Critical infrastructure protection against cyber threats

A postgraduate seminar series with a title Critical Infrastructure Protection against Cyber Threats held at the Department of Military Technology of the National Defence University in the fall of 2013 and 2014. This book is a collection of some of talks that were presented in the seminar. The papers address origin of critical infrastructure protection, wargaming cyberwar in critical infrastructure defence, cyber-target categorization, supervisory control and data acquisition systems vulnerabilities, electric power as critical infrastructure, improving situational awareness of critical infrastructure and trust based situation awareness in high security cloud environment. This set of papers tries to give some insight to current issues of the network-centric critical infrastructure protection. The seminar has always made a publication of the papers but this has been an internal publication of the Finnish Defence Forces and has not hindered publication of the papers in international conferences. Publication of these papers in peer reviewed conferences has indeed been always the goal of the seminar, since it teaches writing conference level papers. We still hope that an internal publication in the department series is useful to the Finnish Defence Forces by offering an easy access to these papers.

Imbuing airborne electronic warfare self-protection : possibilities to disguise

Tutkielman nimi käännettynä suomeksi on Lentokoneiden omasuojajärjestelmien kyllästäminen – mahdollisuuksia kätkeytymiseen. Siinä keskitytään etsimään aktiivisia, ilmauhkaa kohti säteileviä keinoja ilmahyökkääjän, lentokoneen tai helikopterin, omasuojajärjestelmän harhauttamiseksi. Järjestelmät pyrkivät varoittamaan lentäjää laser- ja tutkasäteilyhavainnoista sekä ohjuksen laukaisusta ja lähestymisestä. Omasuojajärjestelmiin kuuluviin vastakeinoihin tutkimus ei keskity. Tavoitteena harhauttamisella on ilmapuolustuksen todellisen määrän ja sijainnin suojaaminen. Epätietoisuus voi saada lentäjän tekemään vääriä johtopäätöksiä. Työ ei fokusoi harhauttamisen taktiseen kehykseen työn kannalta tarpeellista määrää enempää. Tietosuojasyistä tutkimus ei käsittele käytössä olevien omasuojajärjestelmien operatiivisia ominaisuuksia vaan käsittelee teoriaa niiden taustalla. Tutkimus tehtiin käyttäen taustatutkimukselle enemmän tyypillistä kirjallisuustutkimusta. Jo tutki-muksen alkuvaiheessa oli oletettavaa, että elektronisiin sensoreihin perustuvaa omasuojajärjestelmää pystytään harhauttamaan. Systeemianalysoinnilla pyrittiin löytämään vastauksia tähän olettamukseen. Omasuojajärjestelmästä muodostettiin jo tutkimuksen varhaisessa vaiheessa malli. Tieteellistä kirjallisuutta omasuojajärjestelmistä on olemassa jonkin verran, ja niistä löydettyä tietoa omasuojajärjestelmien ominaisuuksista ja sensoreista yhdistettiin malliin niin, että siitä saatiin mahdollisimman tarkka systeemin kuvaus todellisesta omasuojajärjestelmästä. Analyysin tavoitteena oli löytää niitä kriteereitä, joilla omasuojajärjestelmä saataisiin kohtuullisen tehokkaasti uskomaan harhautusta oikeaksi hälytykseksi. Ohjuksen laukaisusta varoittava sensori perustuu ohjuksen moottorin muodostaman pilven lämpö-säteilyyn. Säteily kuitenkin muuttuu lennon eri vaiheissa, mikä tuottaa haasteita järjestelmälle. Millimetrialueen tutkan käyttö varoittimen sensorina on myös yksi vaihtoehto. Laser-varoittimet toimivat koko sillä taajuusalueella, mitä sotilaskäytössä tulenjohtamiseen ja ohjusten ohjaamiseen käytetään. Tutkavaroittimen tutkimus on vielä kesken. Löydettyjä tuloksia analysoimalla tulen tässä vaiheessa hieman ristiriitaisiin tuloksiin. Lämpösäteilyn käytön suurin haaste on sen eteneminen ilmakehässä. Varoittimen tavoitekaan ei ole toimia kymmentä kilometriä pidemmälle. Yksi mahdollinen ratkaisu on suunnitella ja toteuttaa raketti, jonka tuottaa lämpösäteilyä kuten tietty puolustavan joukon käytössä oleva ohjus. Jos koneessa on kuitenkin myös millimetrialueen tutka tukemassa varoitusjärjestelmää, hankaloituu rakettiharhautus merkittävästi, koska sen pitäisi oletettavasti olla lentokoneen kanssa melko tarkasti kohtaavalla reitillä. Laser-varoitin on ilmeisesti herkin järjestelmistä, koska se voi tietyissä olosuhteissa ja varsinkin matalalla lentokorkeudella aiheuttaa paljon vääriä hälytyksiä ilman tarkoituksellista harhauttamista. Laserin käyttö yhdistettynä raketin laukaisuun saattaisi tuottaa halutun tuloksen. Tutkavaroittimen harhautus onnistuu, jos valelaitteen signaali on uskottavan tarkka.

Value creation through sponsorship in electronic sports

The objective of this thesis was to study value creation through sponsor-ship in a new emerging electronic sports environment. Sub-questions were formulated which helped in finding answers to the main research question. Theory of traditional sports and practice of electronic sports were compared with each other in order to find out how theories of tradi-tional sports fare in the new environment. B2B-relationship model of Actors, resources and activities is used in this thesis to help in clarifying the different variables used in electronic sports sponsorship environment. The empirical research was conducted via interviews with the managers working in electronic sports environment. One of the main conclusions is that relationship management is really important.. Actors in electronic sports need to find and create win-win-win situations. This means that they need to benefit the actors in sponsoring relationship and also the community.

First-principles study on electronic and structural properties of Cu(In/Ga)Se alloys for solar cells

Thin-film photovoltaic solar cells based on the Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) alloys have attracted more and more attention due to their large optical absorption coefficient, long term stability, low cost, and high efficiency. Modern theoretical studies of this material with first-principles calculations can provide accurate description of the electronic structure and yield results in close agreement with experimental values, but takes a large amount of calculation time. In this work, we use first-principles calculations based on the computationally affordable meta- generalized gradient approximation of the density-functional theory to investigate electronic and structural properties of the CIGS alloys. We report on the simulation of the lattice parameters and band gaps, as a function of chemical composition. The obtained results were found to be in a good agreement with the available experimental data.

Situational awareness for critical infrastructure protection

Postgraduate seminar series with a title Situational Awareness for Critical Infrastructure Protection held at the Department of Military Technology of the National Defence University in 2015. This book is a collection of some of talks that were presented in the seminar. The papers address designing inter-organizational situation awareness system, principles of designing for situation awareness, situation awareness in distributed teams, vulnerability analysis in a critical system context, tactical Command, Control, Communications, Computers, & Intelligence (C4I) systems, and improving situational awareness in the circle of trust. This set of papers tries to give some insight to current issues of the situation awareness for critical infrastructure protection. The seminar has always made a publication of the papers but this has been an internal publication of the Finnish Defence Forces and has not hindered publication of the papers in international conferences. Publication of these papers in peer reviewed conferences has indeed been always the goal of the seminar, since it teaches writing conference level papers. We still hope that an internal publication in the department series is useful to the Finnish Defence Forces by offering an easy access to these papers.

Power Electronic Converters in Low-Voltage Direct Current Distribution – Analysis and Implementation

Over the recent years, smart grids have received great public attention. Many proposed functionalities rely on power electronics, which play a key role in the smart grid, together with the communication network. However, “smartness” is not the driver that alone motivates the research towards distribution networks based on power electronics; the network vulnerability to natural hazards has resulted in tightening requirements for the supply security, set both by electricity end-users and authorities. Because of the favorable price development and advancements in the field, direct current (DC) distribution has become an attractive alternative for distribution networks. In this doctoral dissertation, power electronic converters for a low-voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system are investigated. These include the rectifier located at the beginning of the LVDC network and the customer-end inverter (CEI) on the customer premises. Rectifier topologies are introduced, and according to the LVDC system requirements, topologies are chosen for the analysis. Similarly, suitable CEI topologies are addressed and selected for study. Application of power electronics into electricity distribution poses some new challenges. Because the electricity end-user is supplied with the CEI, it is responsible for the end-user voltage quality, but it also has to be able to supply adequate current in all operating conditions, including a short-circuit, to ensure the electrical safety. Supplying short-circuit current with power electronics requires additional measures, and therefore, the short-circuit behavior is described and methods to overcome the high-current supply to the fault are proposed. Power electronic converters also produce common-mode (CM) and radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic interferences (EMI), which are not present in AC distribution. Hence, their magnitudes are investigated. To enable comprehensive research on the LVDC distribution field, a research site was built into a public low-voltage distribution network. The implementation was a joint task by the LVDC research team of Lappeenranta University of Technology and a power company Suur-Savon S¨ahk¨o Oy. Now, the measurements could be conducted in an actual environment. This is important especially for the EMI studies. The main results of the work concern the short-circuit operation of the CEI and the EMI issues. The applicability of the power electronic converters to electricity distribution is demonstrated, and suggestions for future research are proposed.

GIS-based approach for optimization of onshore wind park infrastructure alignment in Finland

Wind power is a rapidly developing, low-emission form of energy production. In Fin-land, the official objective is to increase wind power capacity from the current 1 005 MW up to 3 500–4 000 MW by 2025. By the end of April 2015, the total capacity of all wind power project being planned in Finland had surpassed 11 000 MW. As the amount of projects in Finland is record high, an increasing amount of infrastructure is also being planned and constructed. Traditionally, these planning operations are conducted using manual and labor-intensive work methods that are prone to subjectivity. This study introduces a GIS-based methodology for determining optimal paths to sup-port the planning of onshore wind park infrastructure alignment in Nordanå-Lövböle wind park located on the island of Kemiönsaari in Southwest Finland. The presented methodology utilizes a least-cost path (LCP) algorithm for searching of optimal paths within a high resolution real-world terrain dataset derived from airborne lidar scannings. In addition, planning data is used to provide a realistic planning framework for the anal-ysis. In order to produce realistic results, the physiographic and planning datasets are standardized and weighted according to qualitative suitability assessments by utilizing methods and practices offered by multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). The results are pre-sented as scenarios to correspond various different planning objectives. Finally, the methodology is documented by using tools of Business Process Management (BPM). The results show that the presented methodology can be effectively used to search and identify extensive, 20 to 35 kilometers long networks of paths that correspond to certain optimization objectives in the study area. The utilization of high-resolution terrain data produces a more objective and more detailed path alignment plan. This study demon-strates that the presented methodology can be practically applied to support a wind power infrastructure alignment planning process. The six-phase structure of the method-ology allows straightforward incorporation of different optimization objectives. The methodology responds well to combining quantitative and qualitative data. Additional-ly, the careful documentation presents an example of how the methodology can be eval-uated and developed as a business process. This thesis also shows that more emphasis on the research of algorithm-based, more objective methods for the planning of infrastruc-ture alignment is desirable, as technological development has only recently started to realize the potential of these computational methods.