28 resultados para tiny robots


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Hiontarobotteja käytetään nopeuttamaan hiontaprosessia ja vähentämään henkilöiden tarvetta tehdä kuluttavaa ja raskasta työtä. Yleensä hiottavat kappaleet ovat suuria, jolloin hionta robotillakin kestää kauan. Kun hiottavat kappaleet ovat pieniä, robotti hioo kappaleen nopeasti. Tällöin tarvitaan automaattinen varastointi, jotta hiontarobotti pystyy jatkamaan nopeasti seuraavan kappaleen hiontaa. Automaattinen varastointi tarvitsee tiedonhallintajärjestelmän, jolla hallitaan varastossa olevien kappaleiden tietoja. Hiottava kappale täytyy esimerkiksi pystyä tunnistamaan ennen hionnan aloittamista. Yhtenä tunnistusmenetelmänä voidaan käyttää radiotaajuudella toimivia RFID-tunnisteita. Kun kappale tunnistetaan ennen hiontaa niin voidaan varmistua, että robotti suorittaa oikean hiontaohjelman kappaleelle. Diplomityö liittyy Master Automation Groupin ensimmäiseen automaattista varastoa hyödyntävään FlexMill™-hiontarobotti-soluun. Työssä on suunniteltu ja toteutettu tietokanta ja siihen liittyvä tietojärjestelmä. Kehitettävä ohjelma toimii solun toiminnasta vastaavan soluohjaimen tiedonhallintaosana. Ohjelma hyödyntää RFID-laitteita kappaleiden tunnistuksessa.

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Learning from demonstration becomes increasingly popular as an efficient way of robot programming. Not only a scientific interest acts as an inspiration in this case but also the possibility of producing the machines that would find application in different areas of life: robots helping with daily routine at home, high performance automata in industries or friendly toys for children. One way to teach a robot to fulfill complex tasks is to start with simple training exercises, combining them to form more difficult behavior. The objective of the Master’s thesis work was to study robot programming with visual input. Dynamic movement primitives (DMPs) were chosen as a tool for motion learning and generation. Assuming a movement to be a spring system influenced by an external force, making this system move, DMPs represent the motion as a set of non-linear differential equations. During the experiments the properties of DMP, such as temporal and spacial invariance, were examined. The effect of the DMP parameters, including spring coefficient, damping factor, temporal scaling, on the trajectory generated were studied.

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Tässä työssä kehitettiin teollisuusrobottijärjestelmiin soveltuva, mallinsovitusta hyödyntävä konenäköohjelmisto. Yleiskäyttöiseksi tarkoitettuun ohjelmistoon tehtiin toiminnot konenäköjärjestelmän kalibrointiin, mallinsovitukseen käytettävien mallien hallintaan ja tulosten välitykseen teollisuusroboteille. Ohjelmiston tuli olla myös niin helppokäyttöinen, että sen käyttö onnistuu lyhyellä koulutuksella. Ohjelmistoa sovellettiin puuikkunapuitteiden robotisoituun maalausjärjestelmään. Maalausjärjestelmästä onnistuttiin tekemään automaattinen, tuotteisiin mukautuva ja virhetilanteista toipuva pitkälti toimitetun konenäköjärjestelmän ansiosta.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of the socio-technical system in the field of ageing. The study stems from the notion that the ageing of the population as a powerful megatrend has wide societal effects, and is not just a matter for the social and health sector. The central topic in the study is change: not only the age structures and structures of society are changing, but also at the same time there is constant development, for instance, in technologies, infrastructures and cultural perceptions. The changing concept of innovation has widened the understanding of innovations related to ageing from medical and assistive technological innovations to service and social innovations, as well as systemic innovations at different levels, which means the intertwined and co-evolutionary change in technologies, structures, services and thinking models. By the same token, the perceptions of older people and old age are becoming more multi-faceted: old age is no longer equated to illnesses and decline, but visions of active ageing and a third age have emerged, which are framed by choices, opportunities, resources and consumption in later life. The research task in this study is to open up the processes and mechanisms of change in the field of ageing, which are studied as a complex, multi-level and interrelated socio-technical system. The question is about co-effective elements consisting of macro-level landscape changes, the existing socio-technical regime (the rule system, practices and structures) and bottom-up niche-innovations. Societal transitions do not account for the things inside the regime alone, or for the long-term changes in the landscape, nor for the radical innovations, but for the interplay between all these levels. The research problem is studied through five research articles, which offer micro-level case studies to macro-level phenomenon. Each of the articles focus on different aspects related to ageing and change, and utilise various datasets. The framework of this study leans on the studies of socio-technical systems and multi-level perspective on transitions mainly developed by Frank Geels. Essential factors in transition from one socio-technological regime to another are the co-evolutionary processes between landscape changes, regime level and experimental niches. Landscape level changes, like the ageing of the population, destabilise the regime in the forms of coming pressures. This destabilization offers windows for opportunity to niche-innovations outside or at fringe of the regime, which, through their breakthrough, accelerate the transition process. However, the change is not easy because of various kinds of lock-ins and inertia, which tend to maintain the stability of the regime. In this dissertation, a constructionist approach of society is applied leaning mainly to the ideas of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, with the dual nature of structures. The change is taking place in the interplay between actors and structures: structures shape people’s practices, but at the same time these practices constitute and reproduce social systems. Technology and other material aspects, as part of socio-technical systems, and the use of them, also take part in the structuration process. The findings of the study point out that co-evolutionary and co-effective relationships between economic, cultural, technological and institutional fields, as well as relationships between landscape changes, changes in the local and regime-level practices and rule systems, are a very complex and multi-level dynamic socio-technical phenomenon. At the landscape level of ageing, which creates the pressures and triggers to the regime change, there are three remarkable megatrends: demographic change, changes in the global economy and the development of technologies. These exert pressures to the socio-technical regime, which as a rule system is experiencing changes in the form of new markets and consumer habits, new ways of perceiving ageing, new models of organising the health care and other services and as new ways of considering innovation and innovativeness. There are also inner dynamics in the relationships between these aspects within the regime. These are interrelated and coconstructed: the prevailing perceptions of ageing and innovation, for instance, reflect the ageing policies, innovation policies, societal structures, organising models, technology and scientific discussion, and vice versa. Technology is part of the inner dynamics of the sociotechnological regime. Physical properties of the artefacts set limitations and opportunities with regard to their functions and uses. The use of and discussion about technology, contributes producing and reproducing the perceptions of old age. For societal transition, micro-level changes are also needed, in form of niche-innovations, for instance new services, organisational models or new technologies, Regimes, as stabilitystriven systems, tend to generate incremental innovations, but radically new innovations are generated in experimental niches protected from ‘normal’ market selection. The windows of opportunity for radical novelties may be opened if the circumstances are favourable for instance by tensions in the socio-technical regime affected by landscape level changes. This dissertation indicates that a change is taking place, firstly, in the dynamic interactionbetween levels, as a result of purposive action and governance to some extent. Breaking the inertia and using the window of opportunity for change and innovation offered by dynamics between levels, presupposes the actors’ special capabilities and actions such as dynamic capabilities and distance management. Secondly, the change is taking place the socio-technological negotiations inside the regime: interaction between technological and social, which is embodied in the use of technology. The use of technology includes small-level contextual scripts that also participate in forming broader societal scripts (for instance defining old age at the society level), which in their turn affect the formation of policies for innovation and ageing. Thirdly, the change is taking place by the means of active formation of the multi-actor innovation networks, where the role of distance management is crucial to facilitate the communication between actors coming from different backgrounds as well as to help the niches born outside the regime to utilise the window of opportunity offered by regime destabilisation. This dissertation has both theoretical and practical contributions. This study participates in the discussion of action-oriented view on transition by opening up of the socio-technological, coevolutionary processes of the multi-faceted phenomenon of ageing, which has lacked systematic analyses. The focus of this study, however, is not on the large-scale coordination and governance, but rather on opening up the incremental elements and structuration processes, which contribute to the transition little by little, and which can be affected to. This increases the practical importance of this dissertation, by highlighting the importance of very tiny, everyday elements in the change processes in the long run.

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Nykyisessä valmistusteollisuudessa erilaisten robottien ja automatisoitujen tuotantovaiheiden rooli on erittäin merkittävä. Tarkasti suunnitellut liikkeet ja toimintavaiheet voidaan nykyisillä järjestelmillä ajoittaa tarkasti toisiinsa nähden, jolloin erilaisten virhetilanteidenkin sattuessa järjestelmä pystyy toimimaan tilanteen edellyttämällä tavalla. Automatisoinnin etuna on myös tuotannon muokkaaminen erilaisten tuotteiden valmistamiseen pienillä muutoksilla, jolloin tuotantokustannukset pysyvät matalina myös pienten valmistuserien tapauksissa. Usean akselin laitteissa eli niin sanotuissa moniakselikäytöissä laitteen toimintatarkkuus riippuu jokaisen liikeakselin tarkkuudesta. Liikkeenohjauksessa on perinteisesti ollut käytössä myötäkytketty paikkakaskadi, jonka virityksessä otetaan huomioon akselilla olevat erilaiset dynaamiset tilat ja käytettävät referenssit. Monissa nykyisissä hajautetuissa järjestelmissä eli moniakselikäytöissä, joissa jokaiselle akselille on oma ohjauslaite, ei yksittäisen akselin paikkavirhettä huomioida muiden akseleiden ohjauksessa. Työssä tutkitaan erilaisia moniakselijärjestelmien ohjausmenetelmiä ja myötäkytketyn paikkakaskadin toimintaa moniakselikäytössä pyritään parantamaan tuomalla paikkasäätimen rinnalle toinen säädin, jonka tulona on akseleiden välinen paikkaero.

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Monimutkaisissa ja muuttuvissa ympäristöissä työskentelevät robotit tarvitsevat kykyä manipuloida ja tarttua esineisiin. Tämä työ tutkii robottitarttumisen ja robottitartuntapis-teiden koneoppimisen aiempaa tutkimusta ja nykytilaa. Nykyaikaiset menetelmät käydään läpi, ja Le:n koneoppimiseen pohjautuva luokitin toteutetaan, koska se tarjoaa parhaan onnistumisprosentin tutkituista menetelmistä ja on muokattavissa sopivaksi käytettävissä olevalle robotille. Toteutettu menetelmä käyttää intensititeettikuvaan ja syvyyskuvaan po-hjautuvia ominaisuuksi luokitellakseen potentiaaliset tartuntapisteet. Tämän toteutuksen tulokset esitellään.

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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia ja selvittää kuormakoneen takarunkorakenteen silloitushitsauksen robotisointia. Työ päätettiin rajata koskemaan vain tiettyä moduulia takarungosta. Työssä kartoitettiin tarvittava laitteisto, selvitettiin runkomoduulin silloitusajat sekä arvioitiin investoinnin kannattavuutta. Silloituksen suorittavan järjestelmän vaatimuksena oli, että sen tulee asettaa osat paikoilleen hitsauskiinnittimeen ja tehdä tarvittavat silloitushitsaukset automaattisesti. Sopivaksi laitteistoksi osoittautui taloudellisuuden ja toiminnallisuuden näkökulmasta yhdestä kappaleenkäsittely- sekä hitsausrobotista muodostuva järjestelmä. Kappaleenkäsittelijän ohjauksessa käytetään konenäköä sekä osien paikannuksessa että laadunvarmistuksessa. Robotit liikkuvat yhteisellä lineaariradalla, jonka rinnalla on kappaleenkäsittelylaitteistoja hitsauskiinnittimineen. Robotisoinnin käyttöönotolla yhden takarungon moduulien kokoonpanoon ja silloitukseen käytettävä aika pienenee alle puoleen manuaaliseen työhön verrattuna. Näin saavutetaan merkittäviä kustannussäästöjä. Lisäksi hitsauskiinnittimet voivat olla verrattain yksinkertaisia manuaalityöhön verrattuna, jolloin myös säästetään työkaluinvestoinneissa. Robotisointiprojektin jatkotoimenpiteitä ovat laajamittaiset tuotantosimulaatiot layoutin, laitteiston sekä työkiertojen tarkaksi määrittämiseksi. Lisäksi itse tuotetta on muokattava paremmin robottisilloitukseen sopivaksi.

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The main objective of the present study was to design an agricultural robot, which work is based on the generation of the electricity by the solar panel. To achieve the proper operation of the robot according to the assumed working cycle the detailed design of the main equipment was made. By analysing the possible areas of implementation together with developments, the economic forecast was held. As a result a decision about possibility of such device working in agricultural sector was made and the probable topics of the further study were found out.

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Tool center point calibration is a known problem in industrial robotics. The major focus of academic research is to enhance the accuracy and repeatability of next generation robots. However, operators of currently available robots are working within the limits of the robot´s repeatability and require calibration methods suitable for these basic applications. This study was conducted in association with Stresstech Oy, which provides solutions for manufacturing quality control. Their sensor, based on the Barkhausen noise effect, requires accurate positioning. The accuracy requirement admits a tool center point calibration problem if measurements are executed with an industrial robot. Multiple possibilities are available in the market for automatic tool center point calibration. Manufacturers provide customized calibrators to most robot types and tools. With the handmade sensors and multiple robot types that Stresstech uses, this would require great deal of labor. This thesis introduces a calibration method that is suitable for all robots which have two digital input ports free. It functions with the traditional method of using a light barrier to detect the tool in the robot coordinate system. However, this method utilizes two parallel light barriers to simultaneously measure and detect the center axis of the tool. Rotations about two axes are defined with the center axis. The last rotation about the Z-axis is calculated for tools that have different width of X- and Y-axes. The results indicate that this method is suitable for calibrating the geometric tool center point of a Barkhausen noise sensor. In the repeatability tests, a standard deviation inside robot repeatability was acquired. The Barkhausen noise signal was also evaluated after recalibration and the results indicate correct calibration. However, future studies should be conducted using a more accurate manipulator, since the method employs the robot itself as a measuring device.

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The main objective of this study was to develop mathematical model capable to describe the effect of ultrastructural features on the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of softwood fiber. Another objective was to identify, based on ultrastructural features, a potential explanatory factor for the mechanical difference between Norway spruce and Scots pine fibers and to demonstrate its influence utilizing developed modelling tools. According to the literature, the main difference between the pine and spruce fibers is the pit structure, which is clearly different in these fibers. The spruce fiber contains a lot of tiny pits, whereas the pits of the pine fiber are larger and the total number of them is smaller. The effect of the pits on the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of fiber is studied with both the analytical and the numerical model. The results show that, although the spruce fiber seems to contain clearly more pits, larger pits appearing in the pine fiber turn out to have a stronger influence on the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of the fiber. The effect of local variation of microfibril angle which occurs near the pits seems to be minor. Moreover, the results suggest that spruce fibers may have higher ultimate strength due to the more uniform straining behavior.

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Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli kehittää robottihitsauksen toimintoja KKR Steel Oy:ssä. Tärkeimmät tutkimuskohteet olivat robottisolujen toiminnan tehostaminen ja uusien robottihitsaukseen sopivien tuotteiden kartoittaminen. Työ on jaettu teoreettiseen ja käytännön osuuteen. Teoriaosassa perehdytään kirjallisuuskatsauksen kautta robottihitsauksen perusteisiin, hitsauksen robotisointiin sekä tuottavuuteen ja laatuun. Robottihitsauksen osuudessa käsitellään hitsausrobotin rakennetta, siihen liittyviä oheislaitteita ja robottien ohjelmointia. Hitsauksen robotisoinnissa selvitetään syitä robottihitsauksen käyttöönotolle, robotisoitavilta tuotteilta vaadittavia ominaisuuksia sekä erilaisia toimenpiteitä robottiaseman toiminnan tehostamiseksi. Tuottavuuteen liittyvässä osuudessa selvitetään erilaisten laskentakaavojen ja tunnuslukujen käyttöä ja merkitystä hitsauksessa. Käytännön osuudessa kartoitettiin yrityksen robottihitsauksen lähtötilanne ja selvitettiin ongelmakohtien perusteella kehittämistoimenpiteitä. Tutkimuksissa seurattiin ja havainnoitiin hitsaustuotannon eri vaiheita, minkä perusteella laadittiin erilaisia parannuskeinoja. Toimenpiteistä saatavan hyödyn arviointiin käytettiin yrityksen tuotantoon sopivia mittareita kuten läpimenoaikaa ja kaariaikasuhdetta. Havaittujen ongelmakohtien perusteella ryhdyttiin kehittämään hitsauskiinnittimien suunnittelua ja käsittelylaitteiden käyttöä hitsaustuotannossa sekä hyödyntämään etäohjelmointia tuotteiden viennissä robottiasemille. Lisäksi robottiasemien käyttöastetta pyrittiin nostamaan tutkimalla käsinhitsattavia tuotteita ja siirtämällä niistä robotille soveltuvimmat robottiasemille hitsattavaksi.

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IoT consists of essentially thousands of tiny sensor nodes interconnected to the internet, each one of which executes the programmed functions under memory and power limita- tions. The sensor nodes are distributed mainly for gathering data in various situations. IoT envisions the future technologies such as e-health, smart city, auto-mobiles automa- tion, construction sites automation, and smart home. Secure communication of data under memory and energy constraints is major challenge in IoT. Authentication is the first and important phase of secure communication. This study presents a protocol to authenticate resource constraint devices in physical proximity by solely using the shared wireless communication interfaces. This model of authentication only relies on the abundance of ambient radio signals to authenticate in less than a second. To evaluate the designed protocol, SkyMotes are emulated in a network environment simulated by Contiki/COOJA. Results presented during this study proves that this approach is immune against passive and active attacks. An adversary located as near as two meters can be identified in less than a second with minimal expense of energy. Since, only radio device is used as required hardware for the authentication, this technique is scalable and interoperable to heterogeneous nature of IoT.

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Mobile robots are capable of performing spatial displacement motions in different environments. This motions can be calculated based on sensorial data (autonomous robot) or given by an operator (tele operated robot). This thesis is focused on the latter providing the control architecture which bridges the tele operator and the robot’s locomotion system and end effectors. Such a task might prove overwhelming in cases where the robot comprises a wide variety of sensors and actuators hence a relatively new option was selected: Robot Operating System (ROS). The control system of a new robot will be sketched and tested in a simulation model using ROS together with Gazebo in order to determine the viability of such a system. The simulated model will be based on the projected shape and main features of the real machine. A stability analysis will be performed first theoretically and afterwards using the developed model. This thesis concluded that both the physical properties and the control architecture are feasible and stable settling up the ground for further work with the same robot.