Integration of Electronic Commerce and Enterprise Systems

The necessity of EC (Electronic Commerce) and enterprise systems integration is perceived from the integrated nature of enterprise systems. The proven benefits of EC to provide competitive advantages to the organizations force enterprises to adopt and integrate EC with their enterprise systems. Integration is a complex task to facilitate seamless flow of information and data between different systems within and across enterprises. Different systems have different platforms, thus to integrate systems with different platforms and infrastructures, integration technologies, such as middleware, SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture), ESB (Enterprise Service Bus), JCA (J2EE Connector Architecture), and B2B (Business-to-Business) integration standards are required. Huge software vendors, such as Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, and SAP suggest various solutions to address EC and enterprise systems integration problems. There are limited numbers of literature about the integration of EC and enterprise systems in detail. Most of the studies in this area have focused on the factors which influence the adoption of EC by enterprise or other studies provide limited information about a specific platform or integration methodology in general. Therefore, this thesis is conducted to cover the technical details of EC and enterprise systems integration and covers both the adoption factors and integration solutions. In this study, many literature was reviewed and different solutions were investigated. Different enterprise integration approaches as well as most popular integration technologies were investigated. Moreover, various methodologies of integrating EC and enterprise systems were studied in detail and different solutions were examined. In this study, the influential factors to adopt EC in enterprises were studied based on previous literature and categorized to technical, social, managerial, financial, and human resource factors. Moreover, integration technologies were categorized based on three levels of integration, which are data, application, and process. In addition, different integration approaches were identified and categorized based on their communication and platform. Also, different EC integration solutions were investigated and categorized based on the identified integration approaches. By considering different aspects of integration, this study is a great asset to the architectures, developers, and system integrators in order to integrate and adopt EC with enterprise systems.

Modelling flexible asset management in industrial maintenance companies and networks

The tightening competition and increasing dynamism have created an emerging need for flexible asset management. This means that the changes of market demand should be responded to with adjustments in the amount of assets tied to the balance sheets of companies. On the other hand, industrial maintenance has recently experienced drastic changes, which have led to an increase in the number of maintenance networks (consisting of customer companies that buy maintenance services, as well as various supplier companies) and inter-organizational partnerships. However, the research on maintenance networks has not followed the changes in the industry. Instead, there is a growing need for new ways of collaboration between partnering companies to enhance the competitiveness of the whole maintenance network. In addition, it is more and more common for companies to pursue lean operations in their businesses. This thesis shows how flexible asset management can increase the profitability of maintenance companies and networks under dynamic operating conditions, and how the additional value can then be shared between the network partners. Firstly, I have conducted a systematic literature review to identify what kind of requirements for asset management models are set by the increasing dynamism. Then I have responded to these requirements by constructing an analytical model for flexible asset management, linking asset management to the profitability and financial state of a company. The thesis uses the model to show how flexible asset management can increase profitability in maintenance companies and networks, and how the created value can be shared in the networks to reach a win-win situation. The research indicates that the existing models for asset management are heterogeneous by nature due to the various definitions of ‘asset management’. I conclude that there is a need for practical asset management models which address assets comprehensively with an inter-organizational, strategic view. The comprehensive perspective, taking all kinds of asset types into account, is needed to integrate the research on asset management with the strategic management of companies and networks. I will show that maintenance companies can improve their profitability by increasing the flexibility of their assets. In maintenance networks, reorganizing the ownership of the assets among the different network partners can create additional value. Finally, I will introduce flexible asset management contracts for maintenance networks. These contracts address the value sharing related to reorganizing the ownership of assets according to the principles of win-win situations.

Importance of considering food waste in the development of sustainable food packaging systems

Meeting the needs of both present and future generations forms the foundation of sustainable development. Concern about food demand is increasing alongside the continuously growing population. In the pursuit of food security preventing food waste is one solution avoiding the negative environmental impacts that result from producing food unnecessarily. Packages offer one answer to preventing food waste, as they 1) preserve and protect food, 2) introduce the user to the correct way to handle and use the food and package and 3) allow the user to consume the food in its entirety. This thesis aims to enhance the sustainability of food packages by giving special emphasis to preventing food waste. The focus of this thesis is to assist the packaging designer in being able to take into account the requirements for the sustainability of food packages and to be able to integrate these requirements into the product development process. In addition, life cycle methods that can be used as a tool in the packaging design process or in assessing the sustainability of finished food-packaging combinations are evaluated. The methods of life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle working environment (LCWE) are briefly discussed. The method of life cycle assessment (LCA) is examined more thoroughly through the lens of the literature review of food-package LCA case studies published in the 21st century in three relevant journals. Based on this review and on experiences learned from conducting LCAs, recommendations are given as to how the LCA practitioner should conduct a food packaging study to make most of the results. Two case studies are presented in this thesis. The first case study relates the results of a life cycle assessment conducted for three food items (cold cut (ham), sliced dark bread (rye) and Soygurt drink) and the alternative packaging options of each. Results of this study show that the packaging constitutes only 1–12 % of the total environmental impacts of the food-packaging combination. The greatest effect is derived from the food itself and the wasted food. Even just a small percentage of wasted food causes more environmental impacts than does the packaging. The second case study presents the results of LCC and LCWE analysis done for fruit and vegetable transport packages. In this thesis, the specific results of the study itself are not the focus, but rather the study methods and scope are analysed based on how these complement the sustainability assessment of food packages. This thesis presents reasons why prevention of food waste should be more thoroughly taken into account in food packaging design. In addition, the task of the packaging designer is facilitated by the requirements of sustainable food packaging, by the methods and step-by-step guidance on how to integrate sustainability issues into the design process, and by the recommendations on how to assess the sustainability of food packages. The intention of this thesis is to express the issues that are important in the field of the food packaging industry. Having recognised and implemented these issues, businesses can better manage the risks that could follow from neglecting these sustainability aspects.

Integration of Torrefaction with Steam Power Plant

Torrefaction is one of the pretreatment technologies to enhance the fuel characteristics of biomass. The efficient and continuous operation of a torrefaction reactor, in the commercial scale, demands a secure biomass supply, in addition to adequate source of heat. Biorefinery plants or biomass-fuelled steam power plants have the potential to integrate with the torrefaction reactor to exchange heat and mass, using available infrastructure and energy sources. The technical feasibility of this integration is examined in this study. A new model for the torrefaction process is introduced and verified by the available experimental data. The torrefaction model is then integrated in different steam power plants to simulate possible mass and energy exchange between the reactor and the plants. The performance of the integrated plant is investigated for different configurations and the results are compared.

Scalable algorithms for height field illumination

Global illumination algorithms are at the center of realistic image synthesis and account for non-trivial light transport and occlusion within scenes, such as indirect illumination, ambient occlusion, and environment lighting. Their computationally most difficult part is determining light source visibility at each visible scene point. Height fields, on the other hand, constitute an important special case of geometry and are mainly used to describe certain types of objects such as terrains and to map detailed geometry onto object surfaces. The geometry of an entire scene can also be approximated by treating the distance values of its camera projection as a screen-space height field. In order to shadow height fields from environment lights a horizon map is usually used to occlude incident light. We reduce the per-receiver time complexity of generating the horizon map on N N height fields from O(N) of the previous work to O(1) by using an algorithm that incrementally traverses the height field and reuses the information already gathered along the path of traversal. We also propose an accurate method to integrate the incident light within the limits given by the horizon map. Indirect illumination in height fields requires information about which other points are visible to each height field point. We present an algorithm to determine this intervisibility in a time complexity that matches the space complexity of the produced visibility information, which is in contrast to previous methods which scale in the height field size. As a result the amount of computation is reduced by two orders of magnitude in common use cases. Screen-space ambient obscurance methods approximate ambient obscurance from the depth bu er geometry and have been widely adopted by contemporary real-time applications. They work by sampling the screen-space geometry around each receiver point but have been previously limited to near- field effects because sampling a large radius quickly exceeds the render time budget. We present an algorithm that reduces the quadratic per-pixel complexity of previous methods to a linear complexity by line sweeping over the depth bu er and maintaining an internal representation of the processed geometry from which occluders can be efficiently queried. Another algorithm is presented to determine ambient obscurance from the entire depth bu er at each screen pixel. The algorithm scans the depth bu er in a quick pre-pass and locates important features in it, which are then used to evaluate the ambient obscurance integral accurately. We also propose an evaluation of the integral such that results within a few percent of the ray traced screen-space reference are obtained at real-time render times.

An Open Source, DDI-based Curation System for Social Science Data

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

SobekCM’s Community Ecosystems & Socio-Technical Practices

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Integration of JINR Information Resources

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Preparing for CRIS: Challenges and Opportunities for Systems Integration at Finnish Universities

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

GIS in Digital Repositories

Workshop at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

20 Ways to Reuse Repository Metadata

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Sellutehtaan TRS-hajapäästöjen hallinta

Diplomityön tavoitteena on selvittää TRS-hajapäästöjen muodostumista sekä päästöjen määrää UPM Kymmene Oyj:n Kaukaan sellu- ja paperitehtaalla. Työssä laaditaan TRS-hajapäästöjen mittausohjelma, minkä päivitetty massa- ja paperiteollisuuden BAT-vertailuasiakirja vaatii. Mittausohjelma täydentää tehdasintegraatin ilmapäästöjen valvontaohjelmaa. Hajapäästöjen lisäksi tavoitteena on selvittää häiriötilanteiden aiheuttamia TRS-päästömääriä. Kirjallisuusosassa selvitetään hajujen muodostumista sellun ja paperin valmistuksessa ja niiden käsittelyä ympäristövaikutusten minimoimiseksi. Lisäksi esitellään mittausmenetelmiä. Kokeellisessa osassa valituista kohteista mitataan TRS-pitoisuudet ja hajukaasujen virtaama, joiden perusteella lasketaan TRS-kuormitus. Kuormitus suhteutetaan sellutonnille. Osa kohteista on hajapäästökohteita ja osa kohteita, joista hajukaasut häiriötilanteissa johdetaan käsittelemättä ulos. Tulosten perusteella TRS-hajapäästöjä muodostuu sellun valmistuksessa noin 0,04 kgS/ADt ja jätevedenkäsittelyssä, pääasiassa lietteenkäsittelyssä 0,04 kgS/ADt. Hajapäästöjä syntyy eniten kohteissa, missä keräily on toteutettu kevyemmin tai sitä ei ole. Merkittävimmät kohteet Kaukaalla ovat lietteenkäsittely, koivukuitulinja ja mäntyöljylaitos. Havulinjan ja talteenotto-osaston hajapäästöt ovat muita osastoja vähäisemmät. Yhteensä sellutehtaan ja lietteenkäsittelyn TRS-hajapäästömäärä on 0,08 kgS/ADt, mikä on BAT vaihteluvälin (0,05-0,2 kgS/ADt) sisällä. TRS-häiriöpäästöjen osuus tehtaan TRS päästöistä voi häiriötilanteiden toistuessa nousta merkittäviksi. Tähän vaikuttaa merkittävästi häiriintyvä kohde.

Liiketoimintalähtöisen hävikinhallintastrategian kehittäminen

Tämän pro gradu -tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää case-yritykselle strategiaproses-simalli liiketoimintalähtöisen hävikinhallintastrategian määrittelemiseksi sekä tunnistaa hävikinhallinnan strategisen johtamisen kannalta oleellisimmat tehtävät määriteltyjen hävikinhallintastrategian päämäärien ja tavoitteiden toteuttamiseksi. Lisäksi case-yrityksen johto asetti tavoitteeksi tunnistaa tutkimuksen perusteella parhaiten yritykselle soveltuva hävikinhallinnan mallin, joka voidaan liittää osaksi määriteltävää strategiaa. Yhteisen hävikinhallintastrategian ja hävikinhallintamallin uskotaan yhtenäistävän hävikinhallintaan liittyvää ajattelua, tavoitteita ja päämääriä sekä laajentavan hävikkikäsitteen näkökulmia että systematisoivan hävikinhallintatyötä case-yritystä ympäröivässä liiketoimintaverkostossa. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään strategiseen johtamiseen sekä hävikinhallinnan teoriaa ja esitellään case-yrityksen hävikinhallinnan nykytilaa sekä erityispiirteitä. Lisäksi tarkas-tellaan hävikinhallinnan strategisen johtamisen nykytilaa ja sen kehittämistä merkittä-vissä suomalaisissa vähittäiskaupan yrityksissä. Tämän jälkeen teoriaosuudessa tun-nistettuja elementtejä peilataan empiria osuuden havaintoihin. Tutkimustuloksien im-plementointi kohdassa on tunnistettu keskeisimmät kohteet, jotka strategisen johtami-sen teoriamalleista sekä käytännöistä verrokkiyrityksissä olisi hyödynnettävissä hävi-kinhallinnan strategisen johtamisen kehittämiseen case-yrityksessä. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisen tutkimusmenetelmän avulla. Aineisto kerättiin strukturoitujen teemahaastattelujen avulla. Haastatteluaineisto analysoitiin luokittelemalla havainnot kirjallisuustutkimuksessa tunnistettuihin teemoihin Tutkimustulokset tukivat kirjallisuudessa esitettyä näkemystä siitä miten pyritään var-mistamaan liiketoimintalähtöisyys yrityksen tukipalvelustrategioissa. Yrityksen ylimmän johdon tulee linjata hävikinhallintatyön tavoitteet joko strategiaprosessin alussa tai strategiahierarkiassa ylempien liiketoimintastrategioiden kautta. Tämän jälkeen hävikinhallintastrategia määritellään huomioiden annetut tavoitteet ja saadaan tukemaan organisaation yhteisiä päämääriä sekä tavoitteita että tuottamaan lisäarvoa liiketoiminnalle.

Integrating corporate social responsibility into business in Finnish consumer goods companies

The motives for this study originated from the notion that surprisingly little academic literature is found on actually managing and putting corporate social responsibility (CSR) into practice, in comparison with the definitions and frameworks of the concept itself. Regardless of the author, CSR has been considered consisting of three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. The question behind the three dimensions has always been whether socially and environmentally responsible behavior can lead to increased economic performance and improve the competitiveness of a company. Most of the current CSR development has related to the quantification of environmental and social performance in order to review these along with the established financial key ratios, which are based on the law and the reporting obligation of the companies. However, the previous research has mainly focused on US companies whereas studies with a European viewpoint, let alone Nordic, have been mostly lacking. Furthermore, it has been discovered recently that the integration of corporate responsibility into business is identified as the greatest challenge in CSR management in Finnish large companies. Therefore the integration of CSR into business in Finnish consumer goods companies provided an interesting, topical and somewhat obscure purpose for this study. This was further divided into three research questions concerning the reasons for CSR engagement, the role of the stakeholders and the practice of corporate responsibility. This study did not aim to build a new theory; instead an explorative viewpoint was regarded more appropriate. Accordingly, qualitative research approach and case study design were adopted in the study. Semi-structured theme interviews were used as a primary data collection method and complemented with secondary data such as websites, responsibility reports and another recent CSR study. There were four Finnish managers as interviewees of whom three presented companies and one non-profit organization. The results were somewhat convergent but differences arose as a result of the companies being at different stages as regards corporate responsibility. However, this provided only more insight into the implementation of CSR. The voluntary CSR initiatives, responsibility reporting, stakeholders and CSR management were identified as the most important viewpoints on the practical side of CSR, besides a key requirement for the integration of CSR into business to be credible was found to be a favorable management attitude. Based on the findings of this study it was admitted that giving concrete advice on CSR management is really a challenge and there is no one generally accepted and right manner to integrate corporate responsibility successfully into business.

Agent-based management systems for many-core platforms : rigorous design and efficient implementation

Due to various advantages such as flexibility, scalability and updatability, software intensive systems are increasingly embedded in everyday life. The constantly growing number of functions executed by these systems requires a high level of performance from the underlying platform. The main approach to incrementing performance has been the increase of operating frequency of a chip. However, this has led to the problem of power dissipation, which has shifted the focus of research to parallel and distributed computing. Parallel many-core platforms can provide the required level of computational power along with low power consumption. On the one hand, this enables parallel execution of highly intensive applications. With their computational power, these platforms are likely to be used in various application domains: from home use electronics (e.g., video processing) to complex critical control systems. On the other hand, the utilization of the resources has to be efficient in terms of performance and power consumption. However, the high level of on-chip integration results in the increase of the probability of various faults and creation of hotspots leading to thermal problems. Additionally, radiation, which is frequent in space but becomes an issue also at the ground level, can cause transient faults. This can eventually induce a faulty execution of applications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods that enable efficient as well as resilient execution of applications. The main objective of the thesis is to propose an approach to design agentbased systems for many-core platforms in a rigorous manner. When designing such a system, we explore and integrate various dynamic reconfiguration mechanisms into agents functionality. The use of these mechanisms enhances resilience of the underlying platform whilst maintaining performance at an acceptable level. The design of the system proceeds according to a formal refinement approach which allows us to ensure correct behaviour of the system with respect to postulated properties. To enable analysis of the proposed system in terms of area overhead as well as performance, we explore an approach, where the developed rigorous models are transformed into a high-level implementation language. Specifically, we investigate methods for deriving fault-free implementations from these models into, e.g., a hardware description language, namely VHDL.