Hiilineutraalia Suomea rakentamaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Kirkolla oli vahva rooli keskiaikaisissa kauhutarinoissa

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Suomalaisen monikulttuurisuuden mahdollisuudet

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Isämme uskoivat ennen

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Yhdistetyn voima- ja kestävyysharjoittelun vaikutukset maksimaaliseen voimantuottoon, kehon koostumukseen ja taakan kantamiseen

Varusmiesten peruskoulutuskauden aikana koulutettavien maksimaalinen hapenottokyky paranee ja elimistön rasvan määrä vähenee. Kestävyyssuorituskyvyn nousu ja kehon koos-tumuksen muutokset ovat sitä myönteisemmät, mitä huonommassa fyysisessä kunnossa va-rusmies on palveluksen alussa ja mitä alhaisempi on palvelusta edeltävä liikunta-aktiivisuus. Voimaominaisuuksien kehittymisen osalta peruskoulutuskauden kestävyyspainotteinen soti-laskoulutus saattaa osittain estää voima- sekä kestävyysharjoittelun spesifiset vaikutukset. Erikoiskoulutuskauden aikana toteutettu koulutussuunnitelmien mukainen fyysinen harjoitte-lu ei yleisesti paranna voimaominaisuuksia. Tämä tutkimus on ensimmäinen Suomessa tehty kenttätutkimus, jossa tarkastellaan suoma-laisten varusmiesten erikoiskoulutuskauden koulutukseen lisätyn voimaharjoittelun vaikutus-ta maksimaaliseen voimantuottoon, kehon koostumukseen ja taakan kantamiseen. Tuloksia voidaan soveltaa pohdittaessa maavoimien jalkaväkisotilaalle asetettavia fyysisiä vaatimuk-sia, koulutettavien valintaa eri tehtäviin, eri koulutuskausien liikuntakoulutuksen rakennetta ja kannettavan taakan massan vaikutusta sotilaan kuormittumiseen ja toimintakykyyn taiste-lukentällä. Tutkimusjoukko (n=25) koostui vapaaehtoisista Kaartin Jääkärirykmentin varusmiehistä. Kontrolliryhmä (n=12) harjoitteli erikoiskoulutuskauden koulutussuunnitelman mukaisia harjoitteita. Koeryhmän (n=13) erikoiskoulutuskauden koulutukseen lisättiin kahdeksan vii-kon ajan, kaksi kertaa viikossa, toteutettu voimaharjoittelu. Alkumittaukset suoritettiin eri-koiskoulutuskauden alussa ja loppumittaukset erikoiskoulutuskauden lopussa. Muuttujina käytettiin yläraajojen, keskivartalon ja alaraajojen maksimaalista voimantuottoa, kehon koos-tumuksen muutoksia ja kahden mailin taakkajuoksua. Koeryhmän yläraajojen maksimaalisessa voimantuotossa ei havaittu muutoksia. Kontrolli-ryhmän yläraajojen maksimaalisen voimantuotto kasvoi 990 ± 320 N  1140 ± 360 N, p<0,05. Koeryhmän vatsalihasten maksimaalisen voimantuotto kasvoi 3260 ± 510 N  3740 ± 750 N, p<0,05. Selkälihasten maksimaalinen voimantuotto laski molempien ryhmien osalta, koeryhmä 4290 ± 990 N  3570 ± 480 N, p<0,01 ja kontrolliryhmä 3920 ± 720 N  3410 ± 530 N, p<0,05. Molempien ryhmien alaraajojen maksimaalinen voimantuotto laski, koeryhmä 5250 ± 1110 N  4290 ± 720 N, p<0,001, kontrolli 5170 ± 1050 N  4330 ± 1230 N, p<0,05. Kahden mailin taakkajuoksun suoritusajan muutos oli erittäin merkitsevä. Koeryhmä 1162 ± 116 s  1047 ± 81 s, p<0,001 ja kontrolliryhmä 1142 ± 95 s  1035 ± 819 s, p<0,001. Kehon rasvaprosentin ja kahden mailin taakkajuoksuun käytetyn suoritus-ajan välillä havaittiin loppumittauksissa koeryhmän osalta positiivinen korrelaatio r =0,65*, p≤0,05. Kehon koostumuksen muutosten tai voimantuoton muutosten ja taakkajuoksun muu-tosten välillä ei havaittu yhteyttä. Varusmiespalveluksen erikoiskoulutuskauden aikana toteutetun yhdistetyn voima- ja kestä-vyysharjoittelun harjoitusvaikutuksiin saattaa vaikuttaa erikoiskoulutuskauden kestävyyspai-notteinen koulutus, harjoittelun kokonaisvolyymi ja puutteellinen palautuminen. Nämä saat-tavat johtaa ylirasitustilaan ja siten haitata optimaalista voimantuoton kasvua. Koulutettavien yksilölliset fysiologiset ominaisuudet tulee huomioida yksityiskohtaisemmin ja yksilölli-semmin erikoiskoulutuskauden harjoittelun optimoinnissa. Fyysisten ominaisuuksien kehit-tämisessä tulee entistä tarkemmin huomioida palveluksen kokonaiskuormittavuus, voima- ja kestävyysominaisuuksien tasapainoinen ja nousujohteinen kehittäminen sekä laadukas palau-tuminen.

Sotaa, naisia ja ylellisyyttä Aurinkokuninkaan tapaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Siiveniskuja vuosimiljoonien takaa

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Mikael Agricola on jälleen veistoksena Viipurissa - miten paluu tapahtui?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Johdatus kosteikkojen biologiaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

The Effects of the Breast Cancer Mammography Screening Programme in Women aged 40 to 84 years in Turku, Finland (1987-2009)

The objective of this thesis was to evaluate whether a more extensive mammography screening programme (TurkuMSP) conducted by the city of Turku, had an effect on breast cancer (BC) incidence, survival, or mortality in years 1987 to 2009. Despite the fact that some studies have suggested a 20 percent reduction in BC mortality due to mammography screening, there are findings of harm to subjects, which are claimed to negate the benefits of screening. Thus, the aims of this study are most pertinent. A total of 176 908 screening examinations were performed in 36 000 women aged 40−74 during the years 1987−1997. In all, 685 primary BCs were found in the screened women, either screen-detected (n=531) or during screening intervals (n=154). Survival and BC recurrence rate of women with screen-detected BC was compared to 184 women with clinical BCs detected among individuals who did not take part in the screening. The invitation interval, which may influence the outcome, was studied in the age group 40 to 49 by inviting those born in even calendar years annually for mammography screening and those born in odd years, triennially. In addition, BC incidence and mortality in the total female population of Turku aged 40 to 84 years was compared with the respective figures of Helsinki and the rest of Finland, both during the pre-screening era (1976-1986) and the screening era (1987-2009). The study was designed to compare women by age groups, because women aged 50 to 59 were generally screened in all of Finland, whereas only in Turku women aged 40 to 49 and 60 to 74 were screened in addition. Data regarding cancer recurrence were derived from the Finnish Cancer Registry and data on deaths were collected from Statistics Finland. In survival analyses, screened women with invasive BC had a significantly higher survival rate than the women with clinical BC. The survival benefit started to appear already during the first follow-up years and was evident in all age groups. A marginal survival extension was also seen in screened women when BC had spread to ipsilateral axillary nodes already at diagnosis. Recurrence-free survival rate after BC treatment was significantly more favorable among the screened women compared with women with BC found clinically. The screening invitation interval did not significantly influence BC mortality in the subset of women aged 40 to 49 years. There were no consistent differences in the changes of BC incidence between Turku and the comparison areas during the screening era. In Turku, the BC mortality incidence in women aged 55−69 years was significantly lower during the screening era (from 1987 to 1997) compared with the pre-screening era, whereas no such change was found in the city of Helsinki or Tampere. When comparing the changes in incidence-based BC mortality during years 1987 to 2009 in Turku to those of Helsinki and the rest of Finland, there was a suggestion of more than 20 percent lower mortality in Turku among oldest age group (75-84 years) compared with the reference residential areas, but the differences were not consistently significant. Interpretation of the study results should be made with caution because there were no random control groups, and on the other hand, the number of cases in subgroups was fairly low to yield definite conclusions. Also due to the many statistical analyses, some of the findings may be due to chance. The results are, however, suggestive for a decrease of BC mortality in the elderly age groups due to wide mammography screening. This finding needs confirmation in further studies before recommending an expansion of mammography screening to women up to the age of 74 years

Spontaneous Focusing on Numerosity in the Development of Early Mathematical Skills

The aim of the present set of longitudinal studies was to explore 3-7-year-old children.s Spontaneous FOcusing on Numerosity (SFON) and its relation to early mathematical development. The specific goals were to capture in method and theory the distinct process by which children focus on numerosity as a part of their activities involving exact number recognition, and individual differences in this process that may be informative in the development of more complex number skills. Over the course of conducting the five studies, fifteen novel tasks were progressively developed for the SFON assessments. In the tasks, confounding effects of insufficient number recognition, verbal comprehension, other procedural skills as well as working memory capacity were aimed to be controlled. Furthermore, how children.s individual differences in SFON are related to their development of number sequence, subitizing-based enumeration, object counting and basic arithmetic skills was explored. The effect of social interaction on SFON was tested. Study I captured the first phase of the 3-year longitudinal study with 39 children. It was investigated whether there were differences in 3-year-old children.s tendency to focus on numerosity, and whether these differences were related to the children.s development of cardinality recognition skills from the age of 3 to 4 years. It was found that the two groups of children formed on the basis of their amount of SFON tendency at the age of 3 years differed in their development of recognising and producing small numbers. The children whose SFON tendency was very predominant developed faster in cardinality related skills from the age of 3 to 4 years than the children whose SFON tendency was not as predominant. Thus, children.s development in cardinality recognition skills is related to their SFON tendency. Studies II and III were conducted to investigate, firstly, children.s individual differences in SFON, and, secondly, whether children.s SFON is related to their counting development. Altogether nine tasks were designed for the assessments of spontaneous and guided focusing on numerosity. The longitudinal data of 39 children in Study II from the age of 3.5 to 6 years showed individual differences in SFON at the ages of 4, 5 and 6 years, as well as stability in children.s SFON across tasks used at different ages. The counting skills were assessed at the ages of 3.5, 5 and 6 years. Path analyses indicated a reciprocal tendency in the relationship between SFON and counting development. In Study III, these results on the individual differences in SFON tendency, the stability of SFON across different tasks and the relationship of SFON and mathematical skills were confirmed by a larger-scale cross-sectional study of 183 on average 6.5-year-old children (range 6;0-7;0 years). The significant amount of unique variance that SFON accounted for number sequence elaboration, object counting and basic arithmetic skills stayed statistically significant (partial correlations varying from .27 to .37) when the effects of non-verbal IQ and verbal comprehension were controlled. In addition, to confirm that the SFON tasks assess SFON tendency independently from enumeration skills, guided focusing tasks were used for children who had failed in SFON tasks. It was explored whether these children were able to proceed in similar tasks to SFON tasks once they were guided to focus on number. The results showed that these children.s poor performance in the SFON tasks was not caused by their deficiency in executing the tasks but on lacking focusing on numerosity. The longitudinal Study IV of 39 children aimed at increasing the knowledge of associations between children.s long-term SFON tendency, subitizing-based enumeration and verbal counting skills. Children were tested twice at the age of 4-5 years on their SFON, and once at the age of 5 on their subitizing-based enumeration, number sequence production, as well as on their skills for counting of objects. Results showed considerable stability in SFON tendency measured at different ages, and that there is a positive direct association between SFON and number sequence production. The association between SFON and object counting skills was significantly mediated by subitizing-based enumeration. These results indicate that the associations between the child.s SFON and sub-skills of verbal counting may differ on the basis of how significant a role understanding the cardinal meanings of number words plays in learning these skills. The specific goal of Study V was to investigate whether it is possible to enhance 3-year old children.s SFON tendency, and thus start children.s deliberate practice in early mathematical skills. Participants were 3-year-old children in Finnish day care. The SFON scores and cardinality-related skills of the experimental group of 17 children were compared to the corresponding results of the 17 children in the control group. The results show an experimental effect on SFON tendency and subsequent development in cardinality-related skills during the 6-month period from pretest to delayed posttest in the children with some initial SFON tendency in the experimental group. Social interaction has an effect on children.s SFON tendency. The results of the five studies assert that within a child.s existing mathematical competence, it is possible to distinguish a separate process, which refers to the child.s tendency to spontaneously focus on numerosity. Moreover, there are significant individual differences in children.s SFON at the age of 3-7 years. Moderate stability was found in this tendency across different tasks assessed both at the same and at different ages. Furthermore, SFON tendency is related to the development of early mathematical skills. Educational implications of the findings emphasise, first, the importance of regarding focusing on numerosity as a separate, essential process in the assessments of young children.s mathematical skills. Second, the substantial individual differences in SFON tendency during the childhood years suggest that uncovering and modeling this kind of mathematically meaningful perceiving of the surroundings and tasks could be an efficient tool for promoting young children.s mathematical development, and thus prevent later failures in learning mathematical skills. It is proposed to consider focusing on numerosity as one potential sub-process of activities involving exact number recognition in future studies.

Ruhtinas ja runoilija : Paavo Haavikon Gagarin

Artikkeli pohjautuu Suomen Kielen Seurassa 16.2.2011 pidettyyn esitelmään.