Mikä on air-fligt-periaate?

kuv., 14 x 22 cm

Air policing turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksenä Suomessa

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan air policingia turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksenä Suomessa, Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen kautta. Tavoitteena oli selvittää Islannin ilmavalvonnasta käydyn julkisen keskustelun perusteella, miten air policing näyttäytyy Suomen turvallisuuspolitiikassa. Air policingilla tarkoitetaan vieraan suvereenin valtion ilmatilan koskemattomuuden valvontaa ja turvaamista rauhan aikana. Suomen turvallisuuspolitiikassa air policing on aiemmin käyttämätön työväline. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin Suomessa käytyä julkista keskustelua Islannin ilmavalvonnasta. Keskustelua tutkittiin puolustusvoimien lakisääteisten tehtävien ja Suomen sotilaallisen liittoutumattomuuden näkökulmista. Tarkastelujen perusteella tehtiin johtopäätöksiä air policingista Suomen turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksenä. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui Islannin ilmavalvontaa käsittelevistä Helsingin Sanomien, Uuden Suomen, Kylkiraudan ja Sotilasaikakauslehden kirjoituksista, eduskunnan täysistuntojen pöytäkirjoista sekä keskeisten turvallisuuspoliittisten päättäjien lausunnoista. Tarkasteltava ajanjakso oli vuoden 2009 alusta vuoden 2012 loppuun. Tutkimusmenetelmä oli sisällönanalyysi. Islannin ilmavalvonnasta käyty julkinen keskustelu koostui lyhyestä jaksosta vuonna 2009 sekä vilkkaasta ja laaja-alaisesta keskustelusta vuonna 2012. Tärkeimpiä sisältöteemoja olivat Nato ja Suomen liittoutumattomuus sekä pohjoismainen yhteistyö. Keskustelussa muodostui vastakkainasettelu, jossa toinen mielipide kannatti ja toinen vastusti Suomen osallistumista Islannin ilmavalvontaan. Puolustusvoimien lakisääteisiä tehtäviä käsiteltiin julkisuudessa vähän. Sen sijaan Suomen sotilaallinen liittoutumattomuus oli keskustelun ytimessä. Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen kriitikot katsoivat osallistumisen vaarantavan Suomen liittoutumattomuuden Islannin Nato-jäsenyyden vuoksi. Hankkeen kannattajat perustelivat osallistumisen olevan osan tiivistyvää pohjoismaista puolustusyhteistyötä. Suomen ylin turvallisuuspoliittinen johto on ollut valmis ottamaan käyttöön air policingin Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen yhteydessä. Kysymys on osoittautunut poliittisesti vaikeaksi, eikä konsensusta ole saavutettu. Maaliskuussa 2013 näyttää siltä, että mahdollinen osallistuminen Islannin ilmavalvontaan toteutuu harjoitusmuotoisena, jolloin siinä ei ole kyse varsinaisesta air policingista.

Dental Health in Preschool and Schoolchildren in Relation to Dental Fear and Some Fear-Related Factors, and the Outcome of a Caries Prevention Program in Offspring of Fearful Mothers

Dental caries and dental fear and anxiety (DFA) are common interrelated problems but so far little is known about these problems in Estonia. The aim was to study dental health in relation to DFA, some fear-related factors, and to study the effect of a caries prevention program in children of fearful mothers. Dental health and DFA were assessed in two Estonian [2-4-year-olds (n=472) and 8-10-year-olds (n=344)], and the effect of some medical conditions on DFA in one Finnish child group [3-year-olds (n=148)]. 120 mother-child-pairs participated in the xylitol-based prevention program. Dental health was examined using the WHO or the ICDAS criteria and expressed as dmft/DMFT-indices. The modified children’s fear survey schedule dental subscale (MCFSS-DS) was used to assess DFA of schoolchildren, one single question to assess parental DFA, and the Corah’s dental anxiety scale (DAS) to assess DFA of mothers in the prevention study. Dentine caries was diagnosed in 42% of the 2-4-year-old and in 93% of the 8-10-year-old Estonian children. DFA of 8-10-year-olds (17%) was associated with experience of dental treatment, and maternal and paternal DFA. Dental apprehension at 9 years of age was associated with frequent exposure to invasive medical care. The xylitol-based prevention was successful irrespective of poor dental hygiene habits and maternal severe DFA. In conclusion, experience of operative dental treatment and DFA of Estonian children were closely associated. Invasive medical care and parental DFA were also linked to children’s DFA. Habitual use of xylitol by mothers was effective in preventing caries even in children of severely fearful mothers.

Indoor air quality at a waste incineration plant in Finland

Waste has been incinerated for energy utilization for more than a hundred years, but the harmful emissions emitted from the incineration plants did not begin to cause concern until the 1980s. Many plants were shutdown and the waste incineration plant in Kyläsaari Helsinki was one of them. In later years, new landfill regulations have increased the interest in waste incineration. During the last year, four new plants were taken into operation in Finland, Westenergy in Vaasa among them. The presence of dust has been observed indoors at Westenergy waste incineration plant. Dust is defined as particles with a diameter above 10 μm, while fine particles have a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm, ultrafine under 0.1 μm and nanoparticles under 0.05 μm. In recent years, the focus of particle health research has been changed to investigate smaller particles. Ultrafine particles have been found to be more detrimental to health than larger particles. Limit values regulating the concentrations of ultrafine particles have not been determined yet. The objective of this thesis was to investigate dust and particles present inside the Westenergy waste incineration facility. The task was to investigate the potential pollutant sources and to give recommendations of how to minimize the presence of dust and particles in the power plant. The total particle number concentrations and size distributions where measured at 15 points inside the plant with an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Spectrometer. The measured particles were mainly in the ultrafine size range. Dust was only visually investigated, since the main purpose was to follow the dust accumulation. The measurement points inside the incineration plant were chosen according to investigate exposure to visitors and workers. At some points probable leakage of emissions were investigated. The measurements were carried out during approximately one month in March–April 2013. The results of the measurements showed that elevated levels of dust and particles are present in the indoor air at the waste incineration plant. The cleanest air was found in the control room, warehouse and office. The most polluted air was near the sources that were investigated due to possible leakage and in the bottom ash hall. However, the concentrations were near measured background concentrations in European cities and no leakage could be detected. The high concentrations were assumed to be a result of a lot of dust and particles present on surfaces that had not been cleaned in a while. The main source of the dust and particles present inside the waste incineration plant was thought to be particles and dust from the outside air. Other activities in the area around the waste incineration facility are ground work activities, stone crushing and traffic, which probably are sources of particle formation. Filtration of the outside air prior entering the facility would probably save personnel and visitors from nuisance and save in cleaning and maintenance costs.

[Air de Laodice]

Soitinnus: lauluääni (sopraano), piano.

Dental fear in adolescents' transition to early adulthood

The aims of the study were to assess the validity of a clinical dental fear question (Short Dental Fear Question, SDFQ) and an instrument measuring interaction between adolescents and dental staff (Patient Dental Staff Interaction Questionnaire, PDSIQ). Also, adolescents’ subjective perception of interaction with dental staff, the association with adolescents’ dental fear and sense of coherence as well as a multi-professional small-group intervention model for decreasing high dental fear were assessed. The study sample comprised Finnish adolescents in transition to early adulthood, aged 18–26 years (n = 777, n = 773, n = 5), except for a sample of 15-year-old adolescents (n = 27). Dental fear, sense of coherence (SOC) and the adolescents’ perceived interaction with dental staff were assessed with questionnaires. The principles of fear treatment such as gradual exposure, relaxation, encouragement and cornerstones of the reteaming method based on a solution-focused framework to maintain motivation and peer support were used to decrease fear in the intervention study. The SDFQ was found to be a valid dental fear instrument and the PDSIQ a valid interaction instrument with five factors of interaction retrieved: ‘kind atmosphere and mutual communication’, ‘roughness’, ‘insecurity’, ‘trust and safety’, and ‘shame and guilt’. Highly fearful young adults more often perceived their interaction with dental staff as negative, more often felt insecure and had a weaker sense of coherence compared to their peers with no to moderate dental fear. The results of the intervention study showed that young adults’ high dental fear decreased and their commitment to dental treatment increased. The SDFQ is clinically feasible and informative instrument in measuring dental fear. Knowledge of the level of fear enables dental staff to better consider an adolescent’s fear. Dental staff should be aware that a supportive interaction style, creating trust and safety, is especially beneficial for highly dentally fearful young adults. A weak SOC may affect young adults’ high dental fear in that they would not have enough tools to manage their fear. A multi-professional small therapeutic group seems to increase fearful young adults’ resources for confronting dental treatment.

Evaluation of novel programs in health counseling – their effectiveness in the oral health of young children, and their acceptance by parents and professionals in public dental service.

Aim and design: To evaluate family-based health counseling for young children, and to study the significance of adding parental self-care or the training of professionals to the programs. The effectiveness and acceptability of the programs were evaluated by comparing two new programs with an earlier one. Subjects and methods: The study was carried out in Vantaa, which was divided into three study areas. The subjects consisted of children born in 2008, particularly fi rstborn children, while children born in 2006 formed the historical control. The fi rst of the new programs emphasized oral hygiene and use of fl uoride, and the second program focused on proper diet and use of xylitol. The main outcome measure was mutansstreptococci (MS) in the dental biofi lm of two-year-olds, and the opinions of parents and dental professionals were evaluated using questionnaires. Results: The programs found wide acceptance among dental professionals. There were no group-related differences found in the MS scores of the two-year-olds. However, all groups combined, father’s advanced level of education and child’s proper use of xylitol were associated with negative MS scores. In the opinion of parents, the oral healthcare guidance at least somewhat met their expectations. Conclusions: The present fi ndings suggest that providing training and support for professionals in health education is important. The addition of parental self-care to supplement programs aimed at young children does not improve the program, although it may improve parental readiness to change their own health habits. Counseling for families might be best carried out through a routine patient-centered program.

Fiber-reinforced composite fixed dental prostheses: Studies of the materials used as pontics

Fiber-reinforced composite fixed dental prostheses – Studies of the materials used as pontics University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials Science, Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences – FINDOS, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Turku, Finland 2015 Fiber-reinforced composites (FRC), a non-metallic biomaterial, represent a suitable alternative in prosthetic dentistry when used as a component of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Some drawbacks have been identified in the clinical performance of FRC restorations, such as delamination of the veneering material and fracture of the pontic. Therefore, the current series of studies were performed to investigate the possibilities of enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of FRC FDPs by improving the materials used as pontics, to then heighten their longevity. Four experiments showed the importance of the pontic design and surface treatment in the performance of FRC FDPs. In the first, the load-bearing capacities of inlay-retained FRC FDPs with pontics of various materials and thicknesses were evaluated. Three different pontic materials were assessed with different FRC framework vertical positioning. Thicker pontics showed increased load-bearing capacities, especially ceramic pontics. A second study was completed investigating the influence of the chemical conditioning of the ridge-lap surface of acrylic resin denture teeth on their bonding to a composite resin. Increased shear bond strength demonstrated the positive influence of the pretreatment of the acrylic surfaces, indicating dissolution of the denture surfaces, and suggesting potential penetration of the monomer systems into the surface of denture teeth. A third study analyzed the penetration depth of different monomer systems on the acrylic resin denture teeth surfaces. The possibility of establishing a durable bond between acrylic pontics and FRC frameworks was demonstrated by the ability of monomers to penetrate the surface of acrylic resin denture teeth, measured by a confocal scanning type microscope. A fourth study was designed to evaluate the load-bearing capacities of FRC FDPs using the findings of the previous three studies. In this case, the performance of pre-shaped acrylic resin denture teeth used as pontics with different composite resins as filling materials was evaluated. The filling material influenced the load-bearing capacities, providing more durable FRC FDPs. It can be concluded that the mechanical and physical properties of FRC FDPs can be improved as has been shown in the development of this thesis. The improvements reported then might provide long lasting prosthetic solutions of this kind, positioning them as potentially permanent rehabilitation treatments. Key words: fiber-reinforced composite, fixed dental prostheses, inlay-retained bridges, adhesion, acrylic resin denture teeth, dental material.

Characterization of amine-based CO2 adsorbent for Direct Air Capture

Direct air capture technologies extract CO2 from air at a concentration of as low as 400ppm. The captured CO2 can be used for the production of synthetic methane or liquid fuels. In the literature survey of this thesis, results related to direct air capture by using solid sorbents are presented and critically discussed. In the experimental part, a proprietary amine functionalized resin is characterized for direct air capture. Structural comparison is also made to a commercial resin of similar type. Based on the literature survey, the most important parameters in direct air capture process are low adsorption and desorption temperatures, good cyclic stability in dry and humid conditions, high CO2 outlet purity and a high working capacity. Primary amine functionalized solid sorbents are found to often have good qualities for direct air capture, but overall process performance is rarely studied exhaustively. Based on FTIR spectra, both resin adsorbents are found to be consisted of polystyrene functionalized with primary amine, and capture CO2 by forming carbamate. The commercial resin is more porous, has a slightly higher particle size and contains fewer impurities. Important physical parameters are gained of the proprietary resin, such as internal porosity and median particle size. The resin’s amine group is found to endure thermal treatment reasonably well. CO2 adsorption capacity gained by thermal gravimetry from 400ppm CO2 is highest at 25oC, and is found to be reasonable compared to values presented in literature. Thus, the resin is stated to exhibit promising qualities for direct air capture.

Air-Sea Battle -konsepti John Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian näkökulmasta

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli analysoida Air-Sea Battle -konseptia ja sen lähtökohtana ollutta viholliskuvaa John Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian näkökulmasta julkisten asiakirjojen, raporttien ja artikkeleiden avulla. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimusongelmaksi muodostui: ”Miten Air-Sea Battle -konsepti näyttäytyy Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian näkökulmasta?” Tutkimuskysymyksien avulla pyrittiin lisäksi löytämään konseptin kehittämiseen johtaneita tekijöitä suurstrategisella tasolla, arvioimaan konseptin mukaista aseellisen voiman käyttöä sekä analysoimaan konseptia suhteessa Wardenin näkemyksiin sotilasstrategiasta. Wardenin Enemy as a System -teoria on esitelty tutkielman alkupuolella hyödyntäen alkuperäistekstejä, aiheesta kirjoitettuja tutkimuksia ja artikkeleita sekä sotataidollista kirjallisuutta. Air-Sea Battle -konseptia käsittelevän luvun aineisto on luokiteltu Wardenin neljän strategisen kysymyksen teemojen, eli tavoitteen, vaikuttamisen kohteiden, keinojen ja irtautumisen, mukaisesti. Tärkeimmät lähteet varsinaisen Air-Sea Battle -asiakirjan lisäksi olivat Yhdysvaltojen turvallisuus- ja sotilasstrategiaa määrittelevät dokumentit, tutkimuslaitosten julkaisemat raportit sekä aikakauslehtiartikkelit. Aineiston perusteella Yhdysvallat näkee tiettyjen valtioiden, kuten Kiinan, kehittyvät niin kutsutut anti-access/area denial -suorituskyvyt uhkana alueelliselle tasapainolle ja heidän kyvylleen ylläpitää sotilaallista läsnäoloa strategisesti merkittävillä alueilla. Air-Sea le -konseptin tavoitteena on määritellä ja kehittää suorituskyvyt, operatiiviset suunnitelmat ja toimintamallit, joiden mukaan toimivalla joukolla kyetään luomaan riittävä pelotevaikutus konfliktin ehkäisemiseksi tai säilyttämään toiminnanvapaus alueella sen muodostuessa.

Air defence in Northern Europe

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Natural freeze crystallization : purification of aqueous Na2SO4 solutions with cold air

The aim of this thesis was to examine efficiency of freeze crystallization and eutectic freeze crystallization in purification of wastewater by imitating natural freezing. In addition, a mathematic model based on heat transfer to determine ice thickness and ice growth rate was examined. Also, the amount of sodium sulfate crystallized at the eutectic point was under investigation. In literature part, advantages and applications of the freeze crystallization are discussed, and possibility to apply it in Northern hemisphere winter weather conditions is under study. Furthermore, main sources of sodium sulfate from Finnish industries are described. The experiments were carried out in modified chest freezer, where a fan was placed in order to obtain laminar air flow inside. Picolog PT-104 data logger was used to monitor temperature changes in the salt-water solution, and constant temperature was maintained in the crystallizer with Lauda RP 850 thermostat. The impurity of formed ice layer was determined by weighing ice samples after experiment and again after 24 hours drying to full dryness in oven. Volume of salt-water solution was also measured after experiment. The highest purity of formed ice layer was obtained with small temperature difference and with long freezing time. On the other hand, the amount of crystallized sodium sulfate was its greatest with long freezing time and higher temperature difference. The results obtained by the mathematic model and empirical results did not differ significantly in most of the experiments. However, the difference increased when salt-water mixture reached its eutectic point, leading to simultaneous ice and salt crystallization. Eutectic point was reached only with the highest salt concentration with one exception. In these cases, calculated values were in many cases greater than the experimental ones. In winter weather conditions freeze crystallization is cost-effective wastewater treatment method and rather simple. Nonetheless, the efficiency and separation rate are strongly depended on ambient temperature and its changes