St. Petersburg Court Chant and the Tradition of Eastern Slavic Church Singing

The present study examines the repertory of liturgical chant known as St. Petersburg Court Chant which emerged within the Imperial Court of St. Petersburg, Russia, and appeared in print in a number of revisions during the course of the 19th century, eventually to spread throughout the Russian Empire and even abroad. The study seeks answers to questions on the essence and composition of Court Chant, its history and liturgical background, and most importantly, its musical relationship to other repertories of Eastern Slavic chant. The research questions emerge from previous literary accounts of Court Chant (summarized in the Introduction), which have tended to be inaccurate and generally not based on critical research. The study is divided into eight main chapters. Chapter 1 provides a survey of the history of Eastern Slavic chant and the Imperial Court Chapel of St. Petersburg until 1917, with special emphasis on the history of singing traditional chant in polyphony, the status of the Court Chapel as a government authority, and its endeavours in publishing church music. Chapter 2 deals with the liturgical background of Eastern chant, the chant genres, and main repertories of Eastern Slavic chant. Chapter 3 concentrates on chant sources: it introduces the musical notations utilised, after which a typology of chant books is presented. The discussion continues with a survey of the sources of Court Chant and their content, the specimens selected for closer analysis, the comparative materials from other repertories, and ends with a commentary on some chant sources that have been excluded. The comparative sources include a specimen from around the beginning of the 12th century, a few manuscripts from the 17th century, and printed and manuscript chant books from the early 18th to early 20th century, covering the geographical area that delimits to the western Ukraine, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Solovetsky Monastery. Chapter 4 presents the approach and methods used in the subsequent analytical comparisons. After a survey of the pitch organization of Eastern Slavic chant, the customary harmonization strategy of traditional chant polyphony is examined, according to which a method for meaningful analysis of the harmony is proposed. The method is based on the observation that the harmonic framework of chant polyphony derives from the standard pitch collection of monodic chant known as the Church Gamut, specific pitches of which form eight harmonic regions that behave like the usual tonalities of major and harmonic minor. Because of the considerable quantity of comparative chant forms, computer-assisted statistical methods are applied to the analysis of chant melodies. The primary chant forms and their respective comparative forms have been pre-processed into reduced chant prototypes and divided into redactions. The analyses are carried out by measuring the formal dissimilarities of the primary chant forms of the Court Chant repertory against each comparative form, and also by measuring the reciprocal dissimilarities of all chant versions in a redaction, the results of which are subjected to agglomerative hierarchical clustering in order to find out how the chant forms relate to each other. The dissimilarities are determined by applying a metric dissimilarity function that is based on the Levenshtein Distance. Chapter 5 provides the melodic and harmonic analyses of generic chants (chants used for multiple texts of different lengths), i.e., chants for stichera samoglasny and troparia, Chapter 6 of pseudo-generic chants (chants that are used for multiple texts but with certain restrictions), i.e., chants for heirmoi, prokeimena, and three other hymns, and Chapter 7 of non-generic chants, covering nine chants that in the Court repertory are not shared by multiple texts. The results are summarized and evaluated in Chapter 8. Accordingly, it can be established that, contrary to previous conceptions, melodically, Court Chant is in effect a full part of the wider Eastern Slavic chant tradition. Even if it is somewhat detached from the chant versions of the Synodal square-note chant books and the local tradition of Moscow, it is particularly close to chant forms of East Ukraine and some vernacular repertories from Russia. Respectively, the harmonization strategies of Court Chant do not show significant individuality in comparison with those of the available polyphonic comparative sources, the main difference being the part-writing, which generally conforms to western common practice standard, whereas the deviations from this tend to be more significant in other analysed repertories of polyphonic chant. Thus, insofar as the subsequent prevalence of Court Chant is not based on its forceful dissemination by authorities (as suggested in previous literature but for which little tangible evidence could be found in Chapter 1), in the present author’s interpretation, Court Chant attained its dominance principally because musically it was considered sufficiently traditional, and as a chant body supported by the government, was conveniently available in print in serviceable harmonizations.

Activation of supply relationships : a study of main providers in the Turku logistics cluster

Företag inom industri och handel väljer allt oftare att låta ett logistikföretag sköta stora delar av sina logistiska processer. Logistikföretagen i sin tur överlåter utförandet av enskilda tjänster, som t.ex. olika typer av transport, till olika samarbetspartners inom branschen. I avhandlingen studeras hur logistikföretag går till väga då de väljer vilka av deras samarbetspartners som ska engageras för att delta i utförandet av ett logistiktjänstepaket, en arbetsprocess som här kallas aktivering. Fokus ligger på aktiveringens innehåll och de faktorer som inverkar på hur den går till och vilka samarbetsparter som kommer att engageras. Arbetet bygger på nätverksansatsen för studier av företagsrelationer på industriella marknader. Aktiveringsprocessen uppfattas som en rätt ordinär, rutinmässig verksamhet i företaget, men den kan också förväntas inverka på hur företagets samarbetsnätverk utvecklas över tiden, genom att vissa relationer förstärks medan andra försvagas. I den empi riska undersökningen deltog 29 logistikföretag i Åboregionen som utgående från ett diskussionsunderlag fick berätta om hur de går till väga vid aktivering.

Vankka tutkimus 1800-luvun lopun maaseutuyhteisön seksuaalisuudesta ja sen kontrollista

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Nainen 1800-luvun vampyyrikirjallisuudessa : sankaritar, uhri ja peto

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Moderni naiseus 1800-luvun kirjallisuudessa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Keikkavaaka ja kousikka : kaupan työ ja tekijät 1800-luvulta itsepalveluaikaan

Lectio praecursoria 11.9.1999 Helsingin yliopiston valtiotieteellisessä tiedekunnassa.

Dansen för åskådare : intresset för folkdansen som estradprodukt och insamlingsobjekt hos den svenskspråkiga befolkningen i Finland under senare delen av 1800-talet

Studien handlar om dans. I fokus står hur det gick till då den folkliga dansen började uppvisas på estraderna, vilka danser som uppvisades, vem som gick i spetsen, vilka drivkrafter som låg bakom och om danserna som uppvisades upptecknades i likhet med annan folklore. Området har inte ägnats uppmärksamhet inom tidigare dansforskning, varken i Finland eller övriga Norden. Med impulser från Schweiz ordnades den första folkdansuppvisningen i Finland på Konstnärsgillets årsfest 1866. Att inhemska folkdanser uppvisades då, bl.a. menuett och polska från Lappfjärd, var medicine- och kirurgieprofessorn, den Lappfjärdsbördige Jakob August Estlanders förtjänst. Han hade inflyttade Lappfjärdsbor i sin närhet – traditionsbärare som kunde dansa och spela och som var villiga att lära ut sina danser bland överklassen i Helsingfors. Drivkraften var av nationalistisk art och det nationella framställdes i historiska tablåer ur Runebergs diktverk Fänrik Ståhls sägner, i folkdräkter och i folkdanser. Mycket snabbt blev ekonomiska medel en drivkraft till att man arrangerade tillställningar, vid vilka en dansuppvisning ingick i programmet då man samlade in medel för olika ändamål. Med impulser från Sverige arrangerade Svenska landsmålsföreningen soaréer för att samla in medel till verksamheten med bl.a. uppvisning av danserna kontra, kadrilj och purpuri. Bland traditionsbärarna fanns även stadsbyggmästaren i Helsingfors, Sanfrid Hongell, född i Karleby och mag. Henrik Ståhl, född i Kronoby. Dessa två inövade den stora dansen purpuri som uppvisades för publik i Helsingfors. Hongell var samtidigt spelman som kunde spela melodierna till purpurins olika turer. Folkdansen tjänade även ekonomiska syften. Jag utgick ifrån att arrangörer valde danser att uppvisas. Resultatet visar att det överhuvudtaget inte handlade om att välja en dans, utan det handlade om att komma i kontakt med traditionsbärare som kunde lära ut danser ur sin egen tradition och med traditionsbärare som kunde spela musiken till danserna. Då traditionsbäraren kom från en svenskspråkig trakt, var dansen från samma trakt. De som ivrade för det finska inövade och uppvisade även danser från det svenska språkområdet. Språket och språkpolitiska frågor avgjorde inte vad man arbetade med. I studien analyseras en lång rad dansuppvisningar som lade grunden för 1900-talets folkdansrörelse.

TURKU TAKING STEPS TOWARDS FUTURE - technology supports physical activity

Physical activity (PA) is an important field of healthcare research internationally and within Finland. As technology devices and services penetrate deeper levels within society, the need for studying the usefulness for PA turns vital. We started this research work by reviewing literature consisting of two hundred research journals, all of which have found technology to significantly improve an individual’s ability to get motivation and achieve officially recommended levels of physical activity, like the 10000 steps a day, being tracked with the help of pedometers. Physical activity recommendations require sustained encouragement, consistent performance in order to achieve the long term benefits. We surveyed within the city of Turku, how the motivation levels and thirty three other criterions encompassing technology awareness, adoption and usage attitudes are impacted. Our aim was to know the factors responsible for achieving consistent growth in activity levels within the individuals and focus groups, as well as to determine the causes of failures and for collecting user experience feedback. The survey results were quite interesting and contain impeccable information for this field. While the focus groups confirmed the theory established by past studies within our literature review, it also establishes our research propositions that ict tools and services have provided and can further add higher benefits and value to individuals in tracking and maintain their activity levels consistently for longer time durations. This thesis includes two new models which dictate technology and physical activity adoption patterns based on four easy to evaluate criterions, thereby helping the healthcare providers to recommend improvements and address issues with an easy rule based approach. This research work provides vital clues on technology based healthcare objectives and achievement of standard PA recommendations by people within Turku and nearby regions.

Äänteiden keston erottelutaidon yhteys luku- ja oikeinkirjoitustaitoon lukiriskilapsilla

Teemanumero: Lukivaikeus.