57 resultados para outdoor air flow rate


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In this research work, the aim was to investigate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient [kLa] of oxygen in stirred tank in the presence of solid particle experimentally. The kLa correlations as a function of propeller rotation speed and flow rate of gas feed were studied. The O2 and CO2 absorption in water and in solid-liquid suspensions and heterogeneous precipitation of MgCO3 were thoroughly examined. The absorption experiments of oxygen were conducted in various systems like pure water and in aqueous suspensions of quartz and calcium carbonate particles. Secondly, the precipitation kinetics of magnesium carbonate was also investigated. The experiments were performed to study the reactive crystallization with magnesium hydroxide slurry and carbon dioxide gas by varying the feed rates of carbon dioxide and rotation speeds of mixer. The results of absorption and precipitation are evaluated by titration, total carbon (TC analysis), and ionic chromatrography (IC). For calcium carbonate, the particle concentration was varied from 17.4 g to 2382 g with two size fractions: 5 µm and 45-63 µm sieves. The kLa and P/V values of 17.4 g CaCO3 with particle size of 5µm and 45-63 µm were 0.016 s-1 and 2400 W/m3. At 69.9 g concentration of CaCO3, the achieved kLa is 0.014 s-1 with particle size of 5 µm and 0.017 s-1 with particle size of 45 to 63 µm. Further increase in concentration of calcium carbonate, i.e. 870g and 2382g , does not affect volumetric mass transfer coeffienct of oxygen. It could be concluded from absorption results that maximum value of kLa is 0.016 s-1. Also particle size and concentration does affect the transfer rate to some extend. For precipitation experiments, the constant concentration of Mg(OH)2 was 100 g and the rotation speed varied from 560 to 750 rpm, whereas the used feed rates of CO2 were 1 and 9 L/min. At 560 rpm and feed rate of CO2 is 1 L/min, the maximum value of Mg ion and TC were 0.25 mol/litre and 0.12 mol/litre with the residence time of 40 min. When flow rate of CO2 increased to 9 L/min with same 560 rpm, the achieved value of Mg and TC were 0.3 mol/litre and 0.12 mol/L with shorter residence time of 30 min. It is concluded that feed rate of CO2 is dominant in precipitation experiments and it has a key role in dissociation and reaction of magnesium hydroxide in precipitation of magnesium carbonate.

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Haihdutuskiteytyksessä haihdutusolosuhteilla on suuri vaikutus kiteiden muodostumiseen, joten toivottujen kidemuotojen saamiseksi prosessia on hallittava tarkasti. Kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli tutkia puhtaiden liuottimien ja karbamatsepiiniliuosten haihtumisvuota eri olosuhteissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin kiteytysolosuhteiden vaikutusta karbamatsepiinikiteiden muodostumiseen ja rakenteeseen. Puhtaille liuottimille kokeet suoritettiin ilman virtausnopeudella 0,2 m/s lämpötiloissa 30 ºC, 40 ºC, 50 ºC ja 60 ºC, sekä ilman virtausnopeudella 0,3 m/s lämpötiloissa 40 ºC ja 50 ºC. Karbamatsepiiniliuoksille kokeet suoritettiin ilman virtausnopeudella 0,2 m/s lämpötiloissa 30 ºC ja 60 ºC sekä ilman virtausnopeudella 0,3 m/s lämpötiloissa 40 ºC ja 50 ºC. Haihdutuskiteytys suoritettiin suorakulmaisessa haihdutuskammiossa, jonka toisessa päässä oli tuulettimet virtausnopeuden säätämiseksi. Koehuoneessa vallitsi normaali ilmanpaine, ilman suhteellinen kosteus vaihteli välillä 50–65 % ja huoneen lämpötila välillä 21,2–24,1 ºC. Kuivatut kiteet analysoitiin optisella mikroskoopilla. Kaikista karbamatsepiinin vesiliuoksista kiteytyi dihydraatti-muotoa. Muutokset haihdutusolosuhteissa vaikuttivat selvästi haihtumis-voihin ja muodostuvien kiteiden rakenteeseen.

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Työssä tutkittiin kirjallisuuden ja laboratoriomittausten avulla vaihtoehtoja kullan pelkistämiseen ja talteenottoon kultauuton takaisinuuttoliuoksista. Tavoitteena oli löytää menetelmä, jolla saadaan puhdasta kiinteää lopputuotetta ilman kullan häviöitä. Käytettyjä pelkistimiä olivat D-(+)-glukoosi, natriumboorihydridi, L-askorbiinihappo, D-(-)-isoaskorbiinihappo ja aktiivihiili. Laboratoriokokeiden perusteella D-(-)-isoaskorbiinihappo sekä aktiivihiili olivat sopivimmat pelkistimet kokeissa käytetylle kultaliuokselle. Isoaskorbiinihapolla suoritettiin panoskokeita lasireaktorissa eri alku-pH:ssa sekä erilaisilla pelkistimen ja kullan moolisuhteilla. Tulosten perusteella havaittiin pH:n ja pelkistimen ylimäärän vaikuttavan merkittävästi lopputuotteen puhtauteen. Myös redox-potentiaalia säätämällä ja happopesulla pelkistyksen jälkeen voidaan vaikuttaa lopputuotteen puhtauteen. Aktiivihiilellä suoritettiin panoskokeita adsorptiotasapainojen (latausisotermi) ja kinetiikan tutkimiseksi. Hiileen on mahdollista saada kultaa 383 mg/g kuivaa hiiltä. Suurempi lataus voitaisiin saavuttaa käyttämällä hiiltä, jolla on pienempi partikkelikoko. Kolonnikokeita tehtiin eri virtausnopeuksilla. Kolonnikokeissa kullan dynaaminen adsorptiokapasiteetti hiileen odotetusti kasvoi virtausnopeuden laskiessa. Pienin käytetty virtausnopeus oli 2,40 BV/h, jolloin kapasiteetti oli 75,4 mg/g kuivaa hiiltä (c (Au feed) = 129 mg/L). Kullasta voidaan poistaa myös kolonnipelkistyksen jälkeen epäpuhtauksia happopesulla. Isoaskorbiinihapolla pelkistyksen kinetiikka on nopea ja sillä saatiin pelkistettyä puhdasta lopputuotetta. Sekä isoaskorbiinihappo, että aktiivihiili ovat potentiaalisia menetelmiä kullan talteenottoon.

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Suurin osa alifaattisista karboksyylihapoista tuotetaan nykyään synteettisesti, mutta öljyn hinnan nousu ja ekologisempi ajattelutapa on aiheuttanut kiinnostusta tuottaa näitä karboksyyli- ja hydroksihappoja jatkossa fermentoimalla tai sellun valmistuksen sivuvirtana syntyvästä mustalipeästä. Nykyään mustalipeä poltetaan sellaisenaan soodakattiloissa keittokemikaalien regeneroimiseksi, energiaksi ja sähköksi. Jatkossa mustalipeästä voisi erottaa arvokkaat orgaaniset hapot ennen polttamista. Saadusta happoseoksesta tulisi erottaa yksittäiset alifaattiset karboksyylihapot toisistaan jatkojalostusta varten. Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, millä kromatografisella erotusmenetelmällä fermentointituotteina ja teollisuuden sivuvirtoina syntyvistä karboksyylihapposeoksista saadaan yksittäiset alifaattiset karboksyylihapot erotettua toisistaan. Mittaukset suoritettiin kolonnilla, jossa hartsipedin halkaisija oli 1,5 cm ja korkeus 15 cm. Kolonnin erototusmateriaaleina kokeiltiin vahvoja ja heikkoja kationinvaihtohartseja, vahvaa anioninvaihtohartsia ja polymeerisiä adsorbentteja. Erotettavaksi happoseokseksi valittiin sitruuna-, viini-, glykoli-, maito- ja etikkahapon seos. Tehokkain erotus saatiin Puroliten valmistamalla Macronet 270:lla, joka on mikrohuokoinen polymeerinen adsorbentti. Macronet 270:lla saatiin erotettua erityisesti viini- ja glykolihappo sitruuna-, maito- ja etikkahaposta. Yksittäisiä happoja ei saatu kuitenkaan kunnolla erotettua. Parhaat koeolosuhteet erotustehokkuuden ja retentioaikojen kannalta saatiin vesieluentin virtausnopeudella 2 mL/min, syöttöpulssin tilavuudella 5 mL ja kolonnin lämpötilassa 75 °C.

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The aim of this work was to study techniques to extract and purify of anthocyanins from purple-blue potato. This topic was determined as a master’s thesis and it was done in collaboration with the Food Chemistry and Food Development Department of University of Turku and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering at Lappeenranta University of Technology. At first, purple-blue potatoes were pretreated in four types of boiled, raw, freeze-dried and dried boiled potato for extraction. They were mixed with aqueous acidified ethanol (ethanol:water:acetic acid 40%:53%:7% v/v) for conventional extraction. Boiled potato was selected as a best pretreated potato. Different ethanol concentration and extraction time were examined and the mixture of 80% in 24 h resulted in maximum anthocyanin content (132.23 mg/L). As conventional extraction method of anthocyanins was non-selective, some of impurities such as free sugars might accelerate anthocyanin degradation. Therefore, to obtain anthocyanins in purified form, adsorption as a promising selective method was used to recovery and isolate anthocyanins. It was carried out with six adsorbents. Among those, Amberlite XAD-7HP, a nonionic acrylic ester adsorbent, was found to have the best performance. In an adsorption column, flow rate of 3 mL/min was selected as the loading flow rate among four tested flow rates. Eluent volume and flow rate were 3 BV of aqueous acidified ethanol (75%, v/v) and 1 mL/min for desorption. The quantification of the total anthocyanin contents was performed by pH-differential method using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The resulting anthocyanin solution after purification was almost free from free sugars which were the major cause for degradation of anthocyanins. The average anthocyanin concentration in the purified and concentrated sample was obtained 1752.89 mg/L.

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The thesis focuses on light water reactors (pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors) and measurement techniques for basic thermal hydraulics parameters that are used in a nuclear power plant. The goal of this work is a development of laboratory exercises for basic nuclear thermal hydraulics measurements.

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The objective of the work is to study the flow behavior and to support the design of air cleaner by dynamic simulation.In a paper printing industry, it is necessary to monitor the quality of paper when the paper is being produced. During the production, the quality of the paper can be monitored by camera. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the camera lens clean as wood particles may fall from the paper and lie on the camera lens. In this work, the behavior of the air flow and effect of the airflow on the particles at different inlet angles are simulated. Geometries of a different inlet angles of single-channel and double-channel case were constructed using ANSYS CFD Software. All the simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent. The simulation results of single-channel and double-channel case revealed significant differences in the behavior of the flow and the particle velocity. The main conclusion from this work are in following. 1) For the single channel case the best angle was 0 degree because in that case, the air flow can keep 60% of the particles away from the lens which would otherwise stay on lens. 2) For the double channel case, the best solution was found when the angle of the first inlet was 0 degree and the angle of second inlet was 45 degree . In that case, the airflow can keep 91% of particles away from the lens which would otherwise stay on lens.

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Suuri osa käytössä olevista lääkeaineista on kiraalisia yhdisteitä. Lääkevalmisteet sisältävät yhdisteen enantiomeerien ominaisuuksista riippuen joko yksittäistä enantiomeeria tai näiden seosta. Antitromboottisiin eli veren hyytymistä estäviin lääkeaineisiin kuuluvat varfariini ja rivaroksabaani ovat kiraalisia yhdisteitä, joiden enantiomeerien ominaisuudet poikkeavat antitromboottisen vaikutuksen voimakkuuden suhteen. Varfariinia käytetään kliinisesti enantiomeeriensa raseemisena seoksena, kun taas rivaroksabaani on käytössä lääkevalmisteena puhtaana S-enantiomeerinaan. Lääkeaineen enantiomeerien erottaminen toisistaan on tärkeää esimerkiksi enantiomeerien puhdistamiseksi, lääkevalmisteen oikean koostumuksen varmistamiseksi tai yksittäisten enantiomeerien käyttäytymisen arvioimiseksi elimistössä. Tässä kirjallisuustyössä käsiteltiin nestekromatografian käyttöä antitromboottisiin lääkeaineisiin kuuluvien antikoagulanttien enantiomeerien fraktioinnissa. Kirjallisuudesta saadun tiedon perusteella arvioitiin, millä erotusmateriaaleilla ja millaisissa koeolosuhteissa varfariinin sekä rivaroksabaanin enantiomeerit tulisi erottaa toisistaan. Varfariinin enantiomeerien erotukseen parhaiten sopivaksi erotusmateriaaliksi todettiin kirjallisuuden perusteella kiraalinen vankomysiinipohjainen stationaarifaasi (Chirobiotic V) metanolin, etikkahapon ja veden seoksen toimiessa eluenttina. Eluentin virtausnopeudella 0,3 mL/min ja pienellä injektiotilavuudella varfariinin enantiomeerit saatiin erottumaan täydellisesti ja nopeasti toisistaan. Kirjallisuuden perusteella rivaroksabaanin enantiomeerien erotuksessa erotusmateriaalina toimii parhaiten kiraalinen selluloosapohjainen stationaarifaasi (Chiralcel OD-RH), kun eluenttina käytetään n-heksaanin ja isopropanolin seosta virtausnopeudella 1 mL/min. Varfariinin ja rivaroksabaanin enantiomeerien fraktiointiin parhaiten sopivia menetelmiä voidaan käyttää eri tilanteissa, kuten lääkevalmisteiden laadunvarmistuksessa tai enantiomeerien erotuksessa niiden synteesin jälkeen.

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Raskaankaluston ajoneuvojen aerodynaaminen kehitys on kulkenut väärään suuntaan jo vuosisadan verran ja niiden muodon määräävä tekijä on kuljetustilan maksimointi ja toi-minnallisuus. Lähiaikoina on astumassa EU:ssa uusi direktiivi voimaan, joka sallii lisämas-san käyttämisen aerodynaamisiin lisäosiin. Työn tarkoituksena on tutkia mahdollisuuksia parantaa hakeperävaunun aerodynamiikkaa yksinkertaisilla lisäosilla. Työ on rajattu koskemaan perävaununetuosaan, -sivuosaan ja -pohjaan. Lisäksi rajoitteita asettaa Suomenlainsäädäntö ja EU:n direktiivit. Työssä perehdytään ilmanvastusvoiman syntymekanismeihin raskaankaluston ajoneuvojen kannalta ja käydään läpi merkittävimmät vaikuttavat tekijät ilmanvastusvoimiin sekä kuorma-auton perävaunun eri muotojen ja osien vaikutus. Perävaunuun asetettavien il-manohjaimien vaikutukset ja toiminta selvitetään. Avainasemassa hakeperävaunun aerodynamiikan parantamisessa on ilmavirtauksen estä-minen perävaunun alle sekä etupuolelta. Lisäksi virtausten muuttamien perävaunun takana on hyödyllistä. Merkittävimmät hyödyt saadaan niistä ratkaisuista, jotka estävät ilman virtausta perävau-nun alle sekä renkaisiin. Näitä ratkaisuja olivat sivuhelmat ja pohjan sekä renkaiden kote-lointi. Lisäksi ilmavirtauksen estäminen perävaunun edestä tuotti merkittävää hyötyä. Levy perävaunun välissä tai koko välin peittämällä saadaan aikaan huomattavaa vähenemistä ilmanvastuksessa.

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The production of biodiesel through transesterification has created a surplus of glycerol on the international market. In few years, glycerol has become an inexpensive and abundant raw material, subject to numerous plausible valorisation strategies. Glycerol hydrochlorination stands out as an economically attractive alternative to the production of biobased epichlorohydrin, an important raw material for the manufacturing of epoxy resins and plasticizers. Glycerol hydrochlorination using gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) was studied from a reaction engineering viewpoint. Firstly, a more general and rigorous kinetic model was derived based on a consistent reaction mechanism proposed in the literature. The model was validated with experimental data reported in the literature as well as with new data of our own. Semi-batch experiments were conducted in which the influence of the stirring speed, HCl partial pressure, catalyst concentration and temperature were thoroughly analysed and discussed. Acetic acid was used as a homogeneous catalyst for the experiments. For the first time, it was demonstrated that the liquid-phase volume undergoes a significant increase due to the accumulation of HCl in the liquid phase. Novel and relevant features concerning hydrochlorination kinetics, HCl solubility and mass transfer were investigated. An extended reaction mechanism was proposed and a new kinetic model was derived. The model was tested with the experimental data by means of regression analysis, in which kinetic and mass transfer parameters were successfully estimated. A dimensionless number, called Catalyst Modulus, was proposed as a tool for corroborating the kinetic model. Reactive flash distillation experiments were conducted to check the commonly accepted hypothesis that removal of water should enhance the glycerol hydrochlorination kinetics. The performance of the reactive flash distillation experiments were compared to the semi-batch data previously obtained. An unforeseen effect was observed once the water was let to be stripped out from the liquid phase, exposing a strong correlation between the HCl liquid uptake and the presence of water in the system. Water has revealed to play an important role also in the HCl dissociation: as water was removed, the dissociation of HCl was diminished, which had a retarding effect on the reaction kinetics. In order to obtain a further insight on the influence of water on the hydrochlorination reaction, extra semi-batch experiments were conducted in which initial amounts of water and the desired product were added. This study revealed the possibility to use the desired product as an ideal “solvent” for the glycerol hydrochlorination process. A co-current bubble column was used to investigate the glycerol hydrochlorination process under continuous operation. The influence of liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, temperature and catalyst concentration on the glycerol conversion and product distribution was studied. The fluid dynamics of the system showed a remarkable behaviour, which was carefully investigated and described. Highspeed camera images and residence time distribution experiments were conducted to collect relevant information about the flow conditions inside the tube. A model based on the axial dispersion concept was proposed and confronted with the experimental data. The kinetic and solubility parameters estimated from the semi-batch experiments were successfully used in the description of mass transfer and fluid dynamics of the bubble column reactor. In light of the results brought by the present work, the glycerol hydrochlorination reaction mechanism has been finally clarified. It has been demonstrated that the reactive distillation technology may cause drawbacks to the glycerol hydrochlorination reaction rate under certain conditions. Furthermore, continuous reactor technology showed a high selectivity towards monochlorohydrins, whilst semibatch technology was demonstrated to be more efficient towards the production of dichlorohydrins. Based on the novel and revealing discoveries brought by the present work, many insightful suggestions are made towards the improvement of the production of αγ-dichlorohydrin on an industrial scale.

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Fluid handling systems account for a significant share of the global consumption of electrical energy. They also suffer from problems, which reduce their energy efficiency and increase life-cycle costs. Detecting or predicting these problems in time can make fluid handling systems more environmentally and economically sustainable to operate. In this Master’s Thesis, significant problems in fluid systems were studied and possibilities to develop variable-speed-drive-based detection methods for them was discussed. A literature review was conducted to find significant problems occurring in fluid handling systems containing pumps, fans and compressors. To find case examples for evaluating the feasibility of variable-speed-drive-based methods, queries were sent to industrial companies. As a result of this, the possibility to detect heat exchanger fouling with a variable-speed drive was analysed with data from three industrial cases. It was found that a mass flow rate estimate, which can be generated with a variable speed drive, can be used together with temperature measurements to monitor a heat exchanger’s thermal performance. Secondly, it was found that the fouling-related increase in the pressure drop of a heat exchanger can be monitored with a variable speed drive. Lastly, for systems where the flow device is speed controlled with by a pressure measurement, it was concluded that increasing rotational speed can be interpreted as progressing fouling in the heat exchanger.

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The purpose of this master’s thesis is to gain an understanding of passive safety systems’ role in modern nuclear reactors projects and to research the failure modes of passive decay heat removal safety systems which use phenomenon of natural circulation. Another purpose is to identify the main physical principles and phenomena which are used to establish passive safety tools in nuclear power plants. The work describes passive decay heat removal systems used in AES-2006 project and focuses on the behavior of SPOT PG system. The descriptions of the main large-scale research facilities of the passive safety systems of the AES-2006 power plant are also included. The work contains the calculations of the SPOT PG system, which was modeled with thermal-hydraulic system code TRACE. The dimensions of the calculation model are set according to the dimensions of the real SPOT PG system. In these calculations three parameters are investigated as a function of decay heat power: the pressure of the system, the natural circulation mass flow rate around the closed loop, and the level of liquid in the downcomer. The purpose of the calculations is to test the ability of the SPOT PG system to remove the decay heat from the primary side of the nuclear reactor in case of failure of one, two, or three loops out of four. The calculations show that three loops of the SPOT PG system have adequate capacity to provide the necessary level of safety. In conclusion, the work supports the view that passive systems could be widely spread in modern nuclear projects.