New design of the frame for a permanent magnet generator

This thesis introduces a search for a new design of the frame for a permanent magnet generator mounted at a windmill. The objective of this work is to offer new design ideas for the stator frame - new concepts for connecting stator core to stator frame in a generator. Desired aims of new design concepts are: simplification of the structure production; decrease of material use; use of standard components; light weight of construction and etc. Thesis contains several new possible designs for the stator frame structure. Also, it has a list of possible connection concepts, which can be used to join the stator to the frame. All new ideas are described and compared according to its match to the desired purposes of the work. New design concepts are modeled using modern software. The main part of the Thesis contains several approximate computer models of the current and new offered constructions, description of loads and stress in the current stator frame. It has evaluation of the most important stress and load characteristics. The final design is a result of all previous research. It has a description of a new frame structure and joining concept for it. This structure matched main aims of work, but it does not have detailed design with dimensions and check calculations of the frame and welds. Thesis gives representation about design search, evaluation and comparison of new concepts of generator structure. Also, it gives general representation of renewable energy technology, knowledge about windmill turbines and its contents.

Henkilöstöresurssien optimointi ja hallinta sataman operaattoriyhtiössä

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää erilaisten työaikamallien ja henkilöstön määrän vaikutuksia Finnsteven henkilöstökustannuksiin ja ylitöiden määrään. Selvitystyö toteutetaan simuloimalla vaihtoehtoisia työaikamalleja ja henkilöstömääriä tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Työn toisena tavoitteena on ehdottaa yritykselle toimintatapaa suorittaa lopullinen henkilöstöresurssien optimointi. Työn teoriaosuudessa esitellään aluksi yritystä ja sen toimintaympäristöä. Tämän jälkeen tarkastellaan nykyisen TE-sopimuksen mahdollistamia työaikamalleja. Seuraavaksi perustellaan käytettävät tilastolliset menetelmät ja tiedonkeruumenetelmät. Edetessään työ syventyy tarkastelemaan yrityksen tekemän työn kohdentumista aikatyöhön ja ylityöhön sekä viikonpäiville että työvuoroille. Lopuksi kuvataan työn optimoinnissa käytetty logiikka, analysoidaan saatuja tuloksia ja esitellään optimointityökalun toteutussuunnitelma. Diplomityössä tehdyn selvityksen mukaan satamatyössä tehdään nykyisellään erittäin paljon ylitöitä. Siten työaikamallien optimointi on perusteltua. Optimoinnilla saavutettavat potentiaaliset kustannussäästöt ovat erittäin huomattavia. Lopullinen optimointi on haastava tehtävä, jota henkilöstöhallinto ei pysty ratkaisemaan pelkkään kokemukseensa luottaen. Tuotannonsuunnittelun avuksi tarvitaan täten työkalu, joka palvelee paitsi mallien luontia, toimii suunnittelun apuna jatkossakin.

Parallel-Operating Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters – Circulating CurrentModeling, Analysis and Mitigation

The maximum realizable power throughput of power electronic converters may be limited or constrained by technical or economical considerations. One solution to this problemis to connect several power converter units in parallel. The parallel connection can be used to increase the current carrying capacity of the overall system beyond the ratings of individual power converter units. Thus, it is possible to use several lower-power converter units, produced in large quantities, as building blocks to construct high-power converters in a modular manner. High-power converters realized by using parallel connection are needed for example in multimegawatt wind power generation systems. Parallel connection of power converter units is also required in emerging applications such as photovoltaic and fuel cell power conversion. The parallel operation of power converter units is not, however, problem free. This is because parallel-operating units are subject to overcurrent stresses, which are caused by unequal load current sharing or currents that flow between the units. Commonly, the term ’circulatingcurrent’ is used to describe both the unequal load current sharing and the currents flowing between the units. Circulating currents, again, are caused by component tolerances and asynchronous operation of the parallel units. Parallel-operating units are also subject to stresses caused by unequal thermal stress distribution. Both of these problemscan, nevertheless, be handled with a proper circulating current control. To design an effective circulating current control system, we need information about circulating current dynamics. The dynamics of the circulating currents can be investigated by developing appropriate mathematical models. In this dissertation, circulating current models aredeveloped for two different types of parallel two-level three-phase inverter configurations. Themodels, which are developed for an arbitrary number of parallel units, provide a framework for analyzing circulating current generation mechanisms and developing circulating current control systems. In addition to developing circulating current models, modulation of parallel inverters is considered. It is illustrated that depending on the parallel inverter configuration and the modulation method applied, common-mode circulating currents may be excited as a consequence of the differential-mode circulating current control. To prevent the common-mode circulating currents that are caused by the modulation, a dual modulator method is introduced. The dual modulator basically consists of two independently operating modulators, the outputs of which eventually constitute the switching commands of the inverter. The two independently operating modulators are referred to as primary and secondary modulators. In its intended usage, the same voltage vector is fed to the primary modulators of each parallel unit, and the inputs of the secondary modulators are obtained from the circulating current controllers. To ensure that voltage commands obtained from the circulating current controllers are realizable, it must be guaranteed that the inverter is not driven into saturation by the primary modulator. The inverter saturation can be prevented by limiting the inputs of the primary and secondary modulators. Because of this, also a limitation algorithm is proposed. The operation of both the proposed dual modulator and the limitation algorithm is verified experimentally.

Kaksoislaatuisesta rakenneputkesta hitsatun X-liitoksen kestävyys ja muodonmuutoskyky

Rautaruukki Oyj:n uusi Ruukki double grade S420MH/S355J2H -rakenneputki yhdistää putkilajien S420MH ja S355J2H ominaisuudet. Eurocode 3:n suunnitteluohjeiden mukaan Ruukki double graden käyttöön on sovellettava lujuusluokan S420 mukaista hitsien mitoitusta ja rakenneputkiliitosten staattista mitoituskestävyyttä alentavaa varmuuskerrointa, kun halutaan hyödyntää lujuusluokan S420 ominaisuudet Ruukki double gradea käytettäessä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin S420-lujuusluokkaa vastaavien suunnittelumääräysten soveltamistarvetta Ruukki double grade -rakenneputken käyttöön. Työn tavoitteena oli arvioida Ruukki double grade -rakenneputkesta hitsaamalla valmistetun X-liitoksen kestävyyden ja muodonmuutoskyvyn riittävyys, kun hitsit mitoitettiin S355-lujuusluokkaa vastaavien Eurocode 3:n suunnitteluohjeiden mukaisesti. X-liitosten kestävyyttä ja muodonmuutoskykyä tutkittiin kokeellisesti -40 C lämpötilassa suoritettujen laboratoriokokeiden avulla sekä analyyttisen laskennan ja elementtimenetelmän keinoin. Kestävyyden riittävyyttä arvioitiin vertaamalla laboratoriokokeista saatuja liitosten kestävyyksiä Eurocode 3:n ja myötöviivateorian mukaisiin kestävyyksiin. Elementtimenetelmän ja laboratoriokokeen pohjalta piirrettyjä liitoksen voima-siirtymäkuvaajia vertailtiin keskenään, kun elementtimalli analysoitiin eri materiaalimalleilla. Lisäksi verrattiin elementtimallin voima-venymäkuvaajia liitoksen venymäliuskan arvoihin. Kaikki koesarjan S355-lujuusluokan mukaisilla hitsin a-mitoilla valmistetut liitokset täyttivät kestävyydelle ja muodonmuutoskyvylle asetetut vaatimukset. Täten tämän koesarjan perusteella ei ollut tarpeellista soveltaa S420-lujuusluokan mukaista hitsien mitoitusta ja staattista mitoituskestävyyttä alentavaa varmuuslukua Ruukki double grade -rakenneputkeen. Elementtimenetelmästä ja laboratoriokokeesta saadut liitoksen voima-siirtymäkuvaajat vastasivat hyvin toisiaan. Sen sijaan elementtimallin voima-venymä-kuvaajat eivät vastanneet venymäliuskojen mittausdataa kovin hyvin.

Kalsinaattorin siirtymien ja teräskuoren murtumien tutkiminen

Sementti on yksi eniten maailmassa käytetty rakennusmateriaali ja Suomessa sementin valmistuksesta vastaa Finnsementti Oy kahden tehtaan voimin. Lappeenrannan tehtaalle investoitiin uusi uunilinja vuonna 2007, joka on aikansa kehittyneintä tekniikkaa. Järjes-telmän esilämmitysvaiheen laitteissa, erityisesti kalsinaattorissa, on esiintynyt luvattoman paljon plastisoitumista ja murtumia. Tässä työssä tutkittiin lämpötilan ja sen vaihtelun vaikutusta järjestelmässä syntyneisiin siirtymiin ja murtumiin. Työn alussa luotiin katsaus erilaisiin murtumisilmiöihin ja niiden syntyyn. Vuorauksessa käytettyihin tiilien käyttäytymistä tutkittiin myös, koska ne ovat olennainen osa esilämmi-tysjärjestelmää. Työn kokeellisessa osuudessa aluksi määriteltiin järjestelmässä käytetylle teräkselle lujuusominaisuudet tutkimalla mikrorakennetta sekä suorittamalla veto- että kovuuskokeet materiaalille. Toisessa osiossa mitattiin järjestelmän alasajon aikana tapah-tuneet siirtymät. Laskennallisessa osuudessa tutkittiin väsymismurtuman mahdollisuutta sekä määritettiin kuoressa esiintyvän särön vaikutusta puhkeamis- ja murtumiskuormituk-seen. FEM- analyysissä tarkasteltiin lämpötilan vaikutusta siirtymien suuruuksiin ja pyrittiin löytämään perusteluita, miksi rakenne on todellisuudessa siirtynyt eri suuntiin kuin alun perin oli tarkoitettu. Lisäksi analysoitiin FEM- mallit tiilihyllystä ja kalsinaattorin kuoren tukikehästä, joista tutkittiin lämpökuorman aiheuttamia jännityksiä. Materiaalin osalta selvisi, että kyseessä oli hyvin yleinen rakenneteräs S235 tai sitä vas-taava teräslaatu. Teräs ei ominaisuuksiltaan sovellu kuumiin olosuhteisiin, jonka vuoksi järjestelmässä käytettävän eristevuorauksen kunto on erityisen tärkeä rakenteen käyttöiän kannalta. Vuorauksen kunnosta riippuu, kuinka suuren lämpökuorman teräskuori saa. Väsymismurtuman mahdollisuus jäi minimaalisen pieneksi lämpötilan muutoksen vaiku-tuksesta. Analysoinnin tulosten perusteella voitiin todeta, että lämpötilan hitaasti mutta kohtalaisen suurella vaihteluvälillä sekä tiilien turpoamisen vaikutuksella on erittäin suuri merkitys järjestelmässä esiintyviin murtumiin.

Validation of a 3D model for oxygen combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

In this thesis, a model called CFB3D is validated for oxygen combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler. The first part of the work consists of literature review in which circulating fluidized bed and oxygen combustion technologies are studied. In addition, the modeling of circulating fluidized bed furnaces is discussed and currently available industrial scale three-dimensional furnace models are presented. The main features of CFB3D model are presented along with the theories and equations related to the model parameters used in this work. The second part of this work consists of the actual research and modeling work including measurements, model setup, and modeling results. The objectives of this thesis is to study how well CFB3D model works with oxygen combustion compared to air combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler and what model parameters need to be adjusted when changing from air to oxygen combustion. The study is performed by modeling two air combustion cases and two oxygen combustion cases with comparable boiler loads. The cases are measured at Ciuden 30 MWth Flexi-Burn demonstration plant in April 2012. The modeled furnace temperatures match with the measurements as well in oxygen combustion cases as in air combustion cases but the modeled gas concentrations differ from the measurements clearly more in oxygen combustion cases. However, the same model parameters are optimal for both air and oxygen combustion cases. When the boiler load is changed, some combustion and heat transfer related model parameters need to be adjusted. To improve the accuracy of modeling results, better flow dynamics model should be developed in the CFB3D model. Additionally, more measurements are needed from the lower furnace to find the best model parameters for each case. The validation work needs to be continued in order to improve the modeling results and model predictability.

Rivan kärjen jännityskomponentit

Tässä kandidaatin työssä on tutkitti miten eri jännityskomponentit käyttäytyvät rivan kärjen läheisyydessä. Työssä tutkittiin kahta eri mallia, rivallista levyä ja rivallista levyä hitsauksesta johtuvalla kulmavetäymällä. Tutkimus suoritettiin FEA-analyysin avulla. Komponenttien käyttäytymistä tutkittiin sekä veto- että taivutuskuormituksella. Tuloksissa on verrattu miten kulmavetäymä vaikuttaa komponenttien syntyyn ja miten eri kuormituksilla saadut tulokset poikkeavat toisistaan.

Model based analysis of the post-combustion calcium looping process for carbon dioxide capture

This thesis presents a one-dimensional, semi-empirical dynamic model for the simulation and analysis of a calcium looping process for post-combustion CO2 capture. Reduction of greenhouse emissions from fossil fuel power production requires rapid actions including the development of efficient carbon capture and sequestration technologies. The development of new carbon capture technologies can be expedited by using modelling tools. Techno-economical evaluation of new capture processes can be done quickly and cost-effectively with computational models before building expensive pilot plants. Post-combustion calcium looping is a developing carbon capture process which utilizes fluidized bed technology with lime as a sorbent. The main objective of this work was to analyse the technological feasibility of the calcium looping process at different scales with a computational model. A one-dimensional dynamic model was applied to the calcium looping process, simulating the behaviour of the interconnected circulating fluidized bed reactors. The model incorporates fundamental mass and energy balance solvers to semi-empirical models describing solid behaviour in a circulating fluidized bed and chemical reactions occurring in the calcium loop. In addition, fluidized bed combustion, heat transfer and core-wall layer effects were modelled. The calcium looping model framework was successfully applied to a 30 kWth laboratory scale and a pilot scale unit 1.7 MWth and used to design a conceptual 250 MWth industrial scale unit. Valuable information was gathered from the behaviour of a small scale laboratory device. In addition, the interconnected behaviour of pilot plant reactors and the effect of solid fluidization on the thermal and carbon dioxide balances of the system were analysed. The scale-up study provided practical information on the thermal design of an industrial sized unit, selection of particle size and operability in different load scenarios.

Of milquetoasts and daredevils : personalities in female eiders

Traditionally biologists have often considered individual differences in behaviour or physiology as a nuisance when investigating a population of individuals. These differences have mostly been dismissed as measurement errors or as non-adaptive variation around an adaptive population mean. Recent research, however, challenges this view. While long acknowledged in human personality studies, the importance of individual variation has recently entered into ecological and evolutionary studies in the form of animal personality. The concept of animal personality focuses on consistent differences within and between individuals in behavioural and physiological traits across time and contexts and its ecological and evolutionary consequences. Nevertheless, a satisfactory explanation for the existence of personality is still lacking. Although there is a growing number of explanatory theoretical models, there is still a lack of empirical studies on wild populations showing how traditional life-history tradeoffs can explain the maintenance of variation in personality traits. In this thesis, I first investigate the validity of variation in allostatic load or baseline corticosterone (CORT) concentrations as a measure for differences in individual quality. The association between CORT and quality has recently been summarised under the “CORT-fitness hypothesis”, which states that a general negative relationship between baseline CORT and fitness exists. I then continue to apply the concept of animal personality to depict how the life-history trade-off between survival and fecundity is mediated in incubating female eiders (Somateria mollissima), thereby maintaining variation in behaviour and physiology. To this end, I investigated breeding female eiders from a wild population that breeds in the archipelago around Tvärminne Zoological Station, SW Finland. The field data used was collected from 2008 to 2012. The overall aim of the thesis was to show how differences in personality and stress responsiveness are linked to a life-history context. In the four chapters I examine how the life-history trade-off between survival and fecundity could be resolved depending on consistent individual differences in escape behaviour, stress physiology, individual quality and nest-site selection. First, I corroborated the validity of the “CORT-fitness hypothesis”, by showing that reproductive success is generally negatively correlated with serum and faecal baseline CORT levels. The association between individual quality and baseline CORT is, however, context dependent. Poor body condition was associated with elevated serum baseline CORT only in older breeders, while a larger reproductive investment (clutch mass) was associated with elevated serum baseline CORT among females breeding late in the season. Interestingly, good body condition was associated with elevated faecal baseline CORT levels in late breeders. High faecal baseline CORT levels were positively related to high baseline body temperature, and breeders in poor condition showed an elevated baseline body temperature, but only on open islands. The relationship between stress physiology and individual quality is modulated by breeding experience and breeding phenology. Consequently, the context dependency highlights that this relationship has to be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, I verified if stress responsiveness is related to risk-taking behaviour. Females who took fewer risks (longer flight initiation distance) showed a stronger stress response (measured as an increase in CORT concentration after capture and handling of the bird). However, this association was modulated by breeding experience and body condition, with young breeders and those in poor body condition showing the strongest relationship between risktaking and stress responsiveness. Shy females (longer flight initiation distance) also incubated their clutch for a shorter time. Additionally, I demonstrated that stress responsiveness and predation risk interact with maternal investment and reproductive success. Under high risk of predation, females that incubated a larger clutch showed a stronger stress response. Surprisingly, these females also exhibited higher reproductive success than females with a weaker stress response. Again, these context dependent results suggest that the relationship between stress responsiveness and risk-taking behaviour should not be studied in isolation from individual quality and that stress responsiveness may show adaptive plasticity when individuals are exposed to different predation regimes. Finally, female risk-taking behaviour and stress coping styles were also related to nest-site choice. Less stress responsive females more frequently occupied nests with greater coverage that were farther away from the shoreline. Females nesting in nests with medium cover and farther from the shoreline had higher reproductive success. These results suggest that different personality types are distributed non-randomly in space. In this thesis I was able to demonstrate that personalities and stress coping strategies are persistent individual characteristics, which express measurable effects on fitness. This suggests that those traits are exposed to natural selection and thereby can evolve. Furthermore, individual variation in personality and stress coping strategy is linked to the alternative ways in which animals resolve essential life-history trade-offs.

Dynamiikan simulointi poralaitteiden tuotekehityksessä

Diplomityö käsittelee kallioporalaitteen eliniän kuormitusten arviointiin tarkoitetun simulointimallin rakentamista. Työssä luotiin modulaarinen malli, jolla voidaan simuloida dynaamisesti esteen yliajo. Esteen yliajo on perinteinen tehdastesti uusien laitteiden prototyypeille. Sillä pyritään saamaan selville laitteen maksimikuormitustapaukset. Pintaporalaitteen simulointimalli tehtiin ADAMS-ohjelmistolla laitteen suunnittelussa tehtyjä CAD-malleja hyödyntäen. ADAMS-ohjelmistolla mallinnettiin laitteen yksinkertaistettu mekaniikka siten, että laite oli jaettu viiteen eri moduuliin. Runko ja telasto olivat omana osionaan. Puomi ja syöttölaite oli oma kokoonpanonsa ja ohjaamo sekä katteet olivat kaksi erillistä modulia. Viides moduuli oli hydrauliikka, joka simuloitiin rinnakkaissimulointina EASY5-ohjelmistolla. Simuloituja esteen yliajon tuloksia verrattiin prototyyppilaitteen tehdastestien mitattuihin kuormituksiin. Vertailu tehtiin mallinnettujen neljän sylinterin paineita tarkastelemalla. Tuloksia tarkastellessa havaittiin, että simulaatiomalli antaa varsinkin staattisissa tarkasteluissa oikean suuntaisia tuloksia. Dynaamisissa tilanteissa koneen maksimikuormituksilla mallinnustarkkuus ei tämän työn laajuudessa ole riittävä varsinaiseen eliniän analysointiin. Sen sijaan mallinnustekniikka todettiin periaatteessa toimivaksi ja jatkokehityskelpoiseksi.

LVDC power distribution system: computational modelling

In the doctoral dissertation, low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system stability, supply security and power quality are evaluated by computational modelling and measurements on an LVDC research platform. Computational models for the LVDC network analysis are developed. Time-domain simulation models are implemented in the time-domain simulation environment PSCAD/EMTDC. The PSCAD/EMTDC models of the LVDC network are applied to the transient behaviour and power quality studies. The LVDC network power loss model is developed in a MATLAB environment and is capable of fast estimation of the network and component power losses. The model integrates analytical equations that describe the power loss mechanism of the network components with power flow calculations. For an LVDC network research platform, a monitoring and control software solution is developed. The solution is used to deliver measurement data for verification of the developed models and analysis of the modelling results. In the work, the power loss mechanism of the LVDC network components and its main dependencies are described. Energy loss distribution of the LVDC network components is presented. Power quality measurements and current spectra are provided and harmonic pollution on the DC network is analysed. The transient behaviour of the network is verified through time-domain simulations. DC capacitor guidelines for an LVDC power distribution network are introduced. The power loss analysis results show that one of the main optimisation targets for an LVDC power distribution network should be reduction of the no-load losses and efficiency improvement of converters at partial loads. Low-frequency spectra of the network voltages and currents are shown, and harmonic propagation is analysed. Power quality in the LVDC network point of common coupling (PCC) is discussed. Power quality standard requirements are shown to be met by the LVDC network. The network behaviour during transients is analysed by time-domain simulations. The network is shown to be transient stable during large-scale disturbances. Measurement results on the LVDC research platform proving this are presented in the work.

Lightweight, liquid-cooled, direct-drive generator for highpower wind turbines: motivation, concept, and performance

Thesis: A liquid-cooled, direct-drive, permanent-magnet, synchronous generator with helical, double-layer, non-overlapping windings formed from a copper conductor with a coaxial internal coolant conduit offers an excellent combination of attributes to reliably provide economic wind power for the coming generation of wind turbines with power ratings between 5 and 20MW. A generator based on the liquid-cooled architecture proposed here will be reliable and cost effective. Its smaller size and mass will reduce build, transport, and installation costs. Summary: Converting wind energy into electricity and transmitting it to an electrical power grid to supply consumers is a relatively new and rapidly developing method of electricity generation. In the most recent decade, the increase in wind energy’s share of overall energy production has been remarkable. Thousands of land-based and offshore wind turbines have been commissioned around the globe, and thousands more are being planned. The technologies have evolved rapidly and are continuing to evolve, and wind turbine sizes and power ratings are continually increasing. Many of the newer wind turbine designs feature drivetrains based on Direct-Drive, Permanent-Magnet, Synchronous Generators (DD-PMSGs). Being low-speed high-torque machines, the diameters of air-cooled DD-PMSGs become very large to generate higher levels of power. The largest direct-drive wind turbine generator in operation today, rated just below 8MW, is 12m in diameter and approximately 220 tonne. To generate higher powers, traditional DD-PMSGs would need to become extraordinarily large. A 15MW air-cooled direct-drive generator would be of colossal size and tremendous mass and no longer economically viable. One alternative to increasing diameter is instead to increase torque density. In a permanent magnet machine, this is best done by increasing the linear current density of the stator windings. However, greater linear current density results in more Joule heating, and the additional heat cannot be removed practically using a traditional air-cooling approach. Direct liquid cooling is more effective, and when applied directly to the stator windings, higher linear current densities can be sustained leading to substantial increases in torque density. The higher torque density, in turn, makes possible significant reductions in DD-PMSG size. Over the past five years, a multidisciplinary team of researchers has applied a holistic approach to explore the application of liquid cooling to permanent-magnet wind turbine generator design. The approach has considered wind energy markets and the economics of wind power, system reliability, electromagnetic behaviors and design, thermal design and performance, mechanical architecture and behaviors, and the performance modeling of installed wind turbines. This dissertation is based on seven publications that chronicle the work. The primary outcomes are the proposal of a novel generator architecture, a multidisciplinary set of analyses to predict the behaviors, and experimentation to demonstrate some of the key principles and validate the analyses. The proposed generator concept is a direct-drive, surface-magnet, synchronous generator with fractional-slot, duplex-helical, double-layer, non-overlapping windings formed from a copper conductor with a coaxial internal coolant conduit to accommodate liquid coolant flow. The novel liquid-cooling architecture is referred to as LC DD-PMSG. The first of the seven publications summarized in this dissertation discusses the technological and economic benefits and limitations of DD-PMSGs as applied to wind energy. The second publication addresses the long-term reliability of the proposed LC DD-PMSG design. Publication 3 examines the machine’s electromagnetic design, and Publication 4 introduces an optimization tool developed to quickly define basic machine parameters. The static and harmonic behaviors of the stator and rotor wheel structures are the subject of Publication 5. And finally, Publications 6 and 7 examine steady-state and transient thermal behaviors. There have been a number of ancillary concrete outcomes associated with the work including the following. X Intellectual Property (IP) for direct liquid cooling of stator windings via an embedded coaxial coolant conduit, IP for a lightweight wheel structure for lowspeed, high-torque electrical machinery, and IP for numerous other details of the LC DD-PMSG design X Analytical demonstrations of the equivalent reliability of the LC DD-PMSG; validated electromagnetic, thermal, structural, and dynamic prediction models; and an analytical demonstration of the superior partial load efficiency and annual energy output of an LC DD-PMSG design X A set of LC DD-PMSG design guidelines and an analytical tool to establish optimal geometries quickly and early on X Proposed 8 MW LC DD-PMSG concepts for both inner and outer rotor configurations Furthermore, three technologies introduced could be relevant across a broader spectrum of applications. 1) The cost optimization methodology developed as part of this work could be further improved to produce a simple tool to establish base geometries for various electromagnetic machine types. 2) The layered sheet-steel element construction technology used for the LC DD-PMSG stator and rotor wheel structures has potential for a wide range of applications. And finally, 3) the direct liquid-cooling technology could be beneficial in higher speed electromotive applications such as vehicular electric drives.

Productizing of advanced service for power plants

Työn tavoitteena on kehittää ABB:lle palvelutuote, jota voidaan tarjota voimalaitosasiakkaille. Uuden palvelutuotteen tulee vastata ABB:n uuden strategian linjauksiin. Palvelulla tarjotaan asiakkaille 1.1.2015 voimaan tulleen energiatehokkuuslain määrittelemien pakollisten toimenpiteiden suoritusta. Työssä kerätään, käsitellään ja analysoidaan tietoa voimalaitosasiakkaille suunnatun palvelun tuotteistamisprosessin päätöksenteon tueksi. Palvelutuotteen kehittämistä varten tutkitaan ABB:n nykyisiä palvelutuotteita, osaamista ja referenssi projekteja, energiatehokkuuslakia, voimalaitosten energiatehokkuus-potentiaalia ja erilaisia energiakatselmusmalleja. Päätöksenteon tueksi tehdään referenssiprojektina energia-analyysi voimalaitokselle, jossa voimalaitoksesta tehdään ipsePRO simulointiohjelmalla mallinnus. Mallinnuksen ja koeajojen avulla tutkitaan voimalaitoksen minimikuorman optimointia. Markkinatutkimuksessa selvitetään lainsäädännön vaikutusta, nykyistä markkinatilannetta, potentiaalisia asiakkaita, kilpailijoita ja ABB:n mahdollisuuksia toimia alalla SWOT–analyysin avulla. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella tehdään päätös tuotteistaa voimalaitoksille palvelutuote, joka sisältää kaikki toimet energiatehokkuuslain asettamien vaatimusten täyttämiseen yrityksen energiakatselmuksen vastuuhenkilön, energiakatselmuksen ja kohdekatselmuksien teon osalta. Lisäksi työn aikana Energiavirasto myönsi ABB:lle pätevyyden toimia yrityksen energiakatselmuksen vastuuhenkilönä, mikä on edellytyksenä palvelun tarjoamiselle.

Benchmark of routing protocols regarding green considerations

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) the participating nodes have several roles such as sender, receiver and router. Hence there is a lot of energy consumed by the nodes for the normal working of the network since each node has many different roles. Also in MANET the nodes keep moving constantly and this in turn consumes a lot of energy. Since battery capacity of these nodes is limited it fails to fulfil the high demand of energy. The scarcity of energy makes the energy conservation in mobile ad-hoc networks an important concern. There is several research carried out on the energy consumption of mobile ad-hoc networks these days. Some of this research suggests sleep mode, transmission power control, load balancing etc. In this thesis, we are comparing various proposed energy efficient models for some of the ad-hoc protocols. We compare different energy efficient models for Optimised Linked State Algorithm (OLSR) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The routing protocols are compared for different parameters such as average remaining energy, number of nodes alive, payload data received and performance with different mobility speed. The simulation results helps in benchmarking the various energy efficient routing models for OLSR and AODV protocols. The benchmarking of the routing protocols can be based on many factors but this thesis concentrates on benchmarking the MANET routing protocols mainly based on the energy efficiency and increased network lifetime.

Distributed energy resources in an electricity retailer’s short-term profit optimization

Liberalization of electricity markets has resulted in a competed Nordic electricity market, in which electricity retailers play a key role as electricity suppliers, market intermediaries, and service providers. Although these roles may remain unchanged in the near future, the retailers’ operation may change fundamentally as a result of the emerging smart grid environment. Especially the increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DER), and improving opportunities for their control, are reshaping the operating environment of the retailers. This requires that the retailers’ operation models are developed to match the operating environment, in which the active use of DER plays a major role. Electricity retailers have a clientele, and they operate actively in the electricity markets, which makes them a natural market party to offer new services for end-users aiming at an efficient and market-based use of DER. From the retailer’s point of view, the active use of DER can provide means to adapt the operation to meet the challenges posed by the smart grid environment, and to pursue the ultimate objective of the retailer, which is to maximize the profit of operation. This doctoral dissertation introduces a methodology for the comprehensive use of DER in an electricity retailer’s short-term profit optimization that covers operation in a variety of marketplaces including day-ahead, intra-day, and reserve markets. The analysis results provide data of the key profit-making opportunities and the risks associated with different types of DER use. Therefore, the methodology may serve as an efficient tool for an experienced operator in the planning of the optimal market-based DER use. The key contributions of this doctoral dissertation lie in the analysis and development of the model that allows the retailer to benefit from profit-making opportunities brought by the use of DER in different marketplaces, but also to manage the major risks involved in the active use of DER. In addition, the dissertation introduces an analysis of the economic potential of DER control actions in different marketplaces including the day-ahead Elspot market, balancing power market, and the hourly market of Frequency Containment Reserve for Disturbances (FCR-D).