Sidosryhmien merkitys mikroyritysten saneerausmenettelyssä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää mikroyritysten saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumiseen/onnistumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä, painottaen erityisesti yrittäjän sidosryhmien ja lähipiirin merkitystä saneerausmenettelystä selviämisessä. Empiirinen aineisto käsitti 45 suomalaista mikroyritystä, joiden saneerausmenettely oli epäonnistunut ajalla 1.6.2001 – 31.5.2002. Tutkimustulokset saatiin haastattelemalla yrittäjiä ja selvittäjiä/valvojia ennalta laaditun kyselylomakkeen pohjalta. Tutkimuksen tueksi ja yritysten taloudellisen aseman havainnollistamiseksi laadittiin tunnuslukuanalyysi. Lopputuloksena todettiin, että tutkimuksessa mukana olleiden yritysten saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumisen syitä olivat menettelyä edeltävä pitkäaikainen maksukyvyttömyys yhdistettynä myöhäiseen saneeraukseen hakeutumisajankohtaan. Myös yllättävä tapahtuma, johon ei oltu varauduttu edesauttoi saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumista. Sidosryhmistä korostui erityisesti verottajan ja rahoittajan asema saneerausmenettelystä selviämisessä. Lähipiiristä perheen ja sukulaisten tuen merkitys nousi tutkimuksessa voimakkaasti esiin.

Hoitotyön opettajan osaaminen

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the competence of nurse teachers, who are teaching nursing at polytechnic level in Finland. The following research questions were framed for the study: What kind of evaluation nurse teachers of their nursing competence, teaching skills, evaluation skills, personality factors and relationships with students. The data were collected by a questionnaire (A Tool for Evaluation of Requirements of Nurse Teacher, ERNT). The questionnaire regarded background factors and 20 statements divided in five categories. The five competence categories were: Nursing competence, Teaching skills, Evaluation skills, Personality factors and Relationships with students. The evaluation scale was a 5-point Likert-scale. The respondents were nurse teachers, teacher for emergency nursing, public health nurse and midwifery teachers from all polytechnics in Finland. Response rate to the questionnaire was 46 % (n=342). The data were analysed by using descriptive statistics. Mean scores and standard deviations for each item were calculated. Category scores were obtained by summing scores of all items within a category. The results of this study showed that nurse teacher evaluated their competence on a high level. Concerning the category Relationships with students (mean 4.61, standard deviation 0.71) they got the highest averages. The lowest scores were gained regarding the requirements associated with teaching skills (mean 4.30, standard deviation 0.82). Concerning a single question, the best score was achieved in ability to take students seriously (mean 4.66, standard deviation 0.71) and the lowest score was achieved for their guidance of students to advance in decision making (mean 4.15, Std 0.69). The nurse teachers evaluated themselves with relatively high scores concerning competence categories as a hole. In future it is important to study nurse teacher competence with students or authorities of health service.

Occlusal and dentofacial characteristics of the deciduous dentition and treatment effects of the eruption guidance appliance in the early mixed dentition

The aim of this investigation was to analyze the dental occlusion in the deciduous dentition, and the effects of orthodontic treatment carried out in the early mixed dentition with the eruption guidance appliance. The deciduous occlusion and craniofacial morphology of 486 children (244 girls and 242 boys) were investigated at the onset of the mixed dentition period (mean age 5.1 years, range 4.0-7.8 years). Treatment in the treatment group and follow-up in the control group were started when the first deciduous incisor was exfoliated (T1) and ended when all permanent incisors and first molars were fully erupted (T2). The mean age of the children was 5.1 years (SD 0.5) at T1 and 8.4 years (SD 0.5) at T2. Treatment was carried out with the eruption guidance appliance. Occlusal changes that took place in 167 children were compared with those of 104 untreated control children. Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs were taken, and the craniofacial morphology of 115 consecutively treated children was compared with that of 104 control children. The prevalence of malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was 68% or 93% depending on how the cut-off value between the acceptable and non-acceptable occlusal characteristic was defined. The early dentofacial features of children with distal occlusion, large overjet and deepbite differed from those with normal occlusion. However, the skeletal pattern of these three malocclusions showed considerable similarity each being characterized by a retrusive mandible, small maxillo-mandibular difference, convex profile, retrusive lower incisors, and large interincisal angle. In the treatment group, overjet and overbite decreased significantly from T1 to T2. Following treatment, a tooth-to-tooth contact was found in 99% of the treated children but only in 24% of the controls. A Class I molar relationship was observed in 90% of the children in the treatment group, and in 48% in the control group. Good alignment of the incisors was observed in 98% of the treated children, whereas upper crowding was found in 32% and lower crowding in 47% of the controls. A significant difference between the groups was found in the mandibular length, midfacial length and maxillo-mandibular differential. The occlusal correction, brought about by the eruption guidance appliance, was achieved mainly through changes in the dentoalveolar region of the mandible. In addition, the appliance seemed to enhance the growth of the mandible. Treatment in the early mixed dentition using the eruption guidance appliance is an effective method to normalize occlusion and reduce further need of orthodontic treatment. Only few spontaneous corrective changes can be expected without active intervention.

Tautomerism and Fragmentation of Biologically Active Hetero Atom (O, N)-Containing Acyclic and Cyclic Compounds Under Electron Ionization

In this thesis a total of 86 compounds containing the hetero atoms oxygen and nitrogen were studied under electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS). These compounds are biologically active and were synthesized by various research groups. The main attention of this study was paid on the fragmentations related to different tautomeric forms of 2- phenacylpyridines, 2-phenacylquinolines, 8-aryl-3,4-dioxo-2H,8H-6,7-dihydroimidazo- [2,1-c][1,2,4]triazines and aryl- and benzyl-substituted 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-5,7-(1H,6H)-diones. Also regio/stereospecific effects on fragmentations of pyrrolo- and isoindoloquinazolinones and naphthoxazine, naphthpyrrolo-oxazinone and naphthoxazino-benzoxazine derivatives were screened. Results were compared with NMR data, when available. The first part of thesis consists of theory and literature review of different types of tautomerism and fragmentation mechanisms in EIMS. The effects of tautomerism in biological systems are also briefly reviewed. In the second part of the thesis the own results of the author, based on six publications,are discussed. For 2-phenacylpyridines and 2-phenacylquinolines the correlation of different Hammett substituent constants to the relative abundances (RA) or total ion currents (% TIC) of selected ions were investigated. Although it was not possible to assign most of the ions formed unambiguously to the different tautomers, the linear fits of their RAs and % TICs can be related to changing contributions of different tautomeric forms. For dioxoimidazotriazines and imidazopyrimidinediones the effects of substituents were rather weak. The fragmentations were also found useful for obtaining structural information. Some stereoisomeric pairs of pyrrolo- and isoindoloquinazolines and regiomeric pairs of naphtoxazine derivatives showed clear differences in thir mass spectra. Some mechanisms are suggested for their fragmentations.

Magni ducatus Finlandiae Russiae partim, partim Sueciae subjecti; Sinus item Bothnici ac Finnici nova et accurata delineatio. Calamo et sumtibus Tobiae Conradi Lotter, Geogr. Aug. Vind. Cum Priv. S. Vic. in part. Rheni Suev. et Franc. juris.

Mittakaava [N. 1:1800000]. - Ulkoasu: 1 kartta : vär. ; 48,5 x 56,7 cm, lehti 50,2 x 58,5 cm.

Charta öfver Åland

1 kartta : käsinvär. ; 41,5 x 71,5 cm, lehti 46 x 74,7 cm.