RCAAP: Building and maintaining a national repository network

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Metsäteollisuuden puunhankinnan ohjaus: Hankintalähteen kannattavuus ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät

Tutkielmassa rakennettiin laskentamalli metsäteollisuuden puunhankinnan hankintalähteen kannattavuuden määrittämiseksi ja selittämiseksi. Tutkimuksessa noudatettiin konstruktiivisen tapaustutkimuksen tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen kohdeorganisaationa oli kansainvälisesti toimivan metsäteollisuusyrityksen Suomen puunhankintaorganisaatio. Kannattavuusmalli määrittelee hankintalähteen kannattavuuden sekä käsitteellisellä että laskentamenettelyn tasolla. Kannattavuusmallin katesuure on porttikate, joka rakennettiin taloudellisen lisäarvon teoriaan nojaten kohdeorganisaation tarpeiden ja sen laskenta-asiantuntijoiden näkemysten perusteella. Kannattavuusmallin rakenne ja osat kuvattiin seikkaperäisesti. Kannattavuusmallin käyttämän liiketoimintadatan poiminta ja laskentasuureiden raportointi testattiin. Mallin tarvitsemat laskentatiedot on saatavissa kohdeorganisaation kehitteillä olevasta toiminnanohjausjärjestelmästä. Laskentamallin hyödyntämismahdollisuudet arvioitiin. Hankintalähteen kannattavuutta mittaavalla porttikatteella voidaan ohjata puunhankintaorganisaatiota sen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Malli ilmaisee porttikatteeseen vaikuttavien tekijöiden vaikutuksen kannattavuuteen, minkä avulla voidaan tehdä parempia päätöksiä hankintalähteiden hyödyntämisessä. Aiemmista tutkimuksista poiketen malli huomioi hankintalähteen suoritteen arvon tärkeimmille asiakastehtaille perustuen todellisiin liiketapahtumiin. Kannattavuusmallia voidaan hyödyntää laajalti metsäteollisuusyritysten tavaralajimenetelmään perustuvassa puunhankinnassa. Kannattavuusmallin rakentaminen rohkaisee puunhankinnan johtoa ja laskentahenkilöitä hedelmällisen yhteistyöhön.

Alkoholin verkkokauppamarkkinat Suomessa

Opinnäytetyö alkoholin verkkokauppamarkkinoista Suomessa on katsaus markkinoihin, jotka ovat olleet esillä mediassa viime aikoina hyvinkin paljon. Opinnäytetyössä analysoidaan Michael Porterin viiden kilpailuvoiman mallin avulla toimialaa. Porterin viisi kilpailuvoimaa ovat toimialan nykyinen kilpailu, tavarantoimittajien neuvotteluvoima, kuluttajien neuvotteluvoima, uusien kilpailijoiden uhka sekä korvaavien tuotteiden tai palveuluiden uhka. Tämän lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan lainsäädäntöä kuudentena kilpailuvoimana, sillä se asettaa merkittävät kilpailulliset reunaehdot. Toimiala-analyysin jälkeen siirrytään varsinaiseen tutkimusongelmaan, jossa pohditaan, kannattaako Alkon perustaa verkkokauppa? Tähän liittyen apututkimuskysymyksissä pohditaan mitä lisäarvoa alkoholin verkkokauppa luo ylipäätään kuluttajille sekä tavarantoimittajille/maahantuojille. Opinnäytetyöhön on liitetty ajatuksia, joita on kerätty haastattelemalla kolmea eri henkilöä, joilta löytyy merkittävästi tietoa alkoholimarkkinoista. Alko Oy ei ole osallisena, vaan opinnäytetyö on kirjoitettu täysin objektiivisesti, vaikka siinä onkin paljon kirjoittan omaa empiriaa. Haastattelut ovat tarkoituksella jätetty keskustelunomaisiksi, ja ovat siten melko subjektiivisia näkemyksiä eri ihmisten silmin. Monopolit herättävät keskustelua ja Alkon asema yhteiskunnallisena monopolina onkin asetettu kriittiseen tarkasteluun tutkimuksessa. Teoriassa käsiteltiin myös Alkon palvelualttiutta 4C –mallin avulla sekä Alkoa yrityksenä analysoitiin SWOT –analyysilla. Näiden teorioiden, toimiala-analyysin, haastatteluiden, kirjoittajan oman näkemyksen sekä eri lähteistä löydetyn informaation myötä voidaan todeta, että Alkon verkkokaupalle on tarve, joka on ollut olemassa jo pitkään. Monopoliaseman oletetaan olleen syy tälle hitaalle kehitykselle. Kuluttajien lisäarvoa olisi ehdottomasti kotiinkuljetus, mutta sitä Alko ei tarjoa. Toisaalta verkkokaupan myötä laajeneva tuotevalikoima on selkeä lisäarvo. Tavarantoimittajien/maahantuojien lisäarvoa ei vielä pystytty selvittämään, koska siihen suhtauduttiin ristiriitaisesti.

Co-creating Value For Smart Phone Operating Systems Via Virtual Discussion Forums

In the traditional way, value is created by manufacturer or producer of a product without engaging the customers. So, traditionally value creation is a monopoly in the part of a manufacturer. After gathering all the raw materials the manufacturers are inserting value to a product. And the inserted value is recognized in the time of consuming the product. In the modern time though there is traditional way of value creation but with the increase of more educated, smart, and technically sound customers the idea of value creation has changed. Now, customers are also contributing in value creation as value co-creator even before the product is consumed. This scenario has been encountered in the thesis with the main purpose of how value is cocreated in smart phone operating systems. The purpose is further divided into the following supobjectives: o What is value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? o Who participates in value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? o What are the procedures that are involved in value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? The research was conducted as a qualitative desk study by observing two of the leading smart phone operating system providers. Data has been collected from the official discussion forum of both the operating system providers. Other general concepts relating to the purpose of the study has been encountered through literature review. The research findings reveal that customers and companies both together co-create value of anticipated level when they communicate and interact with each other. However, most of the time customer to customer interactions, dialogues and discussions that come out in the core conversation help the value co-creation. The value co-creation framework sets up the customer at the main focus of value creation theory. By nullifying the inherited notion that companies only create value within its boundary and provide it to their customers in exchange of currencies. Rationally, it has been commenced that the firms are merely compromising value propositions to its customers. But the value has been co-created in a point where offerings are combined and interacted with customers’ capabilities, knowledge, resources and perceptions. This new perspective has radically altered the prospect of firms towards its customers. Typically customers are now taking part in value cocreation as a crucial member.

Barriers to Service-sector SME Internationalization in the EU Business Environment

The service sector in the global world is constantly growing: in Europe, they account currently approximately for 70 per cent of the total economy. Yet service internationalization is rather a new phenomenon: services have been traditionally seen as local entities, which also explains why research on service internationalization has properly begun only few decades ago. Even though the Single European Market allows free service movement between Member States, services do not move as actively as desired: approximately only one fifth of services are involved in cross-border trade. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the EU business environment. To address the research purpose, the internationalization of service-sector SMEs in the EU area is first described and thereafter, the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the European context are mapped and analyzed from intra- and extra-firm perspectives. In order to understand the topic area and the phenomenon, a short glance is first taken into Europe as a business environment for service industries: the market characteristics and benefits of the common free trade area for service industries are described. Also earlier literature on service internationalization and barriers to international service trade are discussed. Due to low previous research activity on barriers specifically to international service trade, the discussion is improved by presenting general findings of barriers to SME internationalization. This research is conducted with qualitative methods: there is only a limited amount of previous research and qualitative methods provide a way of gathering in-depth information and reaching understanding from respondents’ perspectives. The evidence presented in the study was collected through six semi-structured interviews with six different small or medium sized international service firm representatives that all had the first-hand knowledge regarding their company’s process of delivering services from home market to other European countries. The results of the study provide a detailed description and analysis of intra- and extra-firm barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the context of EU and indicate that in general, internal firm-specific barriers have a greater impact in determining firm’s possibilities to be engaged in cross-border service trade – external barriers played a smaller role. What might explain these results is that first of all, the study has full focus on service firms of smaller size and internal barriers tend to be particularly effective to SMEs as their resources, skills and capabilities are often limited, which limits internationalization possibilities. Second, the results may indicate that EU’s internal market and the free trade concept function quite well from service firms’ perspective, and the low service movement rate may be rather caused by firm’s own competences and resource-related difficulties than directly by flaws in the market. The results complete earlier literature and provide new and more detailed knowledge of barriers to cross-border service trade in the context of Europe. They also indicate that service internationalization should be observed separately from internationalization of traditional manufacturing firms due to unique service-specific characteristics. The findings of this study are particularly beneficial for small or medium sized service firm managers as it provides knowledge of delivering services across borders in Europe and of barriers that relate to that process.

Aktiivisten ja passiivisten osakerahastojen suoriutuminen Suomen ja Euroopan markkinoilla

The performance of active and passive fund management has been extensively studied especially in the US. This thesis is focused on the performance of active and passive fund management in the Finnish and European stock markets during a five-year time span from 3/2011 to 3/2016. The aim of this study is to find out which strategy will result in better returns for the small-scale investor. The thesis questions also which strategy leads to a better profit-risk rate and how well the fund managers perform in creating added value. The data of the study consists of 44 active Finnish funds and two passive exchange traded funds available for Finnish investors. Indexes of both Finnish and European markets and a risk-free rate are used to support the analysis. The data for the thesis is collected from the DataStream database. Performance indicators that are used in the study are: return, volatility, Sharpe ratio and Jensen’s alpha. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that in the Finnish stock market the passive strategy yielded a little better profits than the average of active funds. In the European stock market, the profits for the passive fund were significantly better than the average of active funds. Considering the profit-risk rate, neither strategy out- performed. The results of this thesis are in line with the previous studies, that encourage to favor the passive strategy.

NEGOTIATING IN FINNISH GROCERY RETAIL - Negotiation Narratives of S-group, Kesko and Lidl

In this research retail negotiations are explored through the question: What characteristics are distinctive to negotiating in Finnish grocery retail trade? To shed light on the research question I interviewed experienced retail negotiators and mapped out the most important characteristics of the retail negotiations. I described through examples the most prominent challenges negotiators face in their negotiations and elaborated what kind of tools the experienced negotiators use to overcome those challenges. The research results add up to a groundwork frame for retail negotiations with which further research can be more easily directed to any area of interest in the Finnish grocery retail negotiations. The framework can give ideas or frames for further research, or function as a general guideline of factors to consider when negotiating in Finnish retail field. The results were divided into 3 sections: Characteristics, Challenges and Tools. Different negotiation models help negotiators and researchers understand negotiation dynamics. This research adds to that pool by focusing on elements essential to consider specifically in the context of Finnish retail. Finland offered an exceptionally interesting setting to study negotiation, as grocery retail trade in Finland is highly centralized. Especially for those interested understanding a centralized setting such as Finland’s retail field, the framework presented in this research might provide a valuable spectrum of essential negotiation elements. Learning is a lifelong process, but that path can be evened by tuning in on what others have learned during their own endeavors in similar situations. Seasoned negotiators have many stories to tell about negotiating that can be drawn upon and by doing so, we can avoid having to spend time learning the same insights twice. This research drew on narrative, case-research and interviewing to find out how seasoned negotiators in the field of Finnish retail experienced negotiation, what challenges negotiations pose and what tools can be used to overcome them