Strategic alliances as an international entry strategy: Finnish cleantech SMEs and the Indian market

The demand for environmental technologies, also called cleantech, is growing globally but the need is especially high in emerging markets such as India where the rising economy and rapid industrialisation have led to increasing energy needs and environmental degradation. The market is of great potential also for the Finnish cleantech cluster that represents advanced expertise in several fields of environmental technologies. However, most of the Finnish companies in the field are SMEs that face challenges in their internationalisation due to their limited resources. The objective of this study was to estimate, whether strategic alliances could be an efficient entry strategy for Finnish cleantech SMEs entering the Indian market. This was done by studying what are the key factors influencing the international entry mode decision of Finnish cleantech SMEs, what are the major factors affecting the entry of Finnish cleantech SMEs to the Indian market and how do Finnish cleantech SMEs use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process. The study was realised as a qualitative multi-case study through theme interviews of Finnish cleantech SME representatives. The results indicated that Finnish cleantech SMEs prefer to enter international markets through non-equity and collaborative modes of entry. These entry modes are chosen because of the small size and limited resources of companies, but also because they want to protect their innovative technologies from property rights violations. India is an attracting market for Finnish cleantech SMEs mainly because of its size and growth, but insufficient environmental regulation and high import tariffs have hindered entry to the market. Finnish cleantech SMEs commonly use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process but the use is rather one-sided. Most of the formed strategic alliances are low-commitment, international contractual agreement in sales and distribution. Alliance partner selection receives less attention. In the future, providing Finnish cleantech SMEs with international experience and training could help in diversifying the use of strategic alliances and increase their benefits to SME internationalisation.

Oil Transportation in the Gulf of Finland in 2020 and 2030

This study is part of the Minimizing risks of maritime oil transport by holistic safety strategies (MIMIC) project. The purpose of this study is to provide a current state analysis of oil transportation volumes in the Baltic Sea and to create scenarios for oil transportation in the Gulf of Finland for the years 2020 and 2030. Future scenarios and information about oil transportation will be utilized in the modelling of oil transportation risks, which will be carried out as part of the MIMIC project. Approximately 290 million tons of oil and oil products were transported in the Baltic Sea in 2009, of which 55% (160 million tons) via the Gulf of Finland. Oil transportation volumes in the Gulf of Finland have increased from 40 million to almost 160 million tonnes over the last ten years. In Russia and Estonia, oil transportation mainly consists of export transports of the Russian oil industry. In Finnish ports in the Gulf of Finland, the majority of oil traffic is concentrated to the port of Sköldvik, while the remainder mainly consists of different oil products for domestic use. Transit transports to/from Russia make up small volumes of oil transportation. The largest oil ports in the Gulf of Finland are Primorsk, Tallinn, St. Petersburg and Sköldvik. The basis for the scenarios for the years 2020 and 2030 is formed by national energy strategies, the EU`s climate and energy strategies as well other energy and transportation forecasts for the years 2020 and 2030. Three alternative scenarios were produced for both 2020 and 2030. The oil volumes are based on the expert estimates of nine specialists. The specialists gave three volumes for each scenario: the expected oil transport volumes, and the minimum and maximum volumes. Variations in the volumes between the scenarios are not large, but each scenario tends to have rather a large difference between the figures for minimum and maximum volumes. This variation between the minimum and maximum volumes ranges around 30 to 40 million tonnes depending on the scenario. On the basis of this study, no a dramatic increase in oil transportation volumes in the Gulf of Finland is to be expected. Most of the scenarios only forecasted a moderate growth in maritime oil transportation compared to the current levels. The effects of the European energy policy favouring renewable energy sources can be seen in the 2030 scenarios, in which the transported oil volumes are smaller than in the 2020 scenarios. In the Slow development 2020 scenario, oil transport volumes for 2020 are expected to be 170.6 Mt (million tonnes), in the Average development 2020 187.1 Mt and in the Strong development 2020 201.5 Mt. The corresponding oil volumes for the 2030 scenarios were 165 Mt for the Stagnating development 2030 scenario, 177.5 Mt for the Towards a greener society 2030 scenario and 169.5 Mt in the Decarbonising society 2030 scenario.

Export Tire Entry to Chinese Market

After the economic reform, China has undergone fast economic growth, urbanization and adopted the western lifestyle. Global enterprises are investing in China and Finnish companies began to enter the Chinese market after the 1980s. Fast economic growth has downside effects like pollution and thus more cleantech solutions are needed. There are different kinds of entry modes that companies are using when entering the Chinese market. This thesis focuses on export tire entry mode. The purpose of this study is to examine cleantech companies’ opinions about the export tire operations. The background of this study is built by combining the written knowledge about the history of the Chinese industry and market entry modes. The empirical part of the study is a semi-structured, qualitative analysis of five case companies that are operating together in a particular export tire and represent the highest Finnish cleantech knowledge. The results of this study indicate that the export tire entry is an easy and cost effective way to enter new markets or market segment. Export tire is really dependent on the leader who in this particular case succeeded well.

Entry Modes for Finnish Firms into the Zambian Renewable Energy Industry

The renewable energy industry in Zambia is poised for growth and offers many possibilities for Finnish firms willing to enter the market. The Zambian government’s deliberate policy measures aim at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) into this sector. This study rationalises that this could be the pull factor for Finnish firms. The thesis gives an overview of the industry and investigates an appropriate mode of entry, basing its arguments on the comparison analysis of the two economies with the use of the world forum’s stages of economic development as a framework. The theoretical part of the study examines internationalisation theories, entry mode choice and factors influencing the choice. The multiple case study approach is implored, analysing four case companies from Finland with the use of extant literature on internationalisation relevant to the study. The research design involves the use of documentation, secondary data, interviews and observation. The results of the case analyses show that the Finnish firm’s most preferred entry mode initially is exporting because it is considered to be less risky. Additionally, the findings also reveal that the selection of a suitable mode of entry is dependent on the firms’ size, orientation and international experience and could therefore be considered to be subjective. Paramount is the act of gaining market knowledge. The study shows that only hydro-electrical, solar energies and biomass are by far the most used and known forms of renewable energy in Zambia, while other alternative sources still remain un-exploited thus highlighting a growth potential. However, policy formulation and the regulatory framework in the renewable energy sector were found to be wanting.

Chart of the Nordic and Baltic Seas &c.

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Chart of the Nordic and Baltic Seas &c.

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Tracing Innovation Practices in Seaports: the Ports of Klaipeda and Stockholm as Case Studies

This study explores variegated means through which ports have become increasingly entangled in the planning logic of neoliberal innovation-driven economy. The research topic belongs to the academic disciplines of economics and human geography. The aim of the thesis is to analyse how the notion of innovation, adopted in a variety of supranational and national port policy documents, is deployed in operational port environment in two different ports of the Baltic Sea Region: the port of Stockholm, Sweden, and the port of Klaipeda, Lithuania. This novel innovation agenda is visible in several topics I examine in the study, that is, port governance, environmental issues, and seaport – port-city interface. The gathered primary source material on port policy documents, strategies, development planning documents and reports is analysed by utilizing the qualitative content analysis research method. Moreover, the empirical part of the case study, that is, tracing innovation practices in mundane port activities is based on collected qualitative semi-structured interviews with port authorities in Klaipeda and Stockholm, researchers and other port experts. I examine the interview material by employing the theoretical reading research method. In my analysis, I have reframed port-related policy development by tracing and identifying the port transformation from “functional terminals” to “engines for growth”. My results show that this novel innovation-oriented rhetoric imprinted in the narrative “engines for growth” is often contested in daily port practices. In other words, my analysis reveals that the port authorities’ and other port actors’ attitudes towards innovations do not necessarily correspond to the new narrative of innovation and do not always “fit” within a framework of neoliberal economic thinking that glorifies the “culture of innovations”. I argue that the ability to develop innovative initiatives in the ports of Klaipeda and Stockholm is strongly predetermined by local conditions, a port’s governance model, the way port actors perceive the importance of innovations per se, demand factors and new regulations.

A map or chart of the Gulfs of Finland and Livonia with their respective ports and harbours, together with a large Plan of Kroonstad and St. Petersburg, taken from an original drawing lately sent from St. Petersburg

Sold by M. Senex at the Globe over against St. Dunstans Church in Fleetstreet London.

Vuosaaren sataman palon-, öljyn- ja vaarallisten aineiden torjuntasuunnitelmat

Työn tavoitteena oli laatiavuonna 2008 valmistuvaan Vuosaaren satamaan palon-, öljyn- ja vaarallisten aineiden torjuntasuunnitelmat. Suunnitelmat perustuvat eri lain-säädännön sekä sataman ympäristöluvan vaatimuksiin. Ne otetaan käyttöön jo sata-man rakentamisen yhteydessä. Suunnitelmissa on Vuosaaren satamassa työskentelevälle henkilöstölle toimintaohjei-ta erilaisten onnettomuuksien varalle. Suunnitelmat täyttävät viranomaisten niille asettamat vaatimukset. Liitteillä on tarkentavia piirroksia ja toimintaohjeita, joita voi tarvittaessa hyödyntää työpisteissä tai torjuntakonteissa. Suunnitelmien laadinnassa ovat olleet mukana Helsingin Sataman ao. toiminnasta vastaavat henkilöt sekä eri viranomaiset (ympäristö- ja pelastusviranomaiset). Varsinainen diplomityö on kuvaus ja tiivistelmä eri suunnitelmista ja siitä, miten ne ovat syntyneet.

Ohjelmistoalan pk-yrityksen kansainvälistyminen

Pienen ohjelmistoyrityksen kansainvälistyminen on haasteellista niukkojen resurssien ja dynaamisen liiketoimintaympäristön paineessa. Työn tarkoituksena on selvittää sitä, millaisin perustein pieni tai keskisuuri ohjelmistotekniikan yritys tekee päätöksen kansainvälisille markkinoille siirtymisestä ja millaisen toimintamuodon yritys valitsee uudella markkinalla. Työn teoreettinen osa käsittelee päätöksenteon taustalla olevia vaikuttavia tekijöitä liiketoimintaympäristön, yritysjohdon ja yrityksen erityispiirteiden näkökulmista. Empiirinen osa on toteutettu kanden laajan ja neljän suppean yrityshaastat- telun muodossa. Karkeasti jaoteltuna yrityksen kansainvälistymiseen käyttämä polku voi olla joko orgaaniseen kasvuunperustuva tai Born Global-tyyppinen. Tutkimus nosti esille kansainvälistymispolun valintaan vaikuttavina tekijöinä yrittäjien riskinottohalukkuuden ja kansainvälisen kokemuksen, tuotteen palveluintensiivisyyden asteen sekä toimintakon- septin markkina- tai tuoteorientaation. Yleisellä tasolla korkea riskinottohalu, vähäinen kansainvälinen kokemus, standardinomainen tuote ja markkinaorientoitunut toimintatapa kannustivat yritystä valitsemaan Born Global-tyyppisen kansainvälistymispolun. Vastaavasti pieni riskinottohalu, runsaampi kansainvälinen kokemus, palveluintensiivinen tuote ja tuoteorientoitunut toimintatapa olivat kannustimia orgaaniselle kasvulle kansainvälisesti.

Satamatoimintojen käyttöönoton logistiikka

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Vuosaaren sataman käyttöönoton ja Helsingin nykyisten tavarasatamien siirron samanaikaissuutta siten, että palvelu toimii koko ajan. Tässä tutkimuksessa Vuosaaren satamalle muodostettiin erilaisia käyttöönottomalleja, joista kartoitettiin hyviä ja huonoja puolia. Ennen käyttöönottomallien muodostamista selvitettiin, mitä satamatoiminnot ovat Helsingin satamassa tällä hetkellä ja miten satamatoiminnot muuttuvat siirryttäessä Vuosaaren satamaan. Tämä tutkimus on ensiaskel ennen kokonaisvaltaista Vuosaaren sataman käyttöönoton ja nykyisten tavarasatamien siirron suunnittelua.

Das Landgut Monrepos in Finnland. 1804 / von Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay.

Front.: port. of L. H. v. Nicolay by Auguste Maurin. -- Plates by J. Jacottet illustrating Monrepos and surroundings. -- Ornamented pages. -- Paperback.

Satamatoimintojen suunnittelu Kemin satamissa

Kemissä on meneillään Kukoistava Ajos -projekti, jonka tarkoituksena on kehittää Ajoksen satamaa vastaamaan tulevaisuuden vaatimuksiin. Yhtenä osana suunnitelmaan kuuluu Kemin satamien laivausten keskittäminen Ajoksen satamaan. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli satamatoimintojen suunnittelu Kukoistavan Ajoksen liikenteelle kemiläisen satama-operaattorin Kemi Shipping Oy:n näkökulmasta. Parhaan toimintomallin selvittäminen aloitettiin kartoittamalla ratkaistavien kysymysten kaikki erilaiset toteutusmahdollisuudet. Näistä vaihtoehdoista muodostettiin eri tilanteisiin soveltuvia kokonaismalleja, joita vertailtiin analysoimalla niiden vaikutusta työvoiman ja työkoneiden tarpeeseen, kuljetuksiin ja rakentamiseen ja sitä kautta kustannuksiin. Työn tuloksena saatiin aikaan esitys satamatoimintojen toteuttamisesta Kukoistavan Ajoksen tavaraliikenteelle. Lisäksi muodostettiin esitys nykyisen toimintamallin muuttamiseksi ennen lopullista siirtymistä Kukoistavan Ajoksen mallin toteuttamiseen.

Opportunities for imported Pick and Mix candy concept in Korea

The aim of this thesis is to allocate business opportunities for the imported Pick and Mix candy concept in Korea. The approach of the study is descriptive-analytical and normative. The aim is firstly define a small theoretical background for firm's internationalization and topics related to this research such as marketing mix concepts. Secondly describe the new marketing area, where the company is aiming and finding the obstacles of entry and defining shortly the four P's concept what is used by this research. This research found that Korea is a potential market for imported Pick and Mix candy concept. Research proves that Korean consumers are having enough money to spent for items, which increase the quality of life. This research determined that Korean economy will have positive trend in the near future. It is also found in the study that operation costs of running a business in Korea is less than in western world.

Henkilöstöresurssien optimointi ja hallinta sataman operaattoriyhtiössä

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää erilaisten työaikamallien ja henkilöstön määrän vaikutuksia Finnsteven henkilöstökustannuksiin ja ylitöiden määrään. Selvitystyö toteutetaan simuloimalla vaihtoehtoisia työaikamalleja ja henkilöstömääriä tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Työn toisena tavoitteena on ehdottaa yritykselle toimintatapaa suorittaa lopullinen henkilöstöresurssien optimointi. Työn teoriaosuudessa esitellään aluksi yritystä ja sen toimintaympäristöä. Tämän jälkeen tarkastellaan nykyisen TE-sopimuksen mahdollistamia työaikamalleja. Seuraavaksi perustellaan käytettävät tilastolliset menetelmät ja tiedonkeruumenetelmät. Edetessään työ syventyy tarkastelemaan yrityksen tekemän työn kohdentumista aikatyöhön ja ylityöhön sekä viikonpäiville että työvuoroille. Lopuksi kuvataan työn optimoinnissa käytetty logiikka, analysoidaan saatuja tuloksia ja esitellään optimointityökalun toteutussuunnitelma. Diplomityössä tehdyn selvityksen mukaan satamatyössä tehdään nykyisellään erittäin paljon ylitöitä. Siten työaikamallien optimointi on perusteltua. Optimoinnilla saavutettavat potentiaaliset kustannussäästöt ovat erittäin huomattavia. Lopullinen optimointi on haastava tehtävä, jota henkilöstöhallinto ei pysty ratkaisemaan pelkkään kokemukseensa luottaen. Tuotannonsuunnittelun avuksi tarvitaan täten työkalu, joka palvelee paitsi mallien luontia, toimii suunnittelun apuna jatkossakin.