liiketoimintaympäristön erityispiirteet ovat otetttu huomioon

Flexible Multibody Simulation Approach in the Dynamic Analysis of Bone Strains Activity

The objective of this study is to show that bone strains due to dynamic mechanical loading during physical activity can be analysed using the flexible multibody simulation approach. Strains within the bone tissue play a major role in bone (re)modeling. Based on previous studies, it has been shown that dynamic loading seems to be more important for bone (re)modeling than static loading. The finite element method has been used previously to assess bone strains. However, the finite element method may be limited to static analysis of bone strains due to the expensive computation required for dynamic analysis, especially for a biomechanical system consisting of several bodies. Further, in vivo implementation of strain gauges on the surfaces of bone has been used previously in order to quantify the mechanical loading environment of the skeleton. However, in vivo strain measurement requires invasive methodology, which is challenging and limited to certain regions of superficial bones only, such as the anterior surface of the tibia. In this study, an alternative numerical approach to analyzing in vivo strains, based on the flexible multibody simulation approach, is proposed. In order to investigate the reliability of the proposed approach, three 3-dimensional musculoskeletal models where the right tibia is assumed to be flexible, are used as demonstration examples. The models are employed in a forward dynamics simulation in order to predict the tibial strains during walking on a level exercise. The flexible tibial model is developed using the actual geometry of the subject’s tibia, which is obtained from 3 dimensional reconstruction of Magnetic Resonance Images. Inverse dynamics simulation based on motion capture data obtained from walking at a constant velocity is used to calculate the desired contraction trajectory for each muscle. In the forward dynamics simulation, a proportional derivative servo controller is used to calculate each muscle force required to reproduce the motion, based on the desired muscle contraction trajectory obtained from the inverse dynamics simulation. Experimental measurements are used to verify the models and check the accuracy of the models in replicating the realistic mechanical loading environment measured from the walking test. The predicted strain results by the models show consistency with literature-based in vivo strain measurements. In conclusion, the non-invasive flexible multibody simulation approach may be used as a surrogate for experimental bone strain measurement, and thus be of use in detailed strain estimation of bones in different applications. Consequently, the information obtained from the present approach might be useful in clinical applications, including optimizing implant design and devising exercises to prevent bone fragility, accelerate fracture healing and reduce osteoporotic bone loss.

De plagis Aegyptiacis

Arkit: 1 arkintunnukseton lehti, A4 B2.

Menuetto

Soitinnus: sello, piano.

Design and analysis of a transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-machine pole-pair

The Switched Reluctance technology is probably best suited for industrial low-speed or zerospeed applications where the power can be small but the torque or the force in linear movement cases might be relatively high. Because of its simple structure the SR-motor is an interesting alternative for low power applications where pneumatic or hydraulic linear drives are to be avoided. This study analyses the basic parts of an LSR-motor which are the two mover poles and one stator pole and which form the “basic pole pair” in linear-movement transversal-flux switchedreluctance motors. The static properties of the basic pole pair are modelled and the basic design rules are derived. The models developed are validated with experiments. A one-sided one-polepair transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-motor prototype is demonstrated and its static properties are measured. The modelling of the static properties is performed with FEM-calculations. Two-dimensional models are accurate enough to model the static key features for the basic dimensioning of LSRmotors. Three-dimensional models must be used in order to get the most accurate calculation results of the static traction force production. The developed dimensioning and modelling methods, which could be systematically validated by laboratory measurements, are the most significant contributions of this thesis.