The Influence of Process Conditions on the Deresination Efficiency in Mechanical Pulp Washing

The aim of this thesis was to produce information for the estimation of the flow balance of wood resin in mechanical pulping and to demonstrate the possibilities for improving the efficiency of deresination in practice. It was observed that chemical changes in wood resin take place only during peroxide bleaching, a significant amount of water dispersed wood resin is retained in the pulp mat during dewatering and the amount of wood resin in the solid phase of the process filtrates is very small. On the basis of this information there exist three parameters related to behaviour of wood resin that determine the flow balance in the process: 1. The liberation of wood resin to the pulp water phase 2. Theretention of water dispersed wood resin in dewatering 3. The proportion of wood resin degraded in the peroxide bleaching The effect of different factors on these parameters was evaluated with the help of laboratory studies and a literature survey. Also, information related to the values of these parameters in existing processes was obtained in mill measurements. With the help of this information, it was possible to evaluate the deresination efficiency and the effect of different factors on this efficiency in a pulping plant that produced low-freeness mechanical pulp. This evaluation showed that the wood resin content of mechanical pulp can be significantly decreased if there exists, in the process, a peroxide bleaching and subsequent washing stage. In the case of an optimal process configuration, as high as a 85 percent deresination efficiency seems to be possible with a water usage level of 8 m3/o.d.t.

Travelling on the Ice over the Gulf of Bothnia to Finland

London : Joseph Mawman 1802

Neck Muscle Function and Adolescent Headache

Muscular function of the neck region may be of importance for the etiology of headache, especially of tension-type headache. However, very few data exist on the association of neck muscle function with different types of headache in adolescents. The main aim of the study was to examine the association of neck muscle function with adolescent headache. The associations between leisure time activities, endurance strength of the upper extremities (UE endurance) and mobility of the neck-shoulder region and adolescent headache were studied. In addition, the associations of force production, EMG/force ratio, co-activation and fatigue characteristics, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of neck muscles with adolescent headache were studied. The study is part of a population-based cohort study of 12-year-old children with and without headache. The study had five phases (years 1998-2003). At the age of 13 years, a sample of 183 adolescents (183/311) participated in endurance strength and mobility measurements of the neck-shoulder region. In addition, the type and level of physical and other leisure activity were elicited with open and structured questions. At the age of 17 years, a random sample of 89 adolescents (89/202) participated in force and EMG measurements of the neck-shoulder muscles. In addition, at the age of 17 years, a sample of 65 adolescents (65/89) participated in CSA measurements of the neck muscles. At the age of 13 years, intensive participation in overall sports activity was associated with migraine. Frequent computer use was associated both with migraine and tension-type headache. The type of sports or other leisure activity classified them on the basis of body loading was not associated with headache type. In girls, low UE endurance of both sides, and low cervical rotation of the dominant side, were associated with tension-type headache, and low UE endurance of non-dominant side with migraine. In boys, no associations occurred between UE endurance and mobility variables and headache types. At the age of 17 years, in girls, high EMG/force ratios between the EMG of the left agonist sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and maximal neck flexion and neck rotation force to the right side as well as high co-activation of right antagonist cervical erector spinae (CES) muscles during maximal neck flexion force were associated with migraine-type headache. In girls, neck force production was not associated with headache types but low left shoulder flexion force was associated with tension-type headache. In boys, no associations were found between EMG and force variables and headache. Increased SCM muscles fatigue of both sides was associated with tension-type headache. In boys, the small CSA of the right SCM muscle and, in girls, of combined right SCM and scalenus muscles was associated with tension-type headache. Similarly, in boys, the large CSA of the right SCM muscle, of the combined right SCM and scalenus muscles, of the left semispinalis capitis muscle, of the combined left semispinalis and splenius muscles was associated with migraine. No other differences in the CSA of neck flexion or extension muscles were found. Differences in the neuromucular function of the neck-shoulder muscles were associated with adolescent headache, especially in girls. Differences in the cross-sectional area of unilateral neck muscles were associated with headache, especially in boys. Differences in the neuromuscular function and in the cross-sectional area of the neck muscles also occurred between different types of headache. It remains to be established whether the findings are primary or secondary to adolescent migraine and tension headache. Keywords: adolescent, cross-sectional area, electromyography, endurance strength, fatigue, force, headache, leisure time activity, migraine, mobility, neck muscles, tension-type headache

Role of references in international industrial marketing : a theory-building case study about supplier’s processes of utilizing references

Scientific studies regarding specifically references do not seem to exist. However, the utilization of references is an important practice for many companies involved in industrial marketing. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding about the utilization of references in international industrial marketing in order to contribute to the development of a theory of reference behavior. Specifically, the modes of reference usage in industry, the factors affecting a supplier's reference behavior, and the question how references are actually utilized, are explored in the study. Due to the explorative nature of the study, a research design was followed where theory and empirical studies alternated. An Exploratory Framework was developed to guide a pilot case study that resulted in Framework 1. Results of the pilot study guided an expanded literature review that was used to develop first a Structural Framework and a Process Framework which were combined in Framework 2. Then, the second empirical phase of the case study was conducted in the same (pilot) case company. In this phase, Decision Systems Analysis (DSA) was used as the analysis method. The DSA procedure consists of three interviewing waves: initial interviews, reinterviews, and validating interviews. Four reference decision processes were identified, described and analyzed in the form of flowchart descriptions. The flowchart descriptions were used to explore new constructs and to develop new propositions to develop Framework 2 further. The quality of the study was ascertained by many actions in both empirical parts of the study. The construct validity of the study was ascertained by using multiple sources of evidence and by asking the key informant to review the pilot case report. The DSA method itself includes procedures assuring validity. Because of the choice to conduct a single case study, external validity was not even pursued. High reliability was pursued through detailed documentation and thorough reporting of evidence. It was concluded that the core of the concept of reference is a customer relationship regardless of the concrete forms a reference might take in its utilization. Depending on various contingencies, references might have various tasks inside the four roles of increasing 1) efficiency of sales and sales management, 2) efficiency of the business, 3) effectiveness of marketing activities, and 4) effectiveness in establishing, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships. Thus, references have not only external but internal tasks as well. A supplier's reference behavior might be affected by many hierarchical conditions. Additionally, the empirical study showed that the supplier can utilize its references as a continuous, all pervasive decision making process through various practices. The process includes both individual and unstructured decision making subprocesses. The proposed concept of reference can be used to guide a reference policy recommendable for companies for which the utilization of references is important. The significance of the study is threefold: proposing the concept of reference, developing a framework of a supplier's reference behavior and its short term process of utilizing references, and conceptual structuring of an unstructured and in industrial marketing important phenomenon to four roles.

Vallarelåt

Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

Specimen historiae litterariae Fennicae

Dedicatio: Magnus Jacobus Alopaeus.

Om lin- och hampe-växterne, samt deras beredning

Arkit: A-B4 C1.

Nursing Ethics Education in Finland from the Perspective of Codes of Ethics

The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing ethics education from the perspective of nurses’ codes of ethics in the basic nursing education programmes in polytechnics in Finland with the following research questions: What is known about nurses’ codes in practice and education, what contents of the codes are taught, what teaching and evaluation methods are used, which demographic variables are associated with the teaching, what is nurse educators’ adequacy of knowledge to teach the codes and nursing students’ knowledge of and ability to apply the codes, and what are participants’ opinions of the need and applicability of the codes, and their importance in nursing ethics education. The aim of the study was to identify strengths and possible problem areas in teaching of the codes and nursing ethics in general. The knowledge gained from this study can be used for developing nursing ethics curricula and teaching of ethics in theory and practice. The data collection was targeted to all polytechnics in Finland providing basic nursing education (i.e. Bachelor of Health Care). The target groups were all nurse educators teaching ethics and all graduating nursing students in the academic year of 2006. A total of 183 educators and 214 students from 24 polytechnics participated. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire with four open-ended questions, designed for this study. The data was analysed by SPSS (14.0) and the open-ended questions by inductive content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Inferential statistics were used to estimate the differences between the participant groups. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated with Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. The literature review revealed that empirical research on the codes was scarce, and minimal in the area of education. Teaching of nurses’ codes themselves and the embedded ethical concepts was extensive, teaching of the functions of the codes and related laws and agreements was moderate, but teaching of the codes of other health care professions was modest. Issues related to the nurse-patient relationship were emphasised. Wider social dimensions of the codes were less emphasized. Educators’ and students’ descriptions of teaching emphasized mainly the same teaching contents, but there were statistically significant differences between the groups in that educators assessed their teaching to be more extensive than what students had perceived it had been. T he use of teaching and evaluation methods was rather narrow and conventional. However, educators’ and students’ descriptions of the used methods differed statistically significantly. Students’ knowledge of the codes and their ability to apply them in practice was assessed as mediocre by educators and by students themselves. Most educators assessed their own knowledge of the codes as adequate to teach the codes, as did most of the students. Educators who regarded their knowledge as adequate taught the codes more extensively than those who assessed their knowledge as less adequate. Also students who assessed their educators’ knowledge as adequate perceived the teaching of the codes to be more extensive. Otherwise educators’ and students’ demographic variables had little association with their descriptions of the teaching. According to the participants, nurses need their own codes, and they are also regarded as applicable in practice. The codes are an important element in nursing ethics education, but their teaching needs development. Further research should focus on the organization of ethics teaching in the curricula, the teaching process, and on the evaluation of the effectiveness of ethics education and on educators’ competence. Also the meaning and functions of the codes at all levels of nursing deserve attention. More versatile use of research methods would be beneficial in gaining new knowledge.

Sataman informaatiokeskuksen mahdollisuudet ympäristövaikutusten vähentämisessä

Logistiikka ja etenkin kuljetukset aiheuttavat suuren määrän suoria päästöjä ilmaan sekä muita ympäristövaikutuksia ihmisille ja luonnolle. Suomessa ja muissa EU-maissa kuljetusten tuottamat päästöt muodostavat yli viidenneksen kaikista päästöistä, joten puhutaan merkittävästä päästöjen vähentämistarpeesta. Tietoteknisten ratkaisujen nopea kehittyminen on mahdollistanut tietotekniikan hyödyntämisen myös logistiikassa ja logistiikan tuottamien päästöjen vähentämisessä. Tietotekniset ratkaisut ovat mahdollistaneet muun muassa sähköisten kartta- ja paikannusohjelmistojen käytön, kuljetusreittien optimoinnin, lastien ja kuljetusten seurannan, sähköisten dokumenttien hyödyntämisen sekä päästöjen laskemisen erilaisten tietoteknisten sovellusten avulla. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää Port Community System (PCS) -järjestelmän eli satamayhteisön informaatiokeskuksen mahdollisuuksia vähentää ympäristövaikutuksia Suomessa ja erityisesti Kymenlaaksossa. Tutkimuksessa on selvitetty yleisesti logistiikan ympäristövaikutuksia ja tutkittu EU:n ohjauskeinoja logistiikan ympäristökuormitusten vähentämiseksi. Kymenlaakson alueelta on kartoitettu tavaraliikenteen päästömäärien nykytilaa ja kehitystä laskemalla auto-, juna- ja laivaliikenteen ympäristövaikutuksia vuosilta 2001–2009. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on selvitetty, millaisia logistiikkaan liittyviä älyliikenne- ja tietotekniikkahankkeita ja -visioita EU:n tasolla on vireillä sekä tutkittu ICT-ratkaisujen mahdollisuuksia ympäristöhaittojen vähentämisessä. Kirjallisuustutkimukseen perustuen on arvioitu ja pohdittu Suomeen soveltuvan PCS-järjestelmän ympäristöhyötyjä ja ympäristötyökaluja. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu kahden case-esimerkin avulla, minkälaisia logistisia toimintoja helpottavia ja ympäristöasioita parantavia tietojärjestelmiä logistiikkayrityksillä on käytössä. Tutkimuksen perusteella tavaraliikenteen päästöt Kymenlaakson alueella ovat vuosien 2001–2007 aikana kasvaneet merkittävästi, mutta talouden taantuman ja tavarakuljetusten vähenemisen seurauksena päästömäärät ovat olleet jyrkässä laskussa vuosina 2008 ja 2009. Merkittävin päästökomponentti on ollut hiilidioksidi ja eniten päästöjä on aiheutunut maantieliikenteestä. EU:n tasolla on vireillä useita erilaisia hankkeita ja visioita logistiikan päästöjen vähentämiseksi, mutta monessa tapauksessa niiden täytäntöönpano vaatii vielä vuosien työn. Kirjallisuustutkimuksen perusteella ICT-ratkaisujen avulla saavutettavissa olevat ympäristöhyödyt vaihtelevat pienistä parannuksista (esim. päästöjen simulointimallit) suuriin maailmanlaajuisiin ratkaisuihin (esim. kuljetusreittien optimointi ja rahdin seuranta globaaleissa toimitusketjuissa). Merkittävimmät PCS-järjestelmällä saavutettavissa olevat ympäristöhyödyt ovat kuljetusten ja logististen toimintojen yleinen tehostuminen ja sen myötä päästöjen vähentyminen sekä paperisten asiakirjojen ja tulostettavan paperimäärän väheneminen PCS-järjestelmän mahdollistaman sähköisiin dokumentteihin siirtymisen myötä. PCS-järjestelmän avulla voidaan vaikuttaa ympäristöasioihin myös epäsuorasti muun muassa reittien ja lastikapasiteetin optimoinnin, lastin seurannan, älykkään valaistuksen ja palvelinkeskusten kautta. Mahdollisista ympäristöhyödyistä huolimatta taloudellisen hyödyn tavoittelu ja palveluiden toiminnallinen parantaminen menevät valitettavan usein ympäristöasioiden edelle. Vihreiden arvojen korostaminen järjestelmiä suunniteltaessa voi kuitenkin tuoda suurta kilpailuetua ja edistää ympäristön suojelua laajemminkin.

Design Aspects of Megawatt-Range Direct-Driven Permanent MagnetWind Generators

Direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator is one of the most promising topologies for megawatt-range wind power applications. The rotational speed of the direct-driven generator is very low compared with the traditional electrical machines. The low rotational speed requires high torque to produce megawatt-range power. The special features of the direct-driven generators caused by the low speed and high torque are discussed in this doctoral thesis. Low speed and high torque set high demands on the torque quality. The cogging torque and the load torque ripple must be as low as possible to prevent mechanical failures. In this doctoral thesis, various methods to improve the torque quality are compared with each other. The rotor surface shaping, magnet skew, magnet shaping, and the asymmetrical placement of magnets and stator slots are studied not only by means of torque quality, but also the effects on the electromagnetic performance and manufacturability of the machine are discussed. The heat transfer of the direct-driven generator must be designed to handle the copper losses of the stator winding carrying high current density and to keep the temperature of the magnets low enough. The cooling system of the direct-driven generator applying the doubly radial air cooling with numerous radial cooling ducts was modeled with a lumped-parameter-based thermal network. The performance of the cooling system was discussed during the steady and transient states. The effect of the number and width of radial cooling ducts was explored. The large number of radial cooling ducts drastically increases the impact of the stack end area effects, because the stator stack consists of numerous substacks. The effects of the radial cooling ducts on the effective axial length of the machine were studied by analyzing the crosssection of the machine in the axial direction. The method to compensate the magnet end area leakage was considered. The effect of the cooling ducts and the stack end area effects on the no-load voltages and inductances of the machine were explored by using numerical analysis tools based on the three-dimensional finite element method. The electrical efficiency of the permanent magnet machine with different control methods was estimated analytically over the whole speed and torque range. The electrical efficiencies achieved with the most common control methods were compared with each other. The stator voltage increase caused by the armature reaction was analyzed. The effect of inductance saturation as a function of load current was implemented to the analytical efficiency calculation.

Föremålens värld

Kirja-arvio

Heikkojen sidosten merkitys kouluhyvinvoinnin kannalta : kolmen koululuokan sosiaalisten verkostojen tarkastelu

Teema: Opetuksen maantiede - Nuorten maantiede.