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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Joroisselän kuormitusselvitys

Joroisselkä on suurehko matala lahtialue, joka kuuluu Saimaan Haukiveteen. Joroisselän tilan on todettu heikentyneen ja osasuunnitelmia on jo tehty tilanteen korjaamiseksi. Tässä raportissa on selvitetty Joroisselkään tulevaa kuormitusta valuma-alueilta. Kuormitusta selvitettiin sekä Suomen ympäristökeskuksen vedenlaatumallin avulla, että vesinäytteenottojen perusteella. Kuormitusselvitys on ensimmäinen askel vesien hoidon suunnittelussa. Sillä saadaan tärkeää tietoa kuormituksen alueellisista eroista ja vesiensuojelulliset toimenpiteet voidaan kohdentaa alueille, joissa niillä saadaan paras mahdollinen vaikuttavuus. Selvityksen perusteella peltoviljelyn osuus Joroisselän kokonaisfosforikuormituksesta on noin 58 % ja typpikuormituksesta 28 %. Muulta maa-alueelta (metsät, suot, avomaat, kalliomaat, rakennetut alueet) tulevan fosforikuormituksen osuus on 25 % ja typpikuormituksen osuus 53 %. Loput kuormituksesta tulee haja-asutuksesta, pistekuormituksesta ja laskeumasta. Vesinäytteenoton perusteella kaukovaluma-alueista pinta-alaan suhteutettuna suurin kuormitus tulee Valvatuksen alueelta. Yksittäisistä pienistä puroista suurin kuormitus havaittiin tulevan Tyrinpurosta, johon tulee Joroisten kunnan jätevedenpuhdistamon puhdistetut vedet. Joroisselän vesienhoidon tavoitteena on rehevöitymisen pysäyttäminen sekä veden tilan parantaminen ja hyvän tilan turvaaminen myös jatkossa. Joroisten taajamassa sijaitsevalla vesialueella on tärkeä merkitys Joroisten alueen virkistyskäytössä. Joroisten alue kuuluu Vuoksen vesienhoitoalueeseen ja se on lisäksi yksi Etelä-Savon ELY-keskuksen vesienhoidollisista painopistealueista.

Railways, Airports and Sea Container Operators as Publicly Listed Companies – Financial Performance and Shareholder Value Creation Perspective

Logistics infrastructure and transportation services have been the liability of countries and governments for decades, or these have been under strict regulation policies. One of the first branches opened for competition in EU as well as in other continents, has been air transports (operators, like passenger and freight) and road transports. These have resulted on lower costs, better connectivity and in most of the cases higher service quality. However, quite large amount of other logistics related activities are still directly (or indirectly) under governmental influence, e.g. railway infrastructure, road infrastructure, railway operations, airports, and sea ports. Due to the globalization, governmental influence is not that necessary in this sector, since transportation needs have increased with much more significant phase as compared to economic growth. Also freight transportation needs do not correlate with passenger side, due to the reason that only small number of areas in the world have specialized in the production of particular goods. Therefore, in number of cases public-private partnership, or even privately owned companies operating in these sub-branches have been identified as beneficial for countries, customers and further economic growth. The objective of this research work is to shed more light on these kinds of experiments, especially in the relatively unknown sub-branches of logistics like railways, airports and sea container transports. In this research work we have selected companies having public listed status in some stock exchange, and have needed amount of financial scale to be considered as serious company rather than start-up phase venture. Our research results show that railways and airports usually need high fixed investments, but have showed in the last five years generally good financial performance, both in terms of profitability and cash flow. In contrary to common belief of prosperity in globally growing container transports, sea vessel operators of containers have not shown that impressive financial performance. Generally margins in this business are thin, and profitability has been sacrificed in front of high growth – this also concerns cash flow performance, which has been lower too. However, as we examine these three logistics sub-branches through shareholder value development angle during time period of 2002-2007, we were surprised to find out that all of these three have outperformed general stock market indexes in this period. More surprising is the result that financially a bit less performing sea container transportation sector shows highest shareholder value gain in the examination period. Thus, it should be remembered that provided analysis shows only limited picture, since e.g. dividends were not taken into consideration in this research work. Therefore, e.g. US railway operators have disadvantage to other in the analysis, since they have been able to provide dividends for shareholders in long period of time. Based on this research work we argue that investment on transportation/logistics sector seems to be safe alternative, which yields with relatively low risk high gain. Although global economy would face smaller growth period, this sector seems to provide opportunities in more demanding situation as well.

Quantitative Analysis of Novel Prostate Cancer Markers in Tissue

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease affecting an increasing number of men all over the world, but particularly in the countries with the Western lifestyle. The best biomarker assay currently available for the diagnosis of the disease, the measurement of prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels from blood, lacks specificity, and even when combined with invasive tests such as digital rectal exam and prostate tissue biopsies, these methods can both miss cancers, and lead to overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment of cancers. Moreover, they cannot provide an accurate prognosis for the disease. Due to the high prevalence of indolent prostate cancers, the majority of men affected by prostate cancer would be able to live without any medical intervention. Their latent prostate tumors would not cause any clinical symptoms during their lifetime, but few are willing to take the risk, as currently there are no methods or biomarkers to reliably differentiate the indolent cancers from the aggressive, lethal cases that really are in need of immediate medical treatment. This doctoral work concentrated on validating 12 novel candidate genes for use as biomarkers for prostate cancer by measuring their mRNA expression levels in prostate tissue and peripheral blood of men with cancer as well as unaffected individuals. The panel of genes included the most prominent markers in the current literature: PCA3 and the fusion gene TMPRSS2-ERG, in addition to BMP-6, FGF-8b, MSMB, PSCA, SPINK1, and TRPM8; and the kallikrein-related peptidase genes 2, 3, 4, and 15. Truly quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays were developed for each of the genes for the purpose, time-resolved fluorometry was applied in the real-time detection of the amplification products, and the gene expression data were normalized by using artificial internal RNA standards. Cancer-related, statistically significant differences in gene transcript levels were found for TMPRSS2-ERG, PCA3, and in a more modest scale, for KLK15, PSCA, and SPINK1. PCA3 RNA was found in the blood of men with metastatic prostate cancer, but not in localized cases of cancer, suggesting limitations for using this method for early cancer detection in blood. TMPRSS2-ERG mRNA transcripts were found more frequently in cancerous than in benign prostate tissues, but they were present also in 51% of the histologically benign prostate tissues of men with prostate cancer, while being absent in specimens from men without any signs of prostate cancer. PCA3 was shown to be 5.8 times overexpressed in cancerous tissue, but similarly to the fusion gene mRNA, its levels were upregulated also in the histologically benign regions of the tissue if the corresponding prostate was harboring carcinoma. These results indicate a possibility to utilize these molecular assays to assist in prostate cancer risk evaluation especially in men with initially histologically negative biopsies.

Unkarin maa ja kansa.: Neljäkymmentä matkakirjettä

Liitteenä Unkarin valtakunnan kartta.

Tietoja maailman kansoista, heidän tavoista, uskonnoista ja vaiheista

Saksasta mukailtu / mukaillut J. O. Forsman

Yleinen maa-tiede

Impr.: F. W. Boucht ja L. Heimbürger.

Suomen maanopas: ynnä johdatuksen kanssa yhteiseen maa-tietoon, sunnuntai-kouluin tarpeeksi

Imprimatur: G. Rein.