Liberaalin juristin dilemma

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Comparison of Different Concentrated Solar Power Collector Designs and Development of a Linear Fresnel Solar Collector Model

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a renewable energy technology, which could contribute to overcoming global problems related to pollution emissions and increasing energy demand. CSP utilizes solar irradiation, which is a variable source of energy. In order to utilize CSP technology in energy production and reliably operate a solar field including thermal energy storage system, dynamic simulation tools are needed in order to study the dynamics of the solar field, to optimize production and develop control systems. The object of this Master’s Thesis is to compare different concentrated solar power technologies and configure a dynamic solar field model of one selected CSP field design in the dynamic simulation program Apros, owned by VTT and Fortum. The configured model is based on German Novatec Solar’s linear Fresnel reflector design. Solar collector components including dimensions and performance calculation were developed, as well as a simple solar field control system. The preliminary simulation results of two simulation cases under clear sky conditions were good; the desired and stable superheated steam conditions were maintained in both cases, while, as expected, the amount of steam produced was reduced in the case having lower irradiation conditions. As a result of the model development process, it can be concluded, that the configured model is working successfully and that Apros is a very capable and flexible tool for configuring new solar field models and control systems and simulating solar field dynamic behaviour.

Monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen yleissuunnitelma : Terva-, Hyvikkälän- ja Räikälänjoen alueet

Kosteikkojen tiedetään parantavan maatalouden vesiensuojelua, lisäävän maatalousympäristön luonnon monimuotoisuutta ja luovan elinympäristöjä lukuisille eliölajeille. Kosteikot elävöittävät maaseutumaisemaa ja voivat toimia virkistysalueina. Tässä yleissuunnitelmassa on käsitelty Tervajoen, Hyvikkälänjoen ja Räikälänjoen valuma-alueiden monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen kartoittamiseen sekä ohjaamaan toteutusta vesiensuojelullisesti tärkeimpiin kohteisiin. Noin 800 km2 laajuinen yleissuunnittelualue käsittää osia Hattulan, Hämeenlinna, Janakkalan, Lopen ja Tammelan kunnista. Yleissuunnitelmaa voidaan käyttää pohjana tarkemmille hoito- ja perustamissuunnitelmille., joita laaditaan haettaessa maatalouden ympäristökorvausta tai perustettaessa kohteita yhteistyössä jonkin muun vesiensuojelun toimijan kanssa. Yleissuunnitelma ei kata kaikkia laajan suunnittelualueen mahdollisia kosteikkokohteita, mutta suunnitelma esittelee erityyppisiä kohteita, joita voidaan kehittää kosteikoiksi. Yleissuunnitelman avulla pyritään lisäämään maanomistajien kiinnostusta ja tietoutta kosteikkoja kohtaan sekä innostamaan maanomistajia toteuttamaan kosteikkoja maillaan. Suunnitelmalla pyritään antamaan ehdotuksia maatalousympäristön hoitoon ja ympäristöstä huolehtimiseen.

Tuoteportfolion hallinnointiprosessin erityispiirteet lääketeollisuusyrityksessä – tapaustutkimus

Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten lääketeollisuusyritys toteuttaa tuoteportfolioidensa hallinnointia ja miten tämän caseyrityksen portfolioprosessi vastaa kirjallisuuden näkemystä tuoteportfolion hallinnoinnista. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestyttiin tapaustutkimuksella caseyrityksen portfolioprosessista, ja tätä prosessia verrattiin kirjallisuuden näkemykseen aiheesta. Empiiristä aineistoa kerättiin pääosin teema- ja lomakehaastatteluilla caseyrityksen projektin avainhenkilöiltä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin portfolioprosessin olevan vaiheittainen toimintamalli, jonka tavoitteena on hankkia mahdollisimman kannattava tuotevalikoima. Caseyrityksen portfolioprosessi vastasi pääosin aiheen teorian kuvaamaa mallia, mutta prosessia ja etenkin karsintakriteereitä monipuolistamalla voidaan tulevaisuudessa saavuttaa parempia tuloksia. Lääketeollisuudella toimialana on tiettyjä ominaispiirteitä, mutta nämä eivät suoraan näy varsinaisessa portfolioprosessissa. Kuitenkin esimerkiksi erityyppisten liiketoimintayksiköiden tarpeet olisi syytä huomioida tuoteportfolion hallinnointiprosessissa.

Spin Polarization and Normal Reflection at Nanoscale Point Contacts

This thesis presents point-contact measurements between superconductors (Nb, Ta, Sn,Al, Zn) and ferromagnets (Co, Fe, Ni) as well as non-magnetic metals (Ag, Au, Cu, Pt).The point contacts were fabricated using the shear method. The differential resistanceof the contacts was measured either in liquid He at 4.2 K or in vacuum in a dilutionrefrigerator at varying temperature down to 0.1 K. The contact properties were investigatedas function of size and temperature. The measured Andreev-reflection spectrawere analysed in the framework of the BTK model – a three parameter model that describescurrent transport across a superconductor - normal conductor interface. Theoriginal BTK model was modified to include the effects of spin polarization or finitelifetime of the Cooper pairs. Our polarization values for the ferromagnets at 4.2 K agree with the literature data, but the analysis was ambiguous because the experimental spectra both with ferromagnets and non-magnets could be described equally well either with spin polarization or finite lifetime effects in the BTK model. With the polarization model the Z parametervaries from almost 0 to 0.8 while the lifetime model produces Z values close to 0.5. Measurements at lower temperatures partly lift this ambiguity because the magnitude of thermal broadening is small enough to separate lifetime broadening from the polarization. The reduced magnitude of the superconducting anomalies for Zn-Fe contacts required an additional modification of the BTK model which was implemented as a scaling factor. Adding this parameter led to reduced polarization values. However, reliable data is difficult to obtain because different parameter sets produce almost identical spectra.

Fluvio-morphological processes of meander bends - Combining conventional field measurements, close-range remote sensing and computational modelling

Meandering rivers have been perceived to evolve rather similarly around the world independently of the location or size of the river. Despite the many consistent processes and characteristics they have also been noted to show complex and unique sets of fluviomorphological processes in which local factors play important role. These complex interactions of flow and morphology affect notably the development of the river. Comprehensive and fundamental field, flume and theoretically based studies of fluviomorphological processes in meandering rivers have been carried out especially during the latter part of the 20th century. However, as these studies have been carried out with traditional field measurements techniques their spatial and temporal resolution is not competitive to the level achievable today. The hypothesis of this study is that, by exploiting e increased spatial and temporal resolution of the data, achieved by combining conventional field measurements with a range of modern technologies, will provide new insights to the spatial patterns of the flow-sediment interaction in meandering streams, which have perceived to show notable variation in space and time. This thesis shows how the modern technologies can be combined to derive very high spatial and temporal resolution data on fluvio-morphological processes over meander bends. The flow structure over the bends is recorded in situ using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and the spatial and temporal resolution of the flow data is enhanced using 2D and 3D CFD over various meander bends. The CFD are also exploited to simulate sediment transport. Multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile laser scanning (MLS) and echo sounding data are used to measure the flow-based changes and formations over meander bends and to build the computational models. The spatial patterns of erosion and deposition over meander bends are analysed relative to the measured and modelled flow field and sediment transport. The results are compared with the classic theories of the processes in meander bends. Mainly, the results of this study follow well the existing theories and results of previous studies. However, some new insights regarding to the spatial and temporal patterns of the flow-sediment interaction in a natural sand-bed meander bend are provided. The results of this study show the advantages of the rapid and detailed measurements techniques and the achieved spatial and temporal resolution provided by CFD, unachievable with field measurements. The thesis also discusses the limitations which remain in the measurement and modelling methods and in understanding of fluvial geomorphology of meander bends. Further, the hydro- and morphodynamic models’ sensitivity to user-defined parameters is tested, and the modelling results are assessed against detailed field measurement. The study is implemented in the meandering sub-Arctic Pulmanki River in Finland. The river is unregulated and sand-bed and major morphological changes occur annually on the meander point bars, which are inundated only during the snow-melt-induced spring floods. The outcome of this study applies to sandbed meandering rivers in regions where normally one significant flood event occurs annually, such as Arctic areas with snow-melt induced spring floods, and where the point bars of the meander bends are inundated only during the flood events.

Ammattialojen tulevaisuuden näkymät 2013

Ammattialojen tulevaisuuden näkymät on Pirkanmaan ennakointipalvelu -hankkeen tuottama esite, joka pureutuu huomisen osaamistarpeisiin ja työllisyyden kehitykseen eri aloilla. Esite on tarkoitettu tueksi ensimmäisen ammatin valintaa varten, mutta myös muille ammatin- tai alan vaihtoa suunnitteleville tulevaisuuden osaajille.

Sukupuolta politisoimassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Setien soluttautuminen koulumaailmaan

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Hysteresis Losses in Sintered NdFeB Permanent Magnets in Rotating Electrical Machines

Permanent magnet materials are nowadays widely used in the electrical machine manufacturing industry. Eddy current loss models of permanent magnets used in electrical machines are frequently discussed in research papers. In magnetic steel materials we have, in addition to eddy current losses, hysteresis losses when AC or a rotating flux travels through the material. Should a similar phenomenon also be taken into account in calculating the losses of permanent magnets? Actually, every now and then authors seem to assume that some significant hysteresis losses are present in rotating machine PMs. This paper studies the mechanisms of possible hysteresis losses in PMs and their role in PMs when used in rotating electrical machines.