Air defence in Northern Europe

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

The new geopolitics : the world system and Northern Europe seen from a modern geopolitical perspective

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Future operational-tactical level warfare : challenges and opportunities for the defence of Finland

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Intelligence in peace support operations

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Civilian-military cooperation in crisis management operations

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

The Soviet plans for the North Western theatre of operations in 1939-1944

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Towards east or west? : Defence planning in Finland 1944-1966

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence University, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the University. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence University.

Personal branding on social media - The characteristics of strong personal brands in Finland

The purpose of the study is to define the characteristics of strong personal brands on social media in Finland. Personal branding as a phenomenon is no longer limited to celebrities and political leaders. The digital revolution and the change in online behavior have created the need for a deeper investigation of the characteristics of strong personal brands on social media. The work of different academics on personal branding are examined to gain a comprehensive understanding on this research topic that has gone through a revolution during the last decade. Early impression management theory is refined to include elements from more modern literature related to personal branding, brand identity management and social media to create a theoretical framework that simplifies the process of personal brand building on social media. The framework consisting of three phases clarifies the process of modern personal branding. The results of the study are presented in line with three research themes derived from the theoretical framework: the background of the brand, the brand identity management and the social media behavior and activities. Mixed methods are used in the research as means to broaden perception on the subject. The quantitative part of the study defines general characteristics concerning the most follower personal brands in Finland in three social media channels – Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The other part of the research was conducted by single case study including two Finnish personal brands cases to provide a deeper understanding of personal branding practices of strong social media personal brands. The results of the study show that the most used social media channels differ in terms of the personal brand characteristics and personal branding activities. Due to the characteristics of the channels also the post activities of the personal brands differ quite significantly. It can be also inferred that there is a difference between brands with an existing offline awareness and the brands with no awareness before joining the social media. In order to reduce the gap between the ideal brand image and the current image, the brand should have a clear vision as well as a good understanding of the target group and the value it creates for its target audience. The brand identity needs to be managed by communicating with the target audience authentically in the right channels, with relevant content. The dedication, the target group’s behavior and the ability to create valuable and relevant content determines the right tactics for social media personal branding.  

Suomalaisten julkisesti listattujen senttiosakkeiden suoriutuminen verrattuna OMX Helsinki Small Cap -indeksin muihin osakkeisiin

Senttiosakkeista tehtyjä tutkimuksia on olemassa hyvin rajoitetusti, ja ne ovat keskittyneet lähinnä senttiosakelistautumisiin. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan suomalaisia julkisesti noteerattuja senttiosakkeita ja niiden suoriutumista kymmenen vuoden ajanjaksolla vuosina 2006–2015. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko suomalaisiin julkisesti noteerattuihin senttiosakkeisiin sijoittaminen kannattavaa toimintaa ja minkälaisia tuottoja on odotettavissa senttiosakkeisiin sijoittamalla. Tutkimusaineisto koostui tutkielmassa tehdyn määritelmän mukaisista senttiosakkeista ja muista Small Cap -indeksin osakkeista, joita kutsuttiin puolestaan ei-senttiosakkeiksi. Tuotot laskettiin osakkeiden päivittäisistä tuottoindekseistä. Tuottoja verrattiin lyhyellä, keskipitkällä ja pitkällä aikavälillä. Tuottojen tarkastelun tueksi senttiosakkeille ja ei-senttiosakkeille laskettiin seuraavat menestysmittarit: Sharpen luku, Treynorin indeksi ja Jensenin alfa. Lopuksi verrattiin vielä seuraavia tunnuslukuja: ROE (%), E/P-luku, P/B-luku, osinkotuotto-% ja velan suhde omaan pääomaan (%). Saatujen tulosten perusteella suomalaiset julkisesti noteeratut senttiosakkeet ovat lyhyellä aikavälillä kannattavia sijoituskohteita, mutta mitä pidemmäksi tarkasteluperiodi kasvoi, sitä huonommin ne suoriutuivat. Lisäksi senttiosakkeet hävisivät kaikilla tarkasteluperiodeilla ei-senttiosakkeille. Suurimmat positiiviset tuotot olivat kuitenkin yksittäisillä senttiosakkeilla. Senttiosakkeisiin havaittiin liittyvän paljon riskejä, kuten suuri volatiliteetti, suuret negatiiviset tuotot ja konkurssin mahdollisuus. Myös kaikki menestysmittarit ja tunnusluvut indikoivat senttiosakkeiden olevan ei-senttiosakkeita huonompia sijoituskohteita. Sijoittajien on oltava erityisen tarkkoja senttiosakkeiden kanssa, sillä niihin sijoittaminen on pitkälti verrattavissa uhkapelaamiseen.