Teollinen ��ljyn erotus koalesenssisuodatuksella v��liaineessa

Koalesenssi on ilmi��, jossa dispergoidun faasin pisarat pyrkiv��t muodostamaan suurempia pisaroita kunnes erotettava faasi muodostuu. Koalesenssi tapahtuu kolmessa p����vaiheessa, jotka ovat l��hestyminen, kiinnittyminen ja irrotus. L��hestymiseen vaikuttavat mekanismit ovat muuan muassa sieppaus, diffuusio, t��rm��ysvaikutus, sedimentaatio, s��hk��iset repul-siovoimat ja van der Waalsin voimat. Kiinnittymisvaiheessa dispergoidun faasin pisarat syrj��ytt��v��t v��liaineen nestekalvon samalla kostuttaen v��liaineen pinnan. Irrotusvaiheessa pisaran hydrodynaaminen voima voittaa pisaran ja v��liaineen v��lisen adheesiovoiman. Koalesenssin tehokkuuteen vaikuttavat useat eri parametrit kuten virtausnopeus, pedin ominaisuudet, v��liaineen ominaisuudet sek�� emulsion ominaisuudet. N��m�� kaikki asiat tulee ottaa huomioon koalesenssisuodatuksen suunnittelussa. Koalesenssisuodatus lukeutuu syv��suodatusmenetelmiin, jotka on ollut k��yt��ss�� jo yli 100 vuotta. Koalesenssisuodatusmenetelm�� on tehokas menetelm�� pienten pisaroiden erottami-seen. Menetelm���� k��ytet����n esimerkiksi ��ljyisten j��tevesien puhdistuksessa. Teollisen ��ljyn syv��suodatuksen etuihin kuuluu muun muassa sen kompakti koko, alhaisemmat k��yt-t��kustannukset, korkea erotusaste, kyky erotella pienetkin pisarat sek�� helppo operointi, automatisointi ja huolto. Suurin haittapuoli on kuitenkin v��liaineen tukkeutuminen, joten prosessi vaatii puhdistuksen tai v��liaineen uusimisen. T��m��n kandidaatinty��n tarkoituksena oli koota kirjallisuusty�� ��ljyn koalesenssisuodatuk-sesta. Ty��ss�� kartoitettiin koalesenssisuodatuksen l��ht��kohdat, teoria, t��rkeimm��t teolli-suuden sovellukset sek�� v��liaineet.

Laser scribing of thin-film PV modules

This study is a literature review on laser scribing in monolithically interconnected thin-film PV modules, focusing on efficiency of modules based on absorber materials CIGS, CdTe and a-Si. In thin-film PV module manufacturing scribing is used to interconnect individual cells monolithically by P1, P2 and P3 scribes. Laser scribing has several advantages compared to mechanical scribing for this purpose. However, laser scribing of thin-films can be a challenging process and may induce efficiency reducing defects. Some of these defects can be avoided by improving optimisation or processing methods.

A phonological and tonal analysis of Samue using Optimality Theory

The topic of the present doctoral dissertation is the analysis of the phonological and tonal structures of a previously largely undescribed language, namely Samue. It is a Gur language belonging to the Niger-Congo language phulym, which is spoken in Burkina Faso. The data were collected during the fieldwork period in a Sama village; the data include 1800 lexical items, thousands of elicited sentences and 30 oral texts. The data were first transcribed phonetically and then the phonological and tonal analyses were conducted. The results show that the phonological system of Samue with the phoneme inventory and phonological processes has the same characteristics as other related Gur languages, although some particularities were found, such as the voicing and lenition of stop consonants in medial positions. Tonal analysis revealed three level tones, which have both lexical and grammatical functions. A particularity of the tonal system is the regressive Mid tone spreading in the verb phrase. The theoretical framework used in the study is Optimality theory. Optimality theory is rarely used in the analysis of an entire language system, and thus an objective was to see whether the theory was applicable to this type of work. Within the tonal analysis especially, some language specific constraints had to be created, although the basic Optimality Theory principle is the universal nature of the constraints. These constraints define the well-formedness of the language structures and they are differently ranked in different languages. This study gives new insights about typological phenomena in Gur languages. It is also a fundamental starting point for the Samue language in relation to the establishment of an orthography. From the theoretical point of view, the study proves that Optimality theory is largely applicable in the analysis of an entire sound system.

First-principles study on electronic and structural properties of Cu(In/Ga)Se alloys for solar cells

Thin-film photovoltaic solar cells based on the Cu(In1���xGax)Se2 (CIGS) alloys have attracted more and more attention due to their large optical absorption coefficient, long term stability, low cost, and high efficiency. Modern theoretical studies of this material with first-principles calculations can provide accurate description of the electronic structure and yield results in close agreement with experimental values, but takes a large amount of calculation time. In this work, we use first-principles calculations based on the computationally affordable meta- generalized gradient approximation of the density-functional theory to investigate electronic and structural properties of the CIGS alloys. We report on the simulation of the lattice parameters and band gaps, as a function of chemical composition. The obtained results were found to be in a good agreement with the available experimental data.

Extreme Observables and Optimal Measurements in Quantum Theory

Optimization of quantum measurement processes has a pivotal role in carrying out better, more accurate or less disrupting, measurements and experiments on a quantum system. Especially, convex optimization, i.e., identifying the extreme points of the convex sets and subsets of quantum measuring devices plays an important part in quantum optimization since the typical ���gures of merit for measuring processes are a���ne functionals. In this thesis, we discuss results determining the extreme quantum devices and their relevance, e.g., in quantum-compatibility-related questions. Especially, we see that a compatible device pair where one device is extreme can be joined into a single apparatus essentially in a unique way. Moreover, we show that the question whether a pair of quantum observables can be measured jointly can often be formulated in a weaker form when some of the observables involved are extreme. Another major line of research treated in this thesis deals with convex analysis of special restricted quantum device sets, covariance structures or, in particular, generalized imprimitivity systems. Some results on the structure ofcovariant observables and instruments are listed as well as results identifying the extreme points of covariance structures in quantum theory. As a special case study, not published anywhere before, we study the structure of Euclidean-covariant localization observables for spin-0-particles. We also discuss the general form of Weyl-covariant phase-space instruments. Finally, certain optimality measures originating from convex geometry are introduced for quantum devices, namely, boundariness measuring how ���close��� to the algebraic boundary of the device set a quantum apparatus is and the robustness of incompatibility quantifying the level of incompatibility for a quantum device pair by measuring the highest amount of noise the pair tolerates without becoming compatible. Boundariness is further associated to minimum-error discrimination of quantum devices, and robustness of incompatibility is shown to behave monotonically under certain compatibility-non-decreasing operations. Moreover, the value of robustness of incompatibility is given for a few special device pairs.

Explaining the intention to play and behavior of playing sports betting games of young Finnish adults : an application of the theory of planned behavior

The aim of this Master���s Thesis was to examine the determinants of intention and behavior of playing sports betting games in order to explain the intention to play in a more precise way and to be able to understand the behavior of playing. The theory of planned behavior was applied in explaining the intention of young Finnish adults aged 18 to 34. A quantitative research method was applied and an online survey was sent to the students of Lappeenranta University of Technology and to the subscribers of Urheilulehti in order to reach a sample that present the young population of Finland. The theory of the study focused on the theory of planned behavior and its antecedents, attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control as well as motivation. By analyzing the data, causal relationships were found through which the explanation of intention was possible. The results showed that attitude towards playing, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and motivation impact the formation of intention significantly. The results also indicated that intention impacts significantly to the playing frequency.

The role of business model in computer game development organizations

The computer game industry has grown steadily for years, and in revenues it can be compared to the music and film industries. The game industry has been moving to digital distribution. Computer gaming and the concept of business model are discussed among industrial practitioners and the scientific community. The significance of the business model concept has increased in the scientific literature recently, although there is still a lot of discussion going on on the concept. In the thesis, the role of the business model in the computer game industry is studied. Computer game developers, designers, project managers and organization leaders in 11 computer game companies were interviewed. The data was analyzed to identify the important elements of computer game business model, how the business model concept is perceived and how the growth of the organization affects the business model. It was identified that the importance of human capital is crucial to the business. As games are partly a product of creative thinking also innovation and the creative process are highly valued. The same applies to technical skills when performing various activities. Marketing and customer relationships are also considered as key elements in the computer game business model. Financing and partners are important especially for startups, when the organization is dependent on external funding and third party assets. The results of this study provide organizations with improved understanding on how the organization is built and what business model elements are weighted.