Upconverting Phosphor Technology: Exceptional Photoluminescent Properties Light Up Homogeneous Bioanalytical Assays

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the wide applicability of the novel photoluminescent labels called upconverting phosphors (UCPs) in proximity-based bioanalytical assays. The exceptional features of the lanthanide-doped inorganic UCP compounds stem from their capability for photon upconversion resulting in anti-Stokes photoluminescence at visible wavelengths under near-infrared (NIR) excitation. Major limitations related to conventional photoluminescent labels are avoided, rendering the UCPs a competitive next-generation label technology. First, the background luminescence is minimized due to total elimination of autofluorescence. Consequently, improvements in detectability are expected. Second, at the long wavelengths (>600 nm) used for exciting and detecting the UCPs, the transmittance of sample matrixes is significantly greater in comparison with shorter wavelengths. Colored samples are no longer an obstacle to the luminescence measurement, and more flexibility is allowed even in homogeneous assay concepts, where the sample matrix remains present during the entire analysis procedure, including label detection. To transform a UCP particle into a biocompatible label suitable for bioanalytical assays, it must be colloidal in an aqueous environment and covered with biomolecules capable of recognizing the analyte molecule. At the beginning of this study, only UCP bulk material was available, and it was necessary to process the material to submicrometer-sized particles prior to use. Later, the ground UCPs, with irregular shape, wide size-distribution and heterogeneous luminescence properties, were substituted by a smaller-sized spherical UCP material. The surface functionalization of the UCPs was realized by producing a thin hydrophilic coating. Polymer adsorption on the UCP surface is a simple way to introduce functional groups for bioconjugation purposes, but possible stability issues encouraged us to optimize an optional silica-encapsulation method which produces a coating that is not detached in storage or assay conditions. An extremely thin monolayer around the UCPs was pursued due to their intended use as short-distance energy donors, and much attention was paid to controlling the thickness of the coating. The performance of the UCP technology was evaluated in three different homogeneous resonance energy transfer-based bioanalytical assays: a competitive ligand binding assay, a hybridization assay for nucleic acid detection and an enzyme activity assay. To complete the list, a competitive immunoassay has been published previously. Our systematic investigation showed that a nonradiative energy transfer mechanism is indeed involved, when a UCP and an acceptor fluorophore are brought into close proximity in aqueous suspension. This process is the basis for the above-mentioned homogeneous assays, in which the distance between the fluorescent species depends on a specific biomolecular binding event. According to the studies, the submicrometer-sized UCP labels allow versatile proximity-based bioanalysis with low detection limits (a low-nanomolar concentration for biotin, 0.01 U for benzonase enzyme, 0.35 nM for target DNA sequence).

Notes on Emerging Technologies

This dissertation considers the impact of technology foresight in innovation within the context of a technology driven development. The main hypothesis made was that by using different methods of foresight in the industry level significant value could be created. The question was approached through a case study in portable fuel cell technology. The theoretical background of the study draws from Innovation, Product Development, Management of Technology, and Technology Foresight. The connection within the topics is made by analyzing foresight, not in a policy view as often done in Europe, but in a micro-level. Focusing mostly on how a technology driven development scenario could be analyzed. The study is based on a bibliometric, extrapolation and patent analysis within the context of a case study. In addition, a large two-year Delphi study was conducted. The study was finalized with a scenario work on the future possibilities of the case study technology. Original publications also consider several methodological issues. In the context of the case study, the study questions the practicality of establishing a portable fuel cell technology in Finland showing several impractical assumptions has been made. In a more conceptual level, the study makes notions on two underlying factors: policy-push technologies and growth of data. Policy-push questions in which level a policy effort towards a single technology is practical. The European foresight effort is more directed towards policy decisions in contrast to US foresight, which is to some extent corporate driven. Although the policy-based foresight has produced significant results in the European context, policy led efforts towards a single technology are challenging. Growth of data argues on the challenges produced by the large-scale application of quantitative measures of foresight. Bibliometric studies and trend extrapolations have been taken advantage of the increasing number of databases made available, and used these as the basis for forecasts. However, the relationship with actual development and quantitative evidence is still unproven.

Aiotteko tutkijaksi vai poliitikoksi? : Max Weberin analyysi tieteestä ja politiikasta ammatteina

kirjallisuusarvostelu

Uusien uhkakuvien luominen: tapaus 'kiinalaiset kybersoturit' : lingvistinen uhka-analyysi kyberdiskurssista

Since his inauguration, President Barack Obama has emphasized the need for a new cybersecurity policy, pledging to make it a "national security priority". This is a significant change in security discourse after an eight-year war on terror – a term Obama announced to be no longer in use. After several white papers, reports and the release of the so-called 60-day Cybersecurity Review, Obama announced the creation of a "cyber czar" position and a new military cyber command to coordinate American cyber defence and warfare. China, as an alleged cyber rival, has played an important role in the discourse that introduced the need for the new office and the proposals for changes in legislation. Research conducted before this study suggest the dominance of state-centric enemy descriptions paused briefly after 9/11, but returned soon into threat discourse. The focus on China's cyber activities fits this trend. The aim of this study is to analyze the type of modern threat scenarios through a linguistic case study on the reporting on Chinese hackers. The methodology of this threat analysis is based on the systemic functional language theory, and realizes as an analysis of action and being descriptions (verbs) used by the American authorities. The main sources of data include the Cybersecurity Act 2009, Securing Cyberspace for the 44th Presidency, and 2008 Report to Congress of the U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission. Contrary to the prevailing and popularized terrorism discourse, the results show the comeback of Cold War rhetoric as well as the establishment of a state-centric threat perception in cyber discourse. Cyber adversaries are referred to with descriptions of capacity, technological superiority and untrustworthiness, whereas the ‘self’ is described as vulnerable and weak. The threat of cyber attacks is compared to physical attacks on critical military and civilian infrastructure. The authorities and the media form a cycle, in which both sides quote each other and foster each other’s distrust and rhetoric. The white papers present China's cyber army as an existential threat. This leads to cyber discourse turning into a school-book example of a securitization process. The need for security demands action descriptions, which makes new rules and regulations acceptable. Cyber discourse has motives and agendas that are separate from real security discourse: the arms race of the 21st century is about unmanned war.

Sotilasjohtaja ja valta : analyysi vallan kolmessa ulottuvuudessa

Sanaan valta liittyy usein kielteisiä mielleyhtymiä. Vallan sanotaan esimerkiksi turmelevan, alistavan ja pakottavan. Voidaan kuitenkin todeta, että valtaa tarvitaan, jotta ihmiset saadaan toimimaan yhdessä yhteisten tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Valta liittyy keskeisesti organisaatioiden toimintaan. Organisaatioita ei voi ymmärtää ymmärtämättä niiden valtarakenteita.

Adoption of information technology based patient education in psychiatric nursing

The overall goal of the study was to describe adoption of information technology (IT)-based patient education (PE) developed for patients and nurses use in psychiatric nursing. The data were collected in three phases during the period 2000-2006 in a variety of psychiatric settings in Finland. Firstly, the development process of IT-based PE for patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis was described. Secondly, nurses’ adoption of IT-based PE and the variables explaining adoption were demonstrated. Moreover, use of daily IT-based PE in clinical practice and factors associated with use were identified and described. And thirdly, nurses’ experiences of the IT-based PE after one year clinical use were evaluated. IT-based PE program was developed in several stages based on users’ needs and it included information and multimedia applications. Altogether, almost 500 IT-based PE sessions were carried out by the nurses on the study wards and revealed nurses’ activity in educating patients using IT to vary and depend on the hospital in which they worked. Almost 80% of all the possible IT-based PE sessions involved 93 patients and 83 nurses. Less than 2% of the IT-based PE sessions were interrupted and less than 10% suffered disturbances due to the patients or external causes. Moreover, the patients whose education took more days had poorer mental status than those whose education was carried out over a shorter period. After a year’s experience, advantages and disadvantages were described by the nurses for both patients and nurses of the IT-based PE. IT-based PE can be used even on closed acute psychiatric wards with patients with serious mental health disorders. However, technology adoption requires time, and therefore, it must fit in with clinical practice. Collaboration between users and developers is needed when developing user-centered methods in the area of mental health services. Moreover, it is important to understand factors that affect IT adoption in healthcare settings. IT-based PE is one option in interactive and co-operative health care practice between patients and nurses. Therefore the staff should begin to refer patients to established, credible and well-maintained Internet sites that provide information on common psychological problems. Even if every nurse should be trained and engaged to carry out IT-based PE, by targeting the training especially for the most active nurses aids them to support the less active ones. Adoption should also be understood from a perspective that includes aspects related to the context where it is implemented and examine how and in what circumstances it works.

Udmurtin vokalismi. Akustinen analyysi

Tutkimukseni kohteena on udmurtin kielen vokaalijärjestelmä ja erityisesti yleiskielen vokaaleiden kuvaaminen akustisen analyysin avulla. Udmurtin kielestä on tehty mittausmenetelmiin perustuvia tutkimuksia vasta vähän, joten tutkielmani täydentää aiempia, enimmäkseen korvakuuloon perustuvia kuvauksia udmurtin vokaalijärjestelmästä. Tutkimusaineistona on yhdentoista udmurttia äidinkielenään puhuvan henkilön lukemia sanoja, jotka olen nauhoittanut Turussa vuosina 2009–2011. Nauhoitteista olen mitannut vokaalien formanttiarvot sekä keston Praat-ohjelman avulla. Tarkastelen vokaaleja sekä painollisessa että painottomassa asemassa. Mittaustulosten perusteella olen piirtänyt kullekin informantille sekä koko ryhmälle akustiset vokaalikartat. Muutaman informantin tuloksissa on havaittavissa erikoisia piirteitä: tiettyjen vokaalien väliset akustiset erot ovat hyvin pienet. Sen sijaan koko ryhmää kuvaavat vokaalikartat vastaavat hyvin udmurtin kielestä aiemmin tehtyjä kuvauksia. Mittaustulosten perusteella voi myös todeta vokaalin kestolla olevan merkittävä asema painon ilmaisemisessa.

Metanolin tuotanto biomassasta

Tämä työ käsittelee eri tapoja, joilla biomassasta voidaan valmistaa metanolia. Työssä käydään läpi eri valmistusreitit sekä tarkastellaan biomassaa raaka-aineena. Työhön on myös koottu joidenkin maailmalla tehtyjen tutkimusten aine- ja energiataseita. Tutkimusten pohjalta mietitään onko metanolin tuotanto liikennepolttoaineeksi tällä hetkellä taloudellisesti tai energiatehokkuudeltaan järkevää. Metanolia voidaan valmistaa biomassasta pääsääntöisesti viidellä eri tavalla. Ensimmäinen tapa on kaasuttaa biomassaa, jolloin tuotetaan raaka-kaasua. Raaka-kaasusta jalostetaan synteesikaasua, josta voidaan metanolisynteesillä valmistaa metanolia. Toinen tapa metanolin valmistamiseksi on liittää tuotanto sellunkeiton yhteyteen. Tällöin raaka-aineena olisi selluprosessissa syntyvä mustalipeä, josta metanoli voidaan erottaa. Kolmas mahdollinen valmistusprosessi on biomassan mädätys. Mädätyksessä syntyy biokaasua, josta jalostetaan synteesikaasuaja siitä edelleen metanolia. Neljäs keino metanolin valmistamiseksi biomassasta on pyrolyysi. Puun pyrolyysissä puu kuumennetaan nopeasti hapettomissa tai rajallisen hapensaannin olosuhteissa. Prosessissa syntyvästä pyrolyysiöljystä voidaan erottaa metanolia tislaamalla. Viides mahdollinen reitti metanolin valmistukselle on Fischer¬–Tropsch-synteesi. Biomassasta saatu synteesikaasu johdetaan FT-synteesiin, jossa katalyyttisesti saadaan hiilivetyjen ohella tuotettua metanolia. Biopolttoaineiden kuten metanolin valmistusprosesseja tutkitaan ja kehitetään jatkuvasti, sillä uusiutumattomat energianlähteet eivät riitä loputtomasti ja niiden aiheuttamia hiilidioksidipäästöjä halutaan vähentää. Tällä hetkellä tuotantoteknologiat eivät ole vielä tarpeeksi kehittyneet, jotta tuotanto saataisiin vastaamaan kulutusta. Metanolia ei kuitenkaan vielä voida käyttää sellaisenaan liikennepolttoaineena, joten metanolin markkinat ainakin vielä ovat sillä saralla varsin kapeat.