A.E. Nordenskiöld

Wiipuri 1881

Suomen kaupan ja teollisuuden rakenne kuljetusten näkökulmasta

Tässä selvityksessä on tarkasteltu Suomen kaupan ja teollisuuden rakennetta tarkoituk-sena löytää SPC Finlandin tärkeimmät kohderyhmät tuojien ja viejien joukosta. Samalla tavoitteena on ollut muodostaa kokonaiskuva kaupan ja teollisuuden toiminnasta ulko-maan kuljetusten näkökulmasta. Selvitys jakaantuu nimensä mukaisesti erikseen kauppaan ja teollisuuteen. Teollisuuden tarkastelussa keskitytään merikuljetusten kannalta tärkeimpiin toimialoihin metsäteolli-suuteen, teknologiateollisuuteen kuuluvaan metalliteollisuuteen ja kemianteollisuuteen. Ulkomaankauppaan liittyvien kotimaassa tapahtuvien kuljetusten kannalta oleellista on ollut toimialojen maantieteellisen sijainnin ja alueittaisen viennin jakautumisen kartoit-taminen. Suomen vienti on toimijoittain tarkasteltuna hyvin keskittynyttä. Puolet Suomen viennin arvosta muodostuu 21 suurimman vientiyrityksen viennistä. Toisaalta yli miljoonan euron vuosittaiseen vientiin yltäviä yrityksiä on lähes 2 000. Keskittyneisyys vaihtelee teollisuudessa toimialoittain. Vienti on keskittyneintä paperiteollisuudessa ja perusme-tallien valmistuksessa, jotka ovat myös merikuljetusten tärkeimpiä rahdinantajia. Vienti painottuu rannikolle ja muutamaan sisämaan voimakkaasti teollistuneeseen alu-eeseen. Tuotantolaitosten maantieteellisessä sijoittautumisessa on toimialakohtaisia ero-ja. Kemiallisen metsäteollisuuden sisämaan keskukset tarjoavat mahdollisuuden kehit-tää intermodaalisia kuljetusvirtoja, jos kontitusta siirtyy tehtaille. Intermodaalikuljetuk-sissa käytetään kahta tai useampaa kuljetusmuotoa ja runkokuljetus tapahtuu rautateitse tai vesitse. Kuljetusyksikkö, esimerkiksi kontti, ei yleensä vaihdu kuljetuksen aikana. Teknologiateollisuus jakaantuu moneen alatoimialaan. Suomen teollisuuden kasvu on ollut nopeaa erityisesti elektroniikka- ja sähköteknisessä teollisuudessa, joka ei kuiten-kaan kuulu suuriin merikuljettajiin. Kone- ja metallituoteteollisuudessa useat tuotteet soveltuvat suuryksiköitäviksi. Kemianteollisuus on jakautunut hyvin erilaisiin alatoimialoihin. Peruskemikaaleissa merkittävä tuoteryhmä on muun muassa metsäteollisuuden kemikaalit. Rannikolla on merkittäviä kemianalan keskittymiä, joista suurin on Porvoon Kilpilahdessa. Sinne saa-puu öljyä kemian teollisuuden raaka-aineeksi. Muovi- ja kumiteollisuus käyttävät tuote-kuljetuksissa erityisesti maantiekuljetuksia. Vientimäärät ovat melko vähäisiä. Muovi- ja kumiteollisuuden raaka-aineet ovat tuontitavaraa. Kaupan kehitys riippuu suuresti demografisista tekijöistä ja ostovoiman alueellisesta jakautumisesta. Ostovoima keskittyy Suomessa väestöltään suurimpiin seutukuntiin, joista kahdessa, Helsingissä ja Turussa, sijaitsee kaupan tuonnin tärkeimmät satamat. Kaupan tuonti keskittyy yhä voimakkaammin näihin kahteen seutukuntaan, vaikka myös Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla on potentiaalia kaupan tuontiin. Toimijoittain tukkukaupan tuonti on vielä melko vähän keskittynyttä. Alalla on paljon maahantuontiyrityksiä. Kes-kittyminen kuitenkin jatkuu ja suuret ketjut ohittavat suoralla tuonnilla pienet maahan-tuojat. Erikoistavarakaupassa Suomeen etabloituu lisää ulkomaisia ketjuja. Ketjuohjauksella tehdään päätökset hankinnoista ja logistiikasta. Kaupan valikoimissa ulkomais-ten tuotteiden määrä kasvaa. Intermodaalisuus lisääntyy, vaikka perusteollisuuden tuotannon kasvu hidastuisi tai kääntyisi laskuun. Jalostusasteen noston seurauksena suuryksiköidyt ja intermodaaliset kuljetukset lisääntyvät. Aiemmin suuryksiköimättömänä kuljetettua lastia, kuten irtota-varaa, siirtyy kuljetettavaksi konteissa. Sisäiset Suomen ja muun Euroopan väliset kont-tikuljetukset ovat vielä vähäisiä. Logistiikkaketjujen tehostaminen johtaa komodaali-suuden lisääntymiseen niin, että eri liikennemuotojen yhteiskäyttö tehostuu myös bulk-kuljetuksissa. Suomen teollisuuden ja kaupan alueellinen rakenne ei tue intermodaalisuuden kehittä-mistä kotimaan kuljetusosuuksilla kovinkaan voimakkaasti. Intermodaalikuljetusten osuuden nostamiseksi tarvitaan uusia innovaatioita ja palveluita, joita myös SPC Fin-land voi olla mukana tuottamassa. Suomen viennin voimakkaan toimijakohtaisen keskittymisen takia SPC Finlandin on helppo saavuttaa viejät, jotka vastaavat suurimmasta osasta Suomen viennistä. Pk-yritykset käyttävät viennissään todennäköisesti hyvin laajasti huolintaliikkeiden palve-luita. Tuonnin kenttä on hajanaisempi, vaikka tuonnissakin keskittyminen lisääntyy. Toisaalta yhä useammat yritykset ovat potentiaalisia SPC Finlandin palveluiden tarvitsi-joita, koska pienenkin yrityksen on helppo tuoda tavaraa EU:n alueelta. Selvityksen perusteella voidaan päätellä, että teollisuuden jalostusasteen nousu ja sen seurauksena tapahtuva intermodaalikuljetusten määrän kasvu näyttäisivät lisäävän tar-vetta SPC Finlandin palveluihin teollisuuden kokonaiskuljetusmäärien kehityksestä riippumatta. Kaupan kansainvälistyminen ja ulkomaisten tuotteiden määrän lisääntymi-nen vaikuttavat samaan suuntaan. Kun vielä otetaan huomioon, että viennin osuus brut-tokansantuotteesta todennäköisesti nousee lähemmäksi muiden pienten eurooppalaisten maiden tasoa, näyttäisi siltä, että SPC Finlandin palveluille lähimerenkulkusidonnaisten intermodaalikuljetusten edistämisessä on olemassa tarvetta myös tulevaisuudessa.

De civitate

Painovuosi nimekkeestä.

Quaestio: an leges divinae positivae universales dentur

Invocatio: I.N.D.O.M.

Disputatio pro articulo I. Libri concordiae

Arkit: A-D4 D2.

Puiden kuolinsyyt pohjoisen Fennoskandian luonnontilaisissa kuusimetsissä

Seloste artikkelista: Tree mortality agents in pristine Norway spruce forests in northern Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica 42 (2008) : 2, s. 151-163.

Andentunja

Soitinnus: piano.

Distributed ControlArchitecture of Power Electronics Building-Block-Based Frequency Converters

The increasing power demand and emerging applications drive the design of electrical power converters into modularization. Despite the wide use of modularized power stage structures, the control schemes that are used are often traditional, in other words, centralized. The flexibility and re-usability of these controllers are typically poor. With a dedicated distributed control scheme, the flexibility and re-usability of the system parts, building blocks, can be increased. Only a few distributed control schemes have been introduced for this purpose, but their breakthrough has not yet taken place. A demand for the further development offlexible control schemes for building-block-based applications clearly exists. The control topology, communication, synchronization, and functionality allocationaspects of building-block-based converters are studied in this doctoral thesis. A distributed control scheme that can be easily adapted to building-block-based power converter designs is developed. The example applications are a parallel and series connection of building blocks. The building block that is used in the implementations of both the applications is a commercial off-the-shelf two-level three-phase frequency converter with a custom-designed controller card. The major challenge with the parallel connection of power stages is the synchronization of the building blocks. The effect of synchronization accuracy on the system performance is studied. The functionality allocation and control scheme design are challenging in the seriesconnected multilevel converters, mainly because of the large number of modules. Various multilevel modulation schemes are analyzed with respect to the implementation, and this information is used to develop a flexible control scheme for modular multilevel inverters.

Val av species och bestämdhetsform i ett test för finska grundskolelever

Artikel i konferensrapport.

Social capital and health : variations, associations and challenges

Although social capital and health have been extensively studied during the last decade, there are still open issues in current empirical research. These concern for instance the measurement of the concept in different contexts, as well as the association between different types of social capital and different dimensions of health. The present thesis addressed these questions. The general aim was to promote the understanding of social capital and health by investigating the oldest old and the two major language groups in Finland, Swedish- and Finnish-speakers. Another aim was to contribute to the discussion on methodological issues in social capital and health research. The present thesis investigated two empirical data sets, Umeå 85+ and Health 2000. The Umeå 85+ study was a cross-sectional study of 163 individuals aged 85, 90, and 95 or older, living in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, in the year of 2000. The Health 2000 survey was a national study of 8,028 persons aged 30 or above carried out in Finland in 2000-2001. Different indicators of structural (e.g. social contacts) and cognitive (e.g. trust) social capital, as well as health indicators were used as variables in the analyses. The Umeå 85+ data set was analyzed with factor analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The Health 2000 data was analyzed with logistic regression techniques. The results showed that the Swedish-speakers in the Finnish data set Health 2000 had consistently higher prevalence of social capital compared to the Finnish-speakers even after controlling for central sociodemographic variables. The results further showed that even if the language group differences in health were small, the Swedishspeakers experienced in general better self-reported health compared with the Finnish-speakers. Common sociodemographic variables could not explain these observed differences in health. The results imply that social capital is often, but not always, associated with health. This was clearly seen in the Umeå 85+ data set where only one health indicator (depressive symptoms) was associated with structural social capital among the oldest old. The results based on the analysis of the Health 2000 survey demonstrated that the cognitive component of social capital was associated with self-rated health and psychological health rather than with participation in social activities and social contacts. In addition, social capital statistically reduced the health advantage especially for Swedish-speaking men, indicating that high prevalence of social capital may promote health. Finally, the present thesis also discussed the issue of methodological challenges faced with when analyzing social capital and health. It was suggested that certain components of social capital such as bonding and bridging social capital may be more relevant than structural and cognitive components when investigating social capital among the two language groups in Finland. The results concerning the oldest old indicated that the structural aspects of social capital probably reflect current living conditions, whereas cognitive social capital reflects attitudes and traits often acquired decades earlier. This is interpreted as an indication of the fact that structural and cognitive social capital are closely related yet empirically two distinctive concepts. Taken together, some components of social capital may be more relevant to study than others depending on which population group and age group is under study. The results also implied that the choice of cut-off point of dichotomization of selfrated health has an impact on the estimated effects of the explanatory variables. When the whole age interval, 35-64 years, was analyzed with logistic regression techniques the choice of cut-off point did not matter for the estimated effects of marital status and educational level. The results changed, however, when the age interval was divided into three shorter intervals. If self-rated health is explored using wide age intervals that do not account for age-dependent covariates there is a risk of drawing misleading conclusions. In conclusion, the results presented in the thesis suggest that the uneven distribution of social capital observed between the two language groups in Finland are of importance when trying to further understand health inequalities that exist between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers in Finland. Although social capital seemed to be relevant to the understanding of health among the oldest old, the meaning of social capital is probably different compared to a less vulnerable age group. This should be noticed in future empirical research. In the present thesis, it was shown that the relationship between social capital and health is complex and multidimensional. Different aspects of social capital seem to be important for different aspects of health. This reduces the possibility to generalize the results and to recommend general policy implementations in this area. An increased methodological awareness regarding social capital as well as health are called for in order to further understand the cfomplex association between them. However, based on the present data and findings social capital is associated with health. To understand individual health one must also consider social aspects of the individuals’ environment such as social capital.

Morphometric Study of Cerebral Arterioles in CADASIL

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy(CADASIL) is the most common hereditary small vessel disease (SVD) leading to vascular dementia. The cause of the disease is mutations in NOTCH3 gene located at chromosome 19p13.1. The gene defect results in accumulation of granular osmiophilic material and extracellular domain of NOTCH3 at vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with subsequent degeneration of VSMCs. This arteriopathy leads to white matter (WM) rarefaction and multiple lacunar infarctions in both WM and deep grey matter (GM) visible in magnetic resonance imaging. This thesis is focused on the quantitative morphometric analysis of the stenosis and fibrosis in arterioles of the frontal cerebral WM, cortical GM and deep GM (lenticular nucleus (LN), i.e. putamen and globus pallidus). It was performed by assessing four indicators of arteriolar stenosis and fibrosis: (1) diameter of arteriolar lumen, (2) thickness of arteriolar wall, (3) external diameter of arterioles and (4) sclerotic index. These parameters were assessed (a) in 5 elderly CADASIL patients with the mean age of onset 47 years and of death 63 years, (b) in a 32-year-old young CADASIL patient with the first ischemic episode at the age of 29 years and (c) a very old CADASIL patient aged 95 years, who suffered the first stroke at the age of 71 years. These measurements were compared with age-matched controls without stroke, dementia, hypertension, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Morphometric analyses disclosed that in all age groups of CADASIL patients compared to corresponding controls there was significant narrowing of arteriolar lumen (stenosis) and fibrotic thickening of the walls (fibrosis) in the WM arterioles, although the significance of stenosis in the very old patient was marginal. In the LN arterioles there was only significant fibrosis without stenosis. These results suggest that the ischemic lesions and lacunar infarcts in the cerebral WM are mainly attributable to the stenosis of arterioles, whereas those in the LN are probably mainly due to hemodynamic changes of the cerebral blood flow. In conclusion: The SVD of CADASIL is characterized by narrowing of lumina and fibrotic thickening of walls predominantly in the cerebral WM arterioles. On the other hand, in the LN the ischemic lesions and lacunar infarcts are most probably hemodynamic due to impaired autoregulation caused by the rigidity of fibrotic arterioles. The pathological cerebral arteriolar alterations begin to develop already at a relatively young age but the onset may be delayed to a remarkably old age. This underlines the well known great variability in the clinical picture of CADASIL. The very late onset of CADASIL may cause its underdiagnosis, because the strokes are common in the elderly and are attributed to common risk factors.

Modeling of electrolyte sorption – from phase equilibria to dynamic separation systems

In this thesis, general approach is devised to model electrolyte sorption from aqueous solutions on solid materials. Electrolyte sorption is often considered as unwanted phenomenon in ion exchange and its potential as an independent separation method has not been fully explored. The solid sorbents studied here are porous and non-porous organic or inorganic materials with or without specific functional groups attached on the solid matrix. Accordingly, the sorption mechanisms include physical adsorption, chemisorption on the functional groups and partition restricted by electrostatic or steric factors. The model is tested in four Cases Studies dealing with chelating adsorption of transition metal mixtures, physical adsorption of metal and metalloid complexes from chloride solutions, size exclusion of electrolytes in nano-porous materials and electrolyte exclusion of electrolyte/non-electrolyte mixtures. The model parameters are estimated using experimental data from equilibrium and batch kinetic measurements, and they are used to simulate actual single-column fixed-bed separations. Phase equilibrium between the solution and solid phases is described using thermodynamic Gibbs-Donnan model and various adsorption models depending on the properties of the sorbent. The 3-dimensional thermodynamic approach is used for volume sorption in gel-type ion exchangers and in nano-porous adsorbents, and satisfactory correlation is obtained provided that both mixing and exclusion effects are adequately taken into account. 2-Dimensional surface adsorption models are successfully applied to physical adsorption of complex species and to chelating adsorption of transition metal salts. In the latter case, comparison is also made with complex formation models. Results of the mass transport studies show that uptake rates even in a competitive high-affinity system can be described by constant diffusion coefficients, when the adsorbent structure and the phase equilibrium conditions are adequately included in the model. Furthermore, a simplified solution based on the linear driving force approximation and the shrinking-core model is developed for very non-linear adsorption systems. In each Case Study, the actual separation is carried out batch-wise in fixed-beds and the experimental data are simulated/correlated using the parameters derived from equilibrium and kinetic data. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental break-through curves is usually obtained indicating that the proposed approach is useful in systems, which at first sight are very different. For example, the important improvement in copper separation from concentrated zinc sulfate solution at elevated temperatures can be correctly predicted by the model. In some cases, however, re-adjustment of model parameters is needed due to e.g. high solution viscosity.

2000-Luvun näkökulmia pohjoisvienalaisen Marina Takalon matkaan runonlaulajaksi ja näkijäksi

Kirja-arvio