81 resultados para Refrigeration installation
Resumo:
The main idea of this diploma work is to study electric field distribution on the micro level. For this purpose a silicon edgeless detector was chosen as the object of investigation and scanning electron microscope as an investigation tool. Silicon edgeless detector is an important part of installation for studying proton-proton interactions in TOTEM experiment at Large Hadron Collider. For measurement of electric field distribution inside scanning electron microscope a voltage contrast method was applied.
Resumo:
The amount of installed wind power has been growing exponentially during the past ten years. As wind turbines have become a significant source of electrical energy, the interactions between the turbines and the electric power network need to be studied more thoroughly than before. Especially, the behavior of the turbines in fault situations is of prime importance; simply disconnecting all wind turbines from the network during a voltage drop is no longer acceptable, since this would contribute to a total network collapse. These requirements have been a contributor to the increased role of simulations in the study and design of the electric drive train of a wind turbine. When planning a wind power investment, the selection of the site and the turbine are crucial for the economic feasibility of the installation. Economic feasibility, on the other hand, is the factor that determines whether or not investment in wind power will continue, contributing to green electricity production and reduction of emissions. In the selection of the installation site and the turbine (siting and site matching), the properties of the electric drive train of the planned turbine have so far been generally not been taken into account. Additionally, although the loss minimization of some of the individual components of the drive train has been studied, the drive train as a whole has received less attention. Furthermore, as a wind turbine will typically operate at a power level lower than the nominal most of the time, efficiency analysis in the nominal operating point is not sufficient. This doctoral dissertation attempts to combine the two aforementioned areas of interest by studying the applicability of time domain simulations in the analysis of the economicfeasibility of a wind turbine. The utilization of a general-purpose time domain simulator, otherwise applied to the study of network interactions and control systems, in the economic analysis of the wind energy conversion system is studied. The main benefits of the simulation-based method over traditional methods based on analytic calculation of losses include the ability to reuse and recombine existing models, the ability to analyze interactions between the components and subsystems in the electric drive train (something which is impossible when considering different subsystems as independent blocks, as is commonly done in theanalytical calculation of efficiencies), the ability to analyze in a rather straightforward manner the effect of selections other than physical components, for example control algorithms, and the ability to verify assumptions of the effects of a particular design change on the efficiency of the whole system. Based on the work, it can be concluded that differences between two configurations can be seen in the economic performance with only minor modifications to the simulation models used in the network interaction and control method study. This eliminates the need ofdeveloping analytic expressions for losses and enables the study of the system as a whole instead of modeling it as series connection of independent blocks with no lossinterdependencies. Three example cases (site matching, component selection, control principle selection) are provided to illustrate the usage of the approach and analyze its performance.
Resumo:
Among the numerous approaches to food waste treatment, the food waste disposers method (FWDs), as a newcomer, has become slowly accepted by the general public owing to the worries about its impact on the existing sewage system. This paper aims to justify the role of FWDs in the process of urbanization in order to better prepare a city to take good care of the construction of its infrastructure and the solid waste treatment. Both the literatures and the case study help to confirm that FWDs has no negative effects on the wastewater treatment plant and it is also environmental friendly by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. In the case study, the Lappeenranta waste water treatment plant has been selected in order to figure out the possible changes to a WWTP following the integration of FWDs: the observation shows only minor changes take place in a WWTP, in case of 25% application, like BOD up 7%, TSS up 6% and wastewater flowrate up 6%, an additional sludge production of 200 tons per year and the extra yield of methane up to 10000m3 per year; however, when the utilization rate of FWD is over 75%, BOD, TSS, and wastewater flowrate will experience more significant changes, thus exerting much pressure on the existing WWTP. FWDs can only be used in residential areas or cities equipped with consummate drainage network within the service sphere of WWTP, therefore, the relevant authority or government department should regulate the installation frequency of FWDs, while promoting the accessory application of FWDs. In the meanwhile, WWTP should improve their treatment process in order to expand their capacity for sludge treatment so as to stay in line with the future development of urban waste management.
Resumo:
In the construction industry, the role of project management and monitoring is emphasized, because the responsibilities have been carefully planned and divided. A concrete element factory manufactures the units based on construction drawings, while a transport company is responsible of transporting the elements to the worksite. At the worksite, an installation team assembles the elements according to plans. Usually, there are several manufacturers and transport companies involved in the construction process and the distances between different parties can be rather long. Therefore, the role of information exchange is critical in order to control, for example, schedules and exceptions. From the viewpoint of project management, the whole process should be controlled and monitored in realtime - in such a way that the managers are able to analyze and report the data afterwards. In this master’s thesis, a mobile-aided construction project monitoring system is designed and implemented. The monitoring system consists of three main components: mobile phone application, server software and an interface application to Tekla Structures BIM-software. Precast construction components, projects and users are identified by using 2D-barcodes that are read with the camera of a mobile phone. An option would be to use RFID tags and readers. After successful identification, the precast component can be tagged with monitoring data, including state acknowledgments and error reports that are sent and saved to the server. Collected data can be viewed through the www-pages of the monitoring system. In addition, the data can be synchronized to the Tekla Structures-software that is running the 3D-model of the whole building. Synchronization maintains and enhances the traceability of monitoring data, as well as, helps to visualize the progression of the project.
Resumo:
Tässä julkaisussa tarkastellaan valaistuksen energiatehokkuutta erityisesti lamppujen kannalta. Aluksi tutustutaan valaistukseen ja sen suunnitteluun teoriassa. Empiriaosuudessa esitellään energiatehokkaita lamppuja, joita voidaan käyttää yliopistovalaistuksessa. Lopuksi suositellaan näistä energiatehokkaimpia valaistuksen toteutukseen.
Resumo:
Rakennusteollisuuden prosessit ovat vielä usein paperipohjaisia, mikä aiheuttaa työmaiden luonteesta johtuen tiedon hajaantumista, hidastaa tiedon siirtymistä ja vaikeuttaa tiedon käsittelyä. Työmaiden väliaikaisilla konttoreilla tiedon määrä voi nousta hallitsemattoman suureksi, mikä haittaa ja hidastaa työnjohdon päätöksentekoa. Käyttämällä sähköisiä työkaluja tiedon keräämistä, keskittämistä ja siirtoa voidaan tehostaa. Projektin tavoitteeksi otettiin teollisuuden laadunvalvonnan tarkastusprosessin tehostaminen ajallisesti käyttämällä tarkastustyöhön sähköistä tarkastuspöytäkirjaa. Tätä varten suunniteltiin sähköinen tarkastusjärjestelmä, joka koostuu kolmesta erillisestä osasta: Tarkastajan mukana kulkeva mobiililaite, jolle tallennetaan suoraan tarkastuksen laatutietoa, palvelinkone avustamaan tiedonsiirrossa ja –varastoinnissa sekä työpöytäsovellus työnjohdon tarpeisiin. Järjestelmää testattiin sähköalan asennuksia tekevässä yrityksessä osana yrityksen normaalia tarkastustyötä. Verrattuna paperiseen pöytäkirjaan sähköinen tarkastusjärjestelmä nopeutti prosessia moninkertaisesti. Nopeustesteissä havaittiin kuitenkin, että valittu tiedon synkronointikirjasto oli järjestelmän tarpeisiin liian hidas. Järjestelmä saavutti sille asetetut tavoitteet tehostamalla prosessia ajallisesti, mutta järjestelmässä on vielä osa-alueita, jotka tarvitsevat jatkokehittämistä.
Resumo:
Modulaarisella vesiputkikattilalla tarkoitetaan täysin konepajalla valmistettavissa olevaa kattilaa, joka voidaan kuljettaa yhtenä tai muutamana suurena moduulina työmaalle. Tässä diplomityössä käsiteltiin modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan laskentasovelluksen ke-hittämistä KPA Unicon Oy:lle. Työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan lämpöteknistä mitoitusta ja suunnittelua sekä kehittää laskentasovellus, jonka avulla voidaan arvioida kattilan mittoja ja painoa. Laskentasovellus laadittiin Microsoftin Excel-alustalle, josta se on myöhemmin mahdollista siirtää muille ohjelma-alustoille. Laskentasovelluksessa hyödynnetään lämmönsiirron ja virtaustekniikan laskentayhtälöitä sekä -menetelmiä. Sovellukseen valitut laskentayhtälöt sekä -menetelmät ovat yleisesti hyväksyttyjä ja käytännössä testattuja. Diplomityön tuloksena valmistui laskentasovellus, joka kykenee modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan lämpötekniseen mitoittamiseen. Sovelluksen avulla voidaan mitoittaa kattilan tulipesä, tulistimet, höyrystinpinnat sekä ekonomaiseri. Laskentasovellusta on tarkoitus hyödyntää yrityksen tarjousvaiheen projekteissa sekä mahdollisesti kattiloiden esisuunnittelussa. Laskentasovelluksen laatimista varten ei ollut mahdollista hyödyntää toiminnassa olevien kattiloiden prosessitietoja, koska ensimmäiset tämän tyyppiset kattilat ovat asenteilla. Sen sijaan sovelluksen antamia laskentatuloksia verrattiin toisen mitoitusohjelman antamiin tuloksiin, joiden perusteella laskentasovelluksen voidaan olettaa antavan oikeita tuloksia.
Resumo:
Ohjelmistotuotannon yleinen ongelma on se, että toimitusprojektien läpivientiajat pitkittyvät. Kilpailun kiristyessä ohjelmistoalalla on alettu kiinnittää erityistä huomiota projektien eri vaiheiden tehostamiseen. Process Vision Oy kehittää energiatietojärjestelmiä Suomen energia-alan yrityksille. Yrityksessä on kehitetty vuonna 2010 palvelumalli, jonka avulla pyritään nopeuttamaan toimitusprojektien eri vaiheita. Valtioneuvosto valmisteli vuonna 2009 tuntimittausasetuksen, joka määritti sääntöjä mittaustiedon hallintaan energia-alalla. Kyseisen asetuksen pohjalta Energiateollisuus julkaisi vuonna 2010 ohjeistuksen, joka selkeyttää asetuksen sisällön vaatimuksia jakeluverkonhaltijoille ja sähkön myyjille. Process Vision Oy on valmistellut ohjeistuksen pohjalta tuntimittauspaketin, joka sisältää ohjeistuksen mukaiset toiminnot GENERIS-järjestelmässä. Tässä diplomityössä määritellään Process Vision Oy:n palvelumallin mukaiset standardikomponentit tuntimittauspaketin toimitusprojekteja varten. Työn tavoitteena on kehittää mahdollisimman pitkälle tuotteistettu tuntimittauspaketin toimitus uusille ja vanhoille asiakkaille. Työn lopussa pohditaan miten hyvin palvelumalli soveltuu tuntimittauspaketin toimitusprojekteihin. Lisäksi työssä kartoitetaan yrityksessä käytössä olevien automatisointityökalujen kehitystarpeita. Työn tuloksena saatiin määriteltyä GENERIS-objektit ja konfiguraatiot, jotka toimitetaan tuntimittauspaketin mukana. Työn ohessa sisällytettiin yrityksen Suomen taseselvitysjärjestelmien asennusohjeeseen tuntimittauspaketin toiminnallisuuksien konfigurointi. Uusien vientimäärittelyjen avulla voidaan tuntimittauspaketin toiminnallisuudet toimittaa jatkossa tehokkaammin kuin aiemmin.
Resumo:
All over the world power systems become bigger and bigger every day. New equipment is installed, new feeders are constructed, new power units are installed. Some old elements of the network, however, are not changed in time. As a result, “bottlenecks” for capacity transmission can occur. By locked power problem the situation when a power plant has installed capacity exceeding the power it can actually deliver is usually meant. Regime, scheme or even technical restrictions-related issues usually cause this kind of problem. It is really important, since from the regime point of view it is typical decision to have a mobile capacity reserve, in case of malfunctions. And, what can be even more significant, power plant owner (JSC Fortum in our case) losses his money because of selling less electrical energy. The goal of master`s thesis is to analyze the current state of Chelyabinsk power system and the CHP-3 (Combined Heat and Power plant) in particular in relation with it`s ability to deliver the whole capacity of the CHP in it`s existing state and also taking into consideration the prospect of power unit 3 installation by the fourth quarter of 2010. The thesis contains some general information about the UPS of Russia, CPS of Ural, power system of Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk region itself. Then the CHP-3 is described from technical point of view with it`s equipment observation. Regimes for the nowadays power system and for the system after the power unit 3 installation are reviewed. The problems occurring are described and, finally, a solution is offered.
Resumo:
Työssä vertaillaan eri sähköntuotantovaihtoehtojen taloudellista kannattavuutta. Kannattavuusvertailu suoritetaan pelkkää sähköä tuottaville voimalaitoksille. Raportti on jatkoa aikaisemmille tutkimuksille, joista viimeisin julkaistiin 2008. Tutkittavat voimalaitostyypit ovat: ydinvoimalaitos, maakaasukombilauhdevoimalaitos, kivihiililauhdevoimalaitos, turvelauhdevoimalaitos, puulauhdevoimalaitos, tuulivoimala ja uutena aurinkovoimala. Kannattavuustarkastelu suoritetaan annuiteettimenetelmällä käyttäen 5 % reaalikorkoa ja maaliskuun 2012 hintatasoa. Laskelmien perusteella 8000 tunnin huipunkäyttöajalla ydinsähkön tuotantokustannus, kun laitos rakennetaan olemassaolevalle tontille olisi 43,7 €/MWh, täysin uuden ydinvoimalaitoksen 57,9 €/MWh, kaasusähkön 75,4 €/MWh, turvelauhteen 75,4 €/MWh ja hiilisähkön hiilidioksidin talteenotolla 64,4 €/MWh, kun hiilidioksidipäästöoikeuden hintana käytetään 23 €/t. Vastaavasti uusiutuvista puupolttoainelauhdesähkön tuotantokustannus olisi 70,2 €/MWh kun taas 2200 tunnin huipunkäyttöajalla maalla sijaitsevan tuulivoimalaitoksen sähkön tuotantokustannus 52,7 €/MWh ja merellä sijaitsevan tuulivoimalaitoksen 76,8 €/MWh. Erillistarkastelussa arvioitiin suurien keskittävää teknologiaa käyttävän aurinko-voimalaitoksen tuotantokustannuksen ylittävän 100 €/MWh ollen todennäköisesti lähempänä 150 €/MWh. Arvio piensähkön tuotantokustannuksista aurinkosähköisillä paneeleilla vaihtelee 90 – 130 €/MWh. Merkittävin kustannussäästö syntyy, jos aurinkosähköpaketteja voidaan tarjota kuluttajalle kokonaistoimituksena avaimet käteen. Aurinkosähkön tuottaminen kotikeräimillä näyttääkin olevan vaiheessa, jossa se on selkeästi pienkäyttäjälle edullista mikäli sijoitettava pääoma 6000 – 18000 € ei vaadi ulkopuolista rahoitusta.
Resumo:
Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV, is an optical measuring technique to obtain velocity information of a flow in interest. With PIV it is possible to achieve two or three dimensional velocity vector fields from a measurement area instead of a single point in a flow. Measured flow can be either in liquid or in gas form. PIV is nowadays widely applied to flow field studies. The need for PIV is to obtain validation data for Computational Fluid Dynamics calculation programs that has been used to model blow down experiments in PPOOLEX test facility in the Lappeenranta University of Technology. In this thesis PIV and its theoretical background are presented. All the subsystems that can be considered to be part of a PIV system are presented as well with detail. Emphasis is also put to the mathematics behind the image evaluation. The work also included selection and successful testing of a PIV system, as well as the planning of the installation to the PPOOLEX facility. Already in the preliminary testing PIV was found to be good addition to the measuring equipment for Nuclear Safety Research Unit of LUT. The installation to PPOOLEX facility was successful even though there were many restrictions considering it. All parts of the PIV system worked and they were found out to be appropriate for the planned use. Results and observations presented in this thesis are a good background to further PIV use.
Resumo:
Tämä diplomityö on tehty kansainväliseen materiaalinkäsittelyjärjestelmiä toimittavaan yritykseen. Menestyvän yrityksen on pyrittävä kustannustehokkuuden jatkuvaan parantamiseen. Tässä diplomityössä on tutkittu kannattaako kasanpurkaimen portaali valmistaa ristikkorakenteena levyrakenteeseen verrattuna. Tutkimukseen on sisällytetty koko toimitusketju suunnittelusta asennukseen, mutta lujuuslaskennan on suorittanut ulkopuolinen alihankkija. Yrityksen projektissa toimitettiin samaan aikaan purkainta, jonka portaali valmistettiin levyrakenteena. Tätä portaalia on käytetty uuden ristikkorakenteisen portaalin vertailukohtana. Ristikkorakenteinen portaali on suunniteltu putkipalkkirakenteena, jolloin siitä saatiin kevyempi. Suunnittelussa on pyritty huomioimaan valmistusystävällisen suunnittelun näkökohtia, joita esitellään työn teoriaosassa. Ristikkorakenteesta on tehty myös tarjouskuvat, joiden pohjalta valmistustarjoukset on pyydetty. Valmistuskustannusten lisäksi tarkemmassa tarkastelussa ovat suunnittelu- ja laskentakustannukset.
Resumo:
This case study explored value proposition and relationship marketing de-terminants in the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) indus-try. Concretely, the case involved Purmo, a prominent brand and market leader radiator manufacturer, its relationship marketing practices with the retailers of their product (radiator installers) and the value proposition which is being used to reach the end-user. In the field work, five heating experts/entrepreneurs in the installation business were interviewed and asked about their opinion on Purmo and the end-user’s needs. The findings suggest that while installers appreciate Purmo as a supplier and respect it as a company, the loyalty that they have towards it has no repercussions on their product advocacy to ultimate consumers. Installers proved to be attracted to standard model radiators and to be apathetic to the benefits that more advanced models can provide. The reasons for this behavior were found to be their preference for products with better availa-bility and their reluctance to interfere with the customers’ decision making processes.
Resumo:
Vantaa Energy has decided to find out the district cooling business opportunities in Vantaa. One reason for starting up the cooling business is Vantaa Energy's waste-to-energy power plant which is under construction. In the future, especially in the summer time there is an oversupply of district heating because of the new power plant. The cooling using the district heat could be one way to increase the consumption of district heat in the summer. This thesis examines the use of adsorption cooling profitability. Adsorption refrigerator is a machine which uses heat as the driving energy. At Vantaa Energy's case, district heat produced at cogeneration plants would be used. The literature section of this thesis includes descriptions of district cooling, building cooling demand, as well as different ways to produce cooling energy. A tool for profitability calculations was made. It shows the payback period, internal rate of return and net present value of different projects. Based on the calculations adsorption refrigeration is not profitable. This is primarily due to the high price of the adsorption refrigerator. Payback periods become long even when the used heat energy is free. In addition, the lack of availability of the refrigerators and operating experience could become a partial barrier to the use of technology even if the investment would become profitable.
Resumo:
The pumping processes requiring wide range of flow are often equipped with parallelconnected centrifugal pumps. In parallel pumping systems, the use of variable speed control allows that the required output for the process can be delivered with a varying number of operated pump units and selected rotational speed references. However, the optimization of the parallel-connected rotational speed controlled pump units often requires adaptive modelling of both parallel pump characteristics and the surrounding system in varying operation conditions. The available information required for the system modelling in typical parallel pumping applications such as waste water treatment and various cooling and water delivery pumping tasks can be limited, and the lack of real-time operation point monitoring often sets limits for accurate energy efficiency optimization. Hence, alternatives for easily implementable control strategies which can be adopted with minimum system data are necessary. This doctoral thesis concentrates on the methods that allow the energy efficient use of variable speed controlled parallel pumps in system scenarios in which the parallel pump units consist of a centrifugal pump, an electric motor, and a frequency converter. Firstly, the suitable operation conditions for variable speed controlled parallel pumps are studied. Secondly, methods for determining the output of each parallel pump unit using characteristic curve-based operation point estimation with frequency converter are discussed. Thirdly, the implementation of the control strategy based on real-time pump operation point estimation and sub-optimization of each parallel pump unit is studied. The findings of the thesis support the idea that the energy efficiency of the pumping can be increased without the installation of new, more efficient components in the systems by simply adopting suitable control strategies. An easily implementable and adaptive control strategy for variable speed controlled parallel pumping systems can be created by utilizing the pump operation point estimation available in modern frequency converters. Hence, additional real-time flow metering, start-up measurements, and detailed system model are unnecessary, and the pumping task can be fulfilled by determining a speed reference for each parallel-pump unit which suggests the energy efficient operation of the pumping system.