Taidehistoria

Taidehistorian pääkokoelma sijaitsee kirjaston lainattavassa kokoelmassa. Se koostuu n. 3 400 niteestä monografioita (tiedot marraskuulta 2009). Lisäksi on noin 100 jatkuvaa painettua julkaisua, n. 100 elektronista lehteä ja vanhoja foliokokoisia taidekirjoja noin 8 hm. Taidehistoria ei ole kirjaston ydinaihealue, ja kokoelmaa ei kartuteta aktiivisesti muuten kuin kotimaisen ja pohjoismaisen vanhan taiteen tutkimuksen osalta. Kokoelma on koostunut pääasiassa lahjoituksista. Nykytaidetta ei juurikaan oteta kokoelmiin. Kokoelma on tästä syystä huomattavan vanhaa, 34 % on julkaistu ennen vuotta 1950 (pohjoismaiden ja muiden maiden luokissa 42 %). 2000-luvulla julkaistua aineistoa on koko taidehistorian kokoelmassa vain 7 %. Suomen taidehistoriaa kartutetaan kuitenkin aktiivisemmin, 2000-luvun kirjallisuutta on luokassa 21 %. Vähäisen käytön takia suuri osa muita maita koskevaa yleistä taidehistoriallista kirjallisuutta tullaankin muuton yhteydessä poistamaan kirjaston kokoelmista. Aineisto koostuu yleisestä taidehistoriasta, kuvataiteesta, taiteilijamonografioista ja kirkkotaiteesta. Suomen taidehistoriaa on noin 500 nimekettä, Pohjoismaiden noin 350 nimekettä, Baltian noin 50 nimekettä ja muiden maiden noin 2 200 nimekettä. Kokoelma on monikielistä. Suurimmat kieliryhmät ovat: saksa 36 %, englanti 18 %, suomi 15 %, ruotsi 13 % ja ranska 8 %. Kirjastossa on lisäksi venäläisen taidehistorian kokoelma, jonkun verran taidemuseoiden näyttelyluetteloita sekä taideteollisuuden ja arkkitehtuurin kokoelmat. Ennen vuotta 1900 julkaistu kirjallisuus on siirretty ei lainattavaan kokoelmaan. Kirjaston muuttoon v. 2011 liittyneiden poistojen jälkeen kokoelmissa oli 2 666 nidettä 19.12.2011 (vrt. 3 400 ennen muuttoa). Poistettu oli lähinnä muiden maiden yleistä taidehistoriaa, jota oli nyt 1 750 (vrt. 2 200). Kokoelmissa on lisäksi muutama sata venäläiseen taidehistorian kokoelmaan kuuluvaa kirjaa. Arkkitehtuurin kokoelmassa oli v. 2011 n. 400 Suomen, n. 400 Pohjoismaiden, n. 150 Baltian, n. 140 Venäjän ja n. 630 muiden maiden arkkitehtuuriin ja rakennustaiteen historiaan ja interiööreihin liittyvää teosta, joista mainittakoon kirkkorakennuksiin liittyvä verraten laaja kirjallisuus ja pieni puutarhataiteen kokoelma.

Saako historiasta selvää? Monikulttuuriset yläkoululaiset historian lähteillä historian taidot motiivien, seurauksien, historian tulkintojen ja lähteiden luotettavuuden arvioinneissa

The research assesses the skills of upper comprehensive school pupils in history. The focus is on locating personal motives, assessing wider reasons hidden in historical sources and evaluating source reliability. The research also questions how a wide use of multiple sources affects pupils’ holistic understanding of historical phenomena. The participants were a multicultural group of pupils. The origins of their cultures can be traced to the Balkan, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The number of native Finnish speakers and pupils speaking Finnish as their second language was almost equal. The multicultural composition provides opportunities to assess how culturally responsive learning history from sources is. The intercultural approach to learning in a multicultural setting emphasizes equality as a precondition for learning. In order to set assignments at least to some extent match with all participants only those answers were taken into account which were produced by pupils who had studied history for a similar period of time in the Finnish comprehensive school system. Due to the small number of participants (41), the study avoids wide generalizations. Nevertheless, possible cultural blueprints in pupils’ way of thinking are noted. The first test examined the skills of pupils to find motives for emigration. The results showed that for 7th graders finding reasons is not a problematic task. However, the number of reasons noticed and justifications varied. In addition, the way the pupils explained their choices was a distinguishing factor. Some pupils interpreted source material making use of previous knowledge on the issue, while other pupils based their analysis solely on the text handed and did not try to add their own knowledge. Answers were divided into three categories: historical, explanatory and stating. Historical answers combined smoothly previously learned historical knowledge to one’s own source analysis; explanatory answers often ignored a wider frame, although they were effective when explaining e.g. historical concepts. The stating answers only noticed motives from the sources and made no attempts to explain them historically. Was the first test culturally responsive? All pupils representing different cultures tackled the first source exam successfully, but there were some signs of how historical concepts are understood in a slightly different way if the pupil’s personal history has no linkage to the concepts under scrutiny. The second test focused on the history of Native Americans. The test first required pupils to recognize whether short source extracts (5) were written by Indians or Caucasians. Based on what they had already learned from North American history, the pupils did not find it hard to distinguish between the sources. The analysis of multiphase causes and consequences of the disputes between Native Americans and white Americans caused dispersion among pupils. Using two historical sources and combining historical knowledge from both of them simultaneously was cumbersome for many. The explanations of consequences can be divided into two groups: the ones emphasizing short term consequences and those placing emphasis on long term consequences. The short term approach was mainly followed by boys in every group. The girls mainly paid attention to long term consequences. The result suggests that historical knowledge in sources is at least to some extent read through role and gender lenses. The third test required pupils to explain in their own words how the three sources given differed in their account of living conditions in Nazi Germany, which turned out to be demanding for many pupils. The pupils’ stronghold was rather the assessment of source reliability and accounts why the sources approached the same events differently. All participants wrote critical and justified comments on reliability and aspects that might have affected the content of the sources. The pupils felt that the main reasons that affected source reliability were the authors’ ethnic background, nationality and profession. The assessment showed that pupils were well aware that position in a historical situation has an impact on historical accounts, but in certain cases the victim’s account was seen as a historical truth. The account of events by a historian was chosen most often as the most reliable source, but it was often justified leniently with an indication to professionalism rather than with clear ideas of how historians conduct accounts based on sources. In brief, the last source test demonstrates that pupils have a strong idea that the ethnicity or nationalism determines how people explained events of the past. It is also an implication that pupils understand how historical knowledge is interpretative. The results also imply that history can be analyzed from a neutral perspective. One’s own membership in an ethnical or religious group does not automatically mean that a person’s cultural identity excludes historical explanations if something in them contradicts with his or her identity. The second method of extracting knowledge of pupils’ historical thinking was an essay analysis. The analysis shows that an analytical account of complicated political issues, which often include a great number of complicated political concepts, leads more likely to an inconsistent structure in the written work of pupils. The material also demonstrates that pupils have a strong tendency to take a critical stance when assessing history. Historical empathy in particular is shown if history somehow has a linkage to young people, children or minorities. Some topics can also awake strong feelings, especially among pupils with emigrant background, if there is a linkage between one’s own personal history and that of the school; and occasionally a student’s historical experience or thoughts replaced school history. Using sources during history lessons at school seems to have many advantages. It enhances the reasoning skills of pupils and their skills to assess the nature of historical knowledge. Thus one of the main aims and a great benefit of source work is to encourage pupils to express their own ideas and opinions. To conclude, when assessing the skills of adolescents in history - their work with sources, comments on history, historical knowledge and finally their historical thinking - one should be cautious and avoid cut off score evaluations. One purpose of pursuing history with sources is to encourage pupils to think independently, which is a useful tool for further identity construction. The idea that pupils have the right to conduct their own interpretations of history can be partially understood as part of a wider learning process, justification to study history comes from extrinsic reasons. The intrinsic reason is history itself; in order to understand history one should have a basic understanding of history as a specific domain of knowledge. Using sources does not mean that knowing history is of secondary importance. Only a balance between knowing the contextual history, understanding basic key concepts and working with sources is a solid base to improve pupils’ historical understanding.

Turvallisuusanalyysi: Kullan uuttaminen syanidilla

Tässä kandityössä on tehty turvallisuusanalyysi kullan uuttamiselle syanidilla. Kullan uuttaminen on tehty MacArthur-Forrest-prosessilla laboratoriomittakaavassa. Myös syanidoinnin historiaa, eri syanidointimenetelmiä ja turvallisuusanalyysejä on käyty lyhyesti läpi tämän kandityön alussa.

Conversioni al cattolicesimo a Roma tra Sei e Settecento. La presenza degli scandinavi nell’Ospizio dei Convertendi.

In my PhD dissertation, I have examined a group of people of Scandinavian origin received by Ospizio dei Convertendi. This group has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The Ospizio was an institute founded by the Oratorian Congregation in Rome in 1673 to provide religious instruction and material aid to both recent and aspirant converts to Roman Catholicism. My research traces the profile of converts and a typology of motives, examining different factors which influenced the conversion process. I show that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature. Moreover, I have analyzed the hospice in the context of Counter-Reformation charity as well. In terms of numbers, the Scandinavians formed a somewhat marginal yet not insignificant group within the Roman hospice. Out of a total of 2203 guests received between 1673 and 1706, 4.6 % were Scandinavians: 74 Swedes (including Finland and Livonia) and 27 Danes (including Norway). They came from a rigorously Protestant region which reacted to Catholicism with severe legislative measures. Converts to Catholicism risked confiscation of their goods, expulsion or even capital punishment. Since both Sweden and Denmark were practically impenetrable to Catholicism at the time and clandestine missionary attempts often failed before they had even properly started, the Roman Catholic Church shifted its interest towards Northerners arriving in Rome, a preferred destination for young noblemen, artists and migrant craftsmen. The material related to Ospizio dei Convertendi, conserved in the Vatican archives, is a scarcely known yet unusually rich source, not only for the religious history of our continent, but also for social history and the study of migration in early modern Europe. It contains a wealth of information about members of the subordinate classes, of their travels and lives in Europe. The profile delineated in these documents is of individuals who had a wide range of different professions and different aspirations. These documents encompass a vast social spectrum that was highly mobile on a continent which by that time had become pluriconfessional. Therefore, these migrants faced the complex religious reality in their everyday life. The principal corpus of my research consists of two types of manuscript sources created for administrative and in a way also for apologetic purposes of the Roman Catholic Church. My starting point is the <i>Primo registro generale</i> of Ospizio dei Convertendi. This is a volume in which the following information about each guest was registered: name, nationality, city of origin, age, sex, profession, confession professed before converting, date of arrival, departure, abjuration and baptism. Typically, the convert was male, originating from Stockholm or Copenhagen, from 21 to 30 years of age. The biggest occupational groups in descending order were soldiers, noblemen, craftsmen and sailors. Thus the data reflects a multiform reality of interurban and long distance migration, ideals regarding the education of young noblemen and gentry as well as the need of European armies to hire foreign mercenaries in their various campaigns. Against this background the almost total absence of women is hardly surprising: there is only one woman in the material I have studied. The second main source, <i>Nota degl’ospiti ricevuti e spese fatte per essi, </i> sheds more light on the choices of the converts, their motivations and their lives outside Scandinavia before reaching Rome. This narrative material permits an analysis which completes but also goes far beyond the columns of the Institute’s general register. This material consists of reports written by Catholic priests based on an interview conducted upon each guest’s arrival. The material frequently includes information on what the converts would do following their departure from the Institute as well. These sources have a specific narrative form and contain short biographies, list reasons for converting and information about the journey from the North to the Mediterranean - a journey which in many cases took several years. Moreover, they show that certain unorthodox practices such as calling on the saints and pleading for help from them were not uncommon in the Protestant popular religion. The recording of information on conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism reflects both religious and social interest on the part of the receiving institute. The information obtained was used for the purposes of religious teaching, for finding adequate ways of inserting the convert into Italian society so that he could earn a living, and to find effective methods to convert others with a similar cultural and geographical background. The stories recorded were based on interviews with the newly-arrived, information obtained from a travel companion or fellow countrymen, or from written documents the aspirant converts carried with them. These sources illustrate, although sometimes in rather simplified ways, the circumstances and motivations which were relevant to the choice of changing one’s confession. In addition, I have examined petitions addressed to the hospice and other Roman authorities in order to get financial aid. These petitions were written by Italian <i>scrittori,</i> and they contain certain conventions and <i>topoi</i> of presenting the conversion with the purpose of improving the chances of obtaining financial aid. It is through these filters, which may seem initially almost invisible, that the remote voice of the converts reaches us. The results of the analysis are particularly interesting because they disagree with some of the principal conclusions of previous work on the subject. First, earlier research has focused almost exclusively on the conversions of noblemen, and has argued, second, that the Queen Christina of Sweden was the driving force behind their change of confession. The sources examined for this dissertation present a profile of long-distance migrants, many of them members of the subordinate classes, who were looking for ways to make their living in Europe. These people had in many cases left their country of origin several years earlier and not for religious reasons, so, crucially, we are not dealing with confessional migration in these cases. Rather, conversion was a complex process, intricately tied up with strategies of survival, integration and upward social mobility. At the same time, while these components are significant on their own right, they do not necessarily point to the absence of motivations of a more clearly religious nature.

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Wanhain Suomen maan Piijspain, : ja kircon esimiesten latinan kielised laulud

Vuonna 1582 oli ilmestynyt latinankielinen laulukokoelma Piae cantiones, jonka oli koonnut Rostockissa opiskellut Theodoricus Petri Rutha ja toimittanut Jacobus Petri Finno. Laulujen sanat ja sävelmät olivat pääosin keskiaikaista alkuperää, ja kotoisin Manner-Euroopasta sekä Pohjoismaista. Ruthan kokoelmaa pidettiin kuitenkin liian katolishenkisenä julkaistavaksi, ja tästä syystä Finno muokkasi sen uskonpuhdistuksen hengen mukaiseksi. Laulujen sisältöä korjailtiin, ja vanhoja sanoja ja sisältöjä muuteltiin. Tämän kokoelman suomenkielisen käännöksen laati Maskun kirkkoherra Hemmingius Henrik eli Maskun Hemminki. Laulut, joita kaikkiaan on 74, oli tarkoitettu kirkon ja koululaitoksen käyttöön. Laulujen aiheina ovat ihmisen maallisen elämän kurjuus ja katoavuus, raamatun tapahtumat, joulu tai luonnon herääminen kevääseen. Laulukokoelma on tärkeä musiikkihistoriallinen dokumentti, joka todistaa Suomen keskiaikaisesta lauluperinteestä sekä varhain muualta Suomeen tulleesta kulttuuriperinteestä.

Katechismus, eli se : christillinen oppi meiden uskom päe kappalegista nuorel ja yxikertaisel kansal sangen tarpellinen.

Stolbovan rauhassa Ruotsiin liitettyjen itäisten alueiden väestö oli ortodoksista, ja sen saattaminen luterilaisen kirkon piiriin edellytti muun muassa uudenlaista, luterilaiseen katekismukseen perustuvaa kansanopetusta. Viipurin hiippakunnan piispaksi vuonna 1642 nimitetty Petrus Bjugg laati suomensukuisia ortodoksikarjalaisia varten uuden suomenkielisen, mutta kyrillisin kirjaimin painetun katekismuksen. Katekismus oli painettu vuonna 1644 alankomaalaissyntyisen Pieter van Selowin kirjapainossa. Selow oli tullut Tukholmaan kirjakkeiden valajana ja perustanut sinne kirjapainon, jonka kirjakevalikoimassa oli myös kyrillinen kirjaimisto. Katekismus opettaa nuorisolle Jumalan kymmenen käskyä ja uskon kappaleet: '... Kuinga nuore kanssa pite opetettaman ittseäns siunamaan aamulla ja ehtoina, kuinga nuore kansa pita opetetaman lukeman rualle ja ruvalda, monikagat jalot opetuxet pygestä Ramatusta kaikein sätyjen ja virkain menost, jooilla ittsekukin gänen ammatissans opetetaan, mitä gänen tekemän ja iättämän pitä...'.

Suunnitellun alas- ja ylösajon todennäköisyysperustainen riskianalyysi ydinvoimalaitokselle

Työssä tehtiin ydinvoimalaitoksen suunnitellun alas- ja ylösajon todennäköisyysperus-tainen riskianalyysi. Suunnitellun alasajon analyysi sisälsi Teollisuuden Voima Oyj:n käyttämän vanhan PRA-mallin päivityksen ja laajentamisen. Ylösajon analyysiä varten kehitettiin kokonaan uusi malli. Diplomityöselostuksen alussa on yleinen katsaus luotettavuustekniikan käsitteisiin, pe-rusperiaatteisiin ja työkaluihin. Sitten on esitelty laitostekniikkaa tärkeimpien alas- ja ylösajoihin osallistuvien järjestelmien osalta. Myös normaalit alas- ja ylösajotoimenpi-teet on kuvattu. Yleisen teoriaosuuden jälkeen on keskitytty uusien mallien muodosta-miseen. Työssä käytetyt oletukset ja arviot on esitelty perusteluineen. Uudet tapahtuma- ja vikapuut sekä niiden perusteella lasketut sydänvaurioriskit johtopäätöksineen on käy-ty läpi selostuksen lopussa. Alkutapahtumataajuuksien määrittäminen tehtiin vikapuiden avulla, joissa huomioitiin komponenttivikojen, inhimillisten virheiden ja ulkoisten tekijöiden vaikutus. Aiemmin alkutapahtumat oli määritetty pääasiassa käyttöhistorian perusteella. Uusi määrittelytapa antaa eri vikaantumistapojen välille paremman kuvan niiden keskinäisestä merkitykses-tä sekä paremman päivitettävyyden laitosmuutosten yhteydessä. Mallien avulla voidaan laskea alas- ja ylösajon merkitys kokonaissydänvauriotaajuuteen entistä yksityiskohtaisemmin. Tuloksia voidaan myös hyödyntää laitosten vikatilanteis-sa, kun vertaillaan jatketun käytön ja mahdollisten korjaustöiden vaatiman alas- ja ylösajon riskejä. Uusien mallien antamat tulokset laskivat vain hieman kokonaissydän-vauriotaajuutta, mutta merkittävästi alasajon vaikutusta siihen. Ylösajosta aiheutuva riskinlisä oli noin puolet alasajon riskistä.

Martti Simojoki : Primus inter pares

Kirjallisuusarvostelu