Informationsbeteende och inlärningsmiljöer : en kvalitativ studie av medicine studerandes informationsbeteende i två olika utbildningsprogram

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att granska relationerna mellan olika undervisningsmetoder och studenters informationsbeteende, vilket i denna undersökning inbegriper även deras informationskompetens. Vikten av att undersöka dessa förhållanden kan motiveras med att både kunskap om de faktorer som påverkar utvecklandet av informationskompetens och forskning som tar fram olika mönster i studenternas informationsbeteende behövs för att sådana inlärningsmiljöer, informationssystem och -tjänster som stöder studenternas inlärning skall kunna utvecklas. I avhandlingen söks svar på följande frågor: 1. Vilka faktorer i inlärningsmiljöerna, dvs. problembaserad inlärningsmiljö (pbl) och traditionell inlärningsmiljö, påverkar informationsbeteendet och hur påverkar dessa faktorer? 2. Hurdan information behövs i inlärningsprocessen? Hur anskaffas informationen? Vilka informationskanaler och -källor används och hur används de? 3. Hur används information i samband med inlärningen? I undersökningen används en kvalitativ forskningsansats och det huvudsakliga undersökningsmaterialet består av intervjuer med 16 medicine studerande som studerar enligt en problembaserad inlärningsmetod och 15 studerande som studerar i ett traditionellt ämnesbaserat utbildningsprogram. Den empiriska delen av undersökningen utfördes i slutet av 1990-talet. Resultaten indikerar att en problembaserad inlärningsmiljö utvecklar förståelsen av kunskap, aktiverar informationsanskaffningen och informationsanvändningen, samt främjar utvecklingen av studenternas informationskompetens såsom den definierades i denna undersökning. Högre nivå av informationskompetens och aktiv informationsanvändning förekom emellertid i båda utbildningsprogrammen även bland studenter som hade påbörjat de fördjupade studiernas slutarbete, vilket framhäver motivationens och de verkliga informationsbehovens roll i informationsbeteendet och i utvecklandet av informationskompetensen.

The family school : the impact of a group training programme on overactive hard-to-manage preschool children and their parents

Föräldraskap upplevs som en utmanande uppgift i dag och det påstås att föräldrar oftare än förr skulle var i behov av råd och stöd beträffande barnuppfostran. Denna uppgift kan ytterligare försvåras om det i familjen finns ett hyperaktivt okoncentrerat barn att uppfostra. Detta arbete undersökte effekterna av ett kortvarigt gruppbaserat interventionsprogram benämnt Familjeskolan POP (Preschool Overactivity Programme). Familjeskolan är avsedd för familjer med barn i lekåldern, som visar beteendesvårigheter såsom ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), ODD (Oppositional Deficit Disorder) eller CD (Conduct Disorder). Målet för Familjeskolan är att öka föräldrarnas kunskaper och självförtroende då de har ett krävande svårhanterligt barn att uppfostra. Familjeskolan strävar också till att reducera barns icke-önskvärda beteenden genom att öka deras sociala färdigheter och koncentrationsförmåga. Familjeskolan verkställdes i Helsingfors vid ADHD- centrets lokaliteter. 45 mödrar och deras barn från huvudstadsregionen deltog i denna undersökning. Av dessa deltog 33 i Familjeskola-programmet medan de 12 övriga bildade den s.k. kontrollgruppen. Undersökningsresultaten tyder på förbättringar beträffande både moderns och faderns föräldrakunskaper efter Familjeskola-interventionen. Det är att lägga märke till att enbart mödrar deltog i interventionsprogrammet. Efter programmet klarade mödrar enligt egen utsaga vardagen bättre. Speciellt hade de blivit bättre på att hantera barnens beteendesvårigheter och hyperaktivt okoncentrerat beteende. Resultaten påvisade också att programmet var effektivast för de mödrar som före Familjeskolan upplevde sig besitta ringa föräldrakunskaper. Mödrarna rapporterade en signifikant minskning i barnens totala beteendesvårigheter. Efter interventionen ansåg mödrarna att deras barn var mindre olydiga, hyperaktiva samt att deras beteendesvårigheter var lindrigare. Enligt dagvårdspersonalen hade barnens totala beteendesvårigheter och problem med koncentration och hyperaktivitet också minskat. Motsvarande förbättringar uppnåddes inte i kontrollgruppen. Resultaten från uppföljningsintervjun, visade också att barnens beteendeförändringar var bestående både hemma och i daghemmet. Både föräldrar och dagvårdspersonalen rapporterade en signifikant minskning i barnens totala svårigheter jämfört med innan familjerna påbörjade interventionen. Föräldrarna rapporterade en marginell minskning i barnens ADHD-liknande beteende, beteendesvårigheter och i svårigheter med kamrater, dagvårdspersonalen däremot rapporterade en signifikant minskning i barnens beteendesvårigheter, hyperaktivt/okoncentrerat beteende samt i svårigheter med kamrater mellan innan familjerna påbörjade interventionen och uppföljningen ett år efter. Resultaten av denna undersökning stödjer hypotesen att kortvariga gruppbaserade interventionsprogram kan åstadkomma permanenta förbättringar i föräldrakunskaper och barns beteende. Detta gäller främst hyperaktivitet, koncentrationssvårigheter och trotsighet.

”Tätä työtä tehdään Suomen suvun historiassa vain yhden kerran”. Itä-Karjalan sotilashallintoesikunnan opettajaleiri suomalaisten ja itäkarjalaisten kohtaamisen paikkana 1941 – 1944

Tutkimus käsittelee suomalaisten ja itäkarjalaisten suhdetta Itä-Karjalan miehityksen aikana 1941 – 1944. Lähestyn aihetta Itä-Karjalan sotilashallintoesikunnan opettajaleirin kautta. Leirillä opiskeli joulukuun 1941 ja elokuun 1944 välisenä aikana yli sata itäkarjalaista opettajaa Paltamossa, Jämsässä ja Raumalla. Koulutuksen tavoitteena oli antaa opiskelijoille suomalaisen kansakoulunopettajan pätevyys ja kasvattaa heistä suursuomalaisen aatemaailman omaksuneita opettajia Suomeen liitettävän Itä-Karjalan tarpeisiin. Tutkimuksen lähdeaineistona on opettajaleirin arkistoksi kutsuttu aineistokokonaisuus. Tarkastelen tutkimuksessa suomalaisten ja itäkarjalaisten suhteita sotilashallinnon kontekstissa. Tutkimuksessa käsitellyt suomalaiset olivat miehityshallinnon edustajia, itäkarjalaiset taas miehitetyn alueen asukkaita ja vihollismaan kansalaisia. Tämä valtasuhde määritteli pitkälti sen, miten he toisensa näkivät. Perinteisen sotahistorian sijaan tutkimukseni sijoittuu pikemminkin uuden sotahistorian kenttään. Varsinaisten sotatapahtumien sijaan tutkimus keskittyy siihen, millaiselle ajatusmaailmalle Itä-Karjalan sotilashallinto rakentui. Tutkimus rakentuu kolmen tapahtumasarjan ympärille. Helmikuussa 1942 leirin opiskelijat järjestivät Leninin kuolinpäivänä mielenilmauksen, jonka seurauksena useita leirin opiskelijoita lähetettiin keskitysleireille. Käsittelen tapahtuman yhteydessä opettajaleiriä miehitysvallan välineenä ja opiskelijoiden mahdollisuuksia vastarintaan. Kesällä 1942 Mikko Karvosen itäkarjalaisesta opettajasta kertovan romaanin Heräävän elämän maa julkaisu herätti opettajaleirillä suuttumusta. Käyn leiriläisten reaktion kautta läpi kansallisuuden ja rodun merkitystä suomalaisten ja itäkarjalaisten suhteen pohjana. Viimeisessä käsittelyluvussa tutkin sitä, mitä sodan päättyminen ja opettajaleirin lakkauttaminen merkitsivät sen opettajille ja opiskelijoille. Sotilashallinnon ja opettajaleirin työ perustui siihen ajatukseen, että Itä-Karjala liitettäisiin sodan jälkeen Suomeen. Tämän takia itäkarjalaisia kohdeltiin ennen kaikkea tulevina suomalaisina. Opettajaleirin opiskelijat tuottivat pettymyksiä, koska heidän taivuttamisensa Suur-Suomi -ajatuksen puolelle oli ennakkoon ajateltua vaikeampaa. Heissä nähtiin myös kielteisiä piirteitä, jotka tulkittiin venäläisen kulttuurin vaikutuksiksi. Leirillä ajateltiin, että syntyperänsä takia opiskelijoista voisi tulla hyviä suomalaisia, mutta heidän piti oppia vihaamaan ”ryssää” ja pääsemään irti venäläisyyden vaikutuksista. Suomen vetäytyminen Itä-Karjalasta teki tyhjäksi haaveet Suur-Suomen luomisesta. Osa leirin entisistä opettajista ja Suomeen jääneistä opiskelijoista jatkoi yhteydenpitoa sodan jälkeenkin. Leiriläisiä yhdistivät yhteiset kokemukset, mutta etenkin leirin johtajan Matti Koskenniemen toiminnassa näkyi myös tavoite pitää kiinni ajatuksesta, että opettajaleirin työ ei ollut mennyt hukkaan. Sodan jälkeisessä Suomessa Itä-Karjalan miehitys haluttiin yleisesti unohtaa, mutta säilyttämällä ja kartuttamalla opettajaleirin arkistoa Koskenniemi piti kiinni oikeudesta omaan tulkintaansa siitä, mistä opettajaleirissä oli ollut kyse.

Conceptions of mathematics teacher education : thoughts among teacher educators in Tanzania

This study addresses the question of teacher educators’ conceptions of mathematics teacher education (MTE) in teacher colleges in Tanzania, and their thoughts on how to further develop it. The tension between exponents of content as opposed to pedagogy has continued to cause challenging conceptual differences, which also influences what teacher educators conceive as desirable in the development of this domain. This tension is connected to the dissatisfaction of parents and teachers with the failure of school mathematics. From this point of view, the overall aim was to identify and describe teacher educators’ various conceptions of MTE. Inspired by the debate among teacher educators about what the balance should be between subject matter and pedagogical knowledge, it was important to look at the theoretical faces of MTE. The theoretical background involved the review of what is visible in MTE, what is yet to be known and the challenges within the practice. This task revealed meanings, perspectives in MTE, professional development and assessment. To do this, two questions were asked, to which no clear solutions satisfactorily existed. The questions to guide the investigation were, firstly, what are teacher educators’ conceptions of MTE, and secondly, what are teacher educators’ thoughts on the development of MTE? The two questions led to the choice of phenomenography as the methodological approach. Against the guiding questions, 27 mathematics teacher educators were interviewed in relation to the first question, while 32 responded to an open-ended questionnaire regarding question two. The interview statements as well as the questionnaire responses were coded and analysed (classified). The process of classification generated patterns of qualitatively different ways of seeing MTE. The results indicate that MTE is conceived as a process of learning through investigation, fostering inspiration, an approach to learning with an emphasis on problem solving, and a focus on pedagogical knowledge and skills in the process of teaching and learning. In addition, the teaching and learning of mathematics is seen as subject didactics with a focus on subject matter and as an organized integration of subject matter, pedagogical knowledge and some school practice; and also as academic content knowledge in which assessment is inherent. The respondents also saw the need to build learner-educator relationships. Finally, they emphasized taking advantage of teacher educators’ neighbourhood learning groups, networking and collaboration as sustainable knowledge and skills sharing strategies in professional development. Regarding desirable development, teacher educators’ thoughts emphasised enhancing pedagogical knowledge and subject matter, and to be determined by them as opposed to conventional top-down seminars and workshops. This study has revealed various conceptions and thoughts about MTE based on teacher educators´ diverse history of professional development in mathematics. It has been reasonably substantiated that some teacher educators teach school mathematics in the name of MTE, hardly distinguishing between the role and purpose of the two in developing a mathematics teacher. What teacher educators conceive as MTE and what they do regarding the education of teachers of mathematics revealed variations in terms of seeing the phenomenon of interest. Within limits, desirable thoughts shed light on solutions to phobias, and in the same way low self-esteem and stigmatization call for the building of teacher educator-student teacher relationships.

Anti-predator adaptations in aquatic environments

Predation is an important selective force that has led to the evolution of a variety of fascinating anti-predator adaptations, such as many types of protective coloration and prey behaviours. Because the evolution of life has begun in the aquatic environment and many anti-predator adaptations are found already in relative primitive taxa, it is likely that many of these adaptations evolved initially in the aquatic environment. Yet, there has been surprisingly little research on the mechanisms and function of antipredator adaptations in aquatic systems. To understand the function of anti-predator adaptations and natural selection imposed on prey appearance and behaviour, I have investigated how protective coloration can be used, either as such or together with behavioural adaptations, to manipulate predator behaviour and decrease predation risk. To this end I conducted a series of behaviour ecological laboratory experiments in which I manipulated the visual appearance of artificial backgrounds and prey items. In paper I of this thesis, I investigated background choice as an anti-predator strategy, by observing the habitat choice of the least killifish (Heterandria formosa) between pairs of artificial backgrounds, both in the presence and absence of predation threat. It has been suggested that prey could decrease their risk of being detected by predators either by preferring backgrounds into which they blend or by preferring visually complex backgrounds. The least killifish preferred a background that matched their patterning to a background that mismatched it, showing that they are able to respond to cues of visual similarity between their colour pattern and the surrounding environment. Interestingly however, in female least killifish visual complexity of the background was a more important cue for habitat safety and may override or act together with background matching when searching for a safe habitat. It is possible that in females, preference for visually complex backgrounds is associated with lower opportunity costs than preference for matching backgrounds would be. Generally, the least killifish showed stronger preference while under predation threat, indicating that their background choice behaviour is an antipredator adaptation. Many aquatic prey species have eyespots, which are colour patterns that consist of roughly concentric rings and have received their name because they for humans often resemble the vertebrate eye. I investigated the anti-predator function of eyespots against predation by fish in papers II, III and IV. Some eyespots have been suggested to benefit prey by diverting the strikes of predators away from vital parts of the prey body or towards a direction that facilitates prey escape. Although proposed over a century ago, the divertive effect of eyespots has proven to be difficult to show experimentally. In papers II and III, I tested for divertive effect of eyespots towards attacking fish by presenting artificial prey with eyespots to laboratory reared three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). I found that eyespots strongly influenced the behaviour of attacking sticklebacks and effectively drew their strikes towards the eyespots. To further investigate this divertive effect and whether the specific shape of eyespots is important for it, I tested in paper III the response of fish also to other markings than eyespots. I found that eyespots were generally more effective in diverting the first strikes of attacking fish compared to other prey markings. My findings suggest that the common occurrence of eyespots in aquatic prey species can at least partly be explained by the divertive effect of the eyespot shape, possibly together with the relative simple developmental mechanisms underlying circular colour patterns. An eyebar is a stripe that runs through the eye, and this pattern has been suggested to obscure the real eyes of the prey by visually blending parts of the eyes and head of the prey and by creating false edges. In paper III, I show that an eyebar effectively disrupts an eyelike shape. This suggests that eyebars provide an effective way to conceal the eyes and consequently obstruct detection and recognition of prey. This experiment also demonstrates that through concealment of the eyes, eyebars could be used to enhance the divertive effect of eyespots, which can explain the common occurrence of eyebars in many species of fish that have eyespots. Larger eyespots have been shown to intimidate some terrestrial predators, such as passerine birds, either because they resemble the eyes of the predator’s own enemy or because highly salient features may have an intimidating effect. In papers II and IV, I investigated whether the occurrence of eyespots in some aquatic prey could be explained by their intimidating effect predatory fish. In paper IV, I also investigated the reason for the intimidating effect of eyelike prey marks. In paper II, I found no clear intimidating effect of eyespots, whereas in paper IV, using a different approach, I found that sticklebacks hesitated to attack towards eyelike but not towards non-eyelike marks. Importantly, paper IV therefore presents the first rigorous evidence for the idea that eye mimicry, and not merely conspicuousness, underlies the intimidating effect. It also showed that the hesitation shown by fish towards eyelike marks is partly an innate response that is reinforced by encounters with predators. Collectively, this thesis shows that prey colour pattern and the visual appearance of the habitat influence the behaviour of fish. The results demonstrate that protective coloration provides numerous distinctive ways for aquatic prey to escape predation. Thus, visual perception and behaviour of fish are important factors shaping the appearance and behaviours of aquatic prey.

Pohjavesiensuojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittaminen : Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan loppuraportti

Pohjavesien suojelun ja kiviaineshuollon yhteensovittamista (POSKI-projekti) selvitettiin Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan maakunnissa vuosina 1998 - 2004. Tavoitteena oli turvata geologisen luonnon ympäristöarvot, hyvälaatuinen pohjavesi yhdykuntien vesihuoltoon sekä laadukkaiden kiviainesten saanti yhdyskuntarakentamiseen. Selvitysalueella on 520 pohjavesialuetta, joista vedenhankintakäytössä on 345 kappaletta. Niiden arvioitu antoisuus on noin 248 000 m3/d. Käyttämättömiä vedenhankintaan soveltuvia pohjavesivaroja selvitysalueella on 99 pohjavesialueella noin 33 000 m3/d. Normaaliolosuhteissa pohjavesivarat riittävät tyydyttämään alueen tarpeen. Selvitysalueen pohjavesialueet kuuluvat kuitenkin riskialtteimpiin Suomessa. Poikkeusolosuhteiden tai mahdollisten vedenottamoiden likaantumistapausten varalta korvaavat pohjavesivarat ovat pienet ja vaikeasti hyödynnettävät. Selvitysalueen pohjavesipinnan yläpuoliset hiekka-ja soravarat ovat yhteensä noin 1 770 milj.k-m3. Näistä suurin osa sijaitsee alueilla, jotka eivät selvitystyön perusteella sovellu maa-ainesten ottoon. Maa-ainesten ottoon soveltuvilla ja osittain soveltuvilla alueilla arvioidaan olevan hiekka-ja soravaroja noin 64 milj.k-m3:ksi. Nämä ovat laadultaan valtaosaltaan hiekkaa. Soraa ja karkeampaa ainesta tästä on alle 15 milj. k-m3, mikä nykyisillä harjukiviainesten käyttömäärillä vastaa vajaan neljän vuoden tarvetta. Käytännössä selvitysalueen hiekka- ja soravarat eivät ole enää pitkään aikaan riittäneet tyydyttämään tarvetta, vaan sorajalosteita on tuotu Etelä-Hämeestä. Selvitysalueen tutkitut kalliokiviainesvarat maanpinnan 0-tasoon laskettuna ovat noin 2 520 milj.k-m3. Tästä määrästä maa-ainesten ottoon soveltuvilla alueilla on reilut 420 milj.k-m3 ja 10 m maanpinnan 0-tason alapuolelle laskettuna reilut 700 milj.k-m3. Tulosten perusteella näyttää siltä, että merkittävä osa alueen kiviaineshuollosta voidaan vielä järjestää kalliokiviaineksiin perustuen, mikäli kiviaineshuolto huomioidaan aikaisempaa tarkemmin maankäytön suunnittelussa.

Optimal Recycling Combination of Ash in South-East Finland

The present world energy production is heavily relying on the combustion of solid fuels like coals, peat, biomass, municipal solid waste, whereas the share of renewable fuels is anticipated to increase in the future to mitigate climate change. In Finland, peat and wood are widely used for energy production. In any case, the combustion of solid fuels results in generation of several types of thermal conversion residues, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and boiler slag. The predominant residue type is determined by the incineration technology applied, while its composition is primarily relevant to the composition of fuels combusted. An extensive research has been conducted on technical suitability of ash for multiple recycling methods. Most of attention was drawn to the recycling of the coal combustion residues, as coal is the primary solid fuel consumed globally. The recycling methods of coal residues include utilization in a cement industry, in concrete manufacturing, and mine backfilling, to name few. Biomass combustion residues were also studied to some extent with forest fertilization, road construction, and road stabilization being the predominant utilization options. Lastly, residues form municipal solid waste incineration attracted more attention recently following the growing number of waste incineration plants globally. The recycling methods of waste incineration residues are the most limited due to its hazardous nature and varying composition, and include, among others, landfill construction, road construction, mine backfilling. In the study, environmental and economic aspects of multiple recycling options of thermal conversion residues generated within a case-study area were studied. The case-study area was South-East Finland. The environmental analysis was performed using an internationally recognized methodology — life cycle assessment. Economic assessment was conducted applying a widely used methodology — cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to enable easier comparison of the recycling methods. The recycling methods included the use of ash in forest fertilization, road construction, road stabilization, and landfill construction. Ash landfilling was set as a baseline scenario. Quantitative data about the amounts of ash generated and its composition was obtained from companies, their environmental reports, technical reports and other previously published literature. Overall, the amount of ash in the case-study area was 101 700 t. However, the data about 58 400 t of fly ash and 35 100 t of bottom ash and boiler slag were included in the study due to lack of data about leaching of heavy metals in some cases. The recycling methods were modelled according to the scientific studies published previously. Overall, the results of the study indicated that ash utilization for fertilization and neutralization of 17 600 ha of forest was the most economically beneficial method, which resulted in the net present value increase by 58% compared to ash landfilling. Regarding the environmental impact, the use of ash in the construction of 11 km of roads was the most attractive method with decreased environmental impact of 13% compared to ash landfilling. The least preferred method was the use of ash for landfill construction since it only enabled 11% increase of net present value, while inducing additional 1% of negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a following recycling route was proposed in the study. Where possible and legally acceptable, recycle fly and bottom ash for forest fertilization, which has strictest requirements out of all studied methods. If the quality of fly ash is not suitable for forest fertilization, then it should be utilized, first, in paved road construction, second, in road stabilization. Bottom ash not suitable for forest fertilization, as well as boiler slag, should be used in landfill construction. Landfilling should only be practiced when recycling by either of the methods is not possible due to legal requirements or there is not enough demand on the market. Current demand on ash and possible changes in the future were assessed in the study. Currently, the area of forest fertilized in the case-study are is only 451 ha, whereas about 17 600 ha of forest could be fertilized with ash generated in the region. Provided that the average forest fertilizing values in Finland are higher and the area treated with fellings is about 40 000 ha, the amount of ash utilized in forest fertilization could be increased. Regarding road construction, no new projects launched by the Center of Economic Development, Transport and the Environment in the case-study area were identified. A potential application can be found in the construction of private roads. However, no centralized data about such projects is available. The use of ash in stabilization of forest roads is not expected to increased in the future with a current downwards trend in the length of forest roads built. Finally, the use of ash in landfill construction is not a promising option due to the reducing number of landfills in operation in Finland.