Hjärtats vanor, tankens välvilja och handens gärning : dygd som vårdetiskt grundbegrepp

The main aim of the study is to elucidate the meaning and dimensions of the concept of „virtue‟, and to find the place of virtue in a caritative caring ethics, i.e. a caring ethics based on human love and mercy. The intention is to create a theory model which utilizes the possibilities of virtue in developing the caritative caring ethics as a whole. The caritative caring ethics has a universal potential – it is primarily not a professional ethics, but it may form a frame of reference and basis for formulating ethical codes, and for ethical discussions within different caring contexts. The hermeneutic approach of the study is inspired by Gadamer‟s philosophical hermeneutics combined with the view of hermeneutics as a hypothetical-deductive process. The study is guided by Eriksson‟s model of definition of concepts. The concept of „virtue‟ is studied focusing on its ethical dimensions. These ethical dimensions of virtue are seen as anchored to an inner ethos, whereas ethos stands for the ontological goodness, a basic notion of the Good that permeates the entity of the human being, and forms the base of the culture where he lives and acts. The overarching research questions are: 1. What is virtue? 2. What is „virtue‟ as a basic concept in caring science? 3. What place does virtue have in caritative caring ethics? The answer of the first question is mainly searched for by an ontological determination comprising partly an etymologic and semantic analysis of „virtue‟, and partly a determination of the essence of virtue. The answer to the second and third questions are mainly searched for using a contextual determination, where the purposive context and pragmatic features of virtue are studied in relation to caring ethics. The ontological and contextual determinations are brought together through hermeneutical interpretation, forming a new whole, which constitutes the results of the study. The results of the study are depicted in a theory model, in which the movement of virtue from ethos to deed is moulded as caritative caring ethics. The material of the study consists of dictionaries, texts written by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, articles, dissertations, and books, as well as parts of a pilot survey answered by 33 nurses. The results of the study show that the essence of virtue is primarily functional, not ethical. The ethical emerges when virtue is contextualized in a human communion. Virtue makes something fulfil its function well; makes the human being good, and gives him morals and morality. The human being needs prudence, love, and humility to acquire and develop the moral virtues. Virtue is a power, related to a value, which considering a caritative caring ethics consists of the caritas motif. Human love is shown through deeds, making the human being do what he is expected to do. Virtue, as an active power of becoming, affirms and clarifies the human being‟s ability to develop in the direction of the Good. Virtue becomes essential and unifying when morality appears in the human mind as auctoritas, an inner, prompting power based on divinity or a transcendental ethos. Together ethos and virtue create opportunities for an inner ethics based on voluntariness and joy in being and doing the true, the good, and the beautiful.

Hemmet som ethos : en idéhistorisk studie av hur hemmet som ethos blev evident i hälsosysterns vårdande under 1900-talets första hälft

The home as ethos, an ethical dimension of human beings, is this study’s focus of interest. Can the home as ethos comprise motive and driving force for a human being? This dissertation has a mainly hermeneutic approach with a Caring Science interpretive horizon. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to develop the concept “home” through etymological and semantic analysis. The concept’s Caring Science content is also investigated. Secondly, the purpose of this study is to investigate, through the use of a history of ideas method, how the home as ethos is made visible and evident in public health nurses’ caring during the first half of the 20th century. Which motives compromise the driving force behind public health nurses’ caring? Which idea patterns are stressed? Material for the study’s concept determination consists of tymological dictionaries as well as Swedish language dictionaries published from 1850 – 2001. The results of the concept determination provide a preliminary idea-model, where dimensions such as ethos as a human being’s innermost room, human beings’ manner of being, and the metaphor “my home is my castle” are stressed. These results comprise the background of the history of ideas portion of the study. The study’s history of ideas investigation occurs through the evaluation and interpretation of historical sources focusing on the caring provided by public health nurses. Public health nurses comprise both the context and prevalent traditions during the time-period studied. The historical sources consist of three different types of sources, namely textbooks, archived material, and the professional nursing journals Epione and Sairaanhoitajatarlehti. The purpose is to rediscover fundamental idea-patterns through the thematic structuring of the patterns appearing in the historical sources. Three main idea-patterns and underlying themes are rediscovered: love- a fire which burns inside human beings; reverence for human beings and home; and the honor of responsibility. The emerging patterns are tightly interwoven and form a pattern. A new interpretation occurs, widening the study’s horizon and leading to the emergence of the theory-model’s contours. The study’s theory-model is formed from three different levels. Ethos as a human being’s innermost room- the spirit, encompasses a human being’s value base and the spirit that he/she is permeated with. Fundamental values are converted into an internal ethic, becoming visible in human beings’ manner of being- the manner of conduct. The metaphor “my home is my castle”- the tone, symbolizes the room where a human being’s abstract or concrete being lives. The spirit, the ethos, is expressed in a home’s culture and atmosphere, that is to say the tone of a home or how one lives in a room. Communion is a significant component in the creation of a culture and atmosphere. This study’s theory-model gives rise to a new perspective that can generate new patterns of action. The study’s theory-model results in a new historically-based view that create new patterns of action in care and Caring Science today.

Kroppen som bärare av hälsa och lidande

The overall aim of this study is to seek new knowledge and deeper understanding of the body as a phenomenon from a caring science point of view. By means of a hermeneutic definition, the body is studied on a contextual as well as an ontological level in order to create a deeper understanding for human beings in relation to health and suffering. The study focuses of the body as a perspective of human beings. It is important for the knowledge growth in caring science to create a deeper understanding for the body, thus making it possible to understand patients in nursing care. The overall methodology is a hermeneutic definition which covers a contextual and an ontological concept definition. In the three empirical studies, Giorgi’s phenomenological method was used. The first empirical study comprises twelve students’ statements about experiences of their body in different situatons in life. The second study is composed of interviews with fifteen patients who had been afflicted by illness and been subjected to surgical treatment. In the third empirical study, ten patients who had been cared for in perioperative nursing care were interviewed. In the data analysis, the essential meaning of the body as a phenomenon is described, along with its variations and nuances. In the ontological determination of the body, an etymologic and semantic analysis is carried out, as well as a qualitative analysis of ideas, where the material is comprised of chosen texts on the body from different perspectives. In the concluding analysis the results were synthesized. The result of the first empirical study shows that a body is expressive and manifests movement in its striving for dignity. The body harbours language and inherent powers to cope with the unexpected, as well as feelings of anxiety, fear and powerlessness. The second study shows that the body is experienced as mysterious when it is afflicted by illness, but it is also found mysterious as an opponent to man and life. A battle is fought between the illness that breaks down the body, and human beings fighting to keep their unity whole. The body appears as a prison and a host for a threatening illness. The body bears a feeling of powerlessness when it is changed by illness and suffering. In a care and treatment context, the body is objectified by the patient and the caregiver. It is the illness that forces the patient to sacrifice parts of the body in order to once again become whole in the unity. The third study shows that the patient in a perioperative nursing context delivers him-/herself over to the hands of the caregiver, who defends and protects body and life. The patient experiences a sense of well-being when the caretaker receives him/her and protects the body from dangers. Suffering is alleviated when the patients are allowed to talk about what has happened in their body. The result of the semantic analysis shows that the body as a concept is described as bending around the human soul and spirit. Linguistically, dimensions like corporeal, shape, totality, unity and mortal clay, are described. Different ideas about the body described it as: a material animate part of man, active and demanding, something that perceives its surrounding world and as a subjective body of senses, thoughts and language. Ideas about the body also describe it as a biological and physiological, living organism, submitted to the laws of nature, a passive apparatus and a socially constructed gender. The results of the different studies were synthesized and reflected against a caring science perspective. The research has created a deeper understanding for the body as a material abode and as an entity of body, soul and spirit.

Jämställdhet som politiskt problem i Finland och Frankrike

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Försök, til en oeconomisk beskrifning, öfwer Satacunda häraders norra del : som innehåller anmärckningar i geographie, antiquiteter, physique, historia naturali, och oeconomie &c. Jemte nödige figurer. : Framgifwit af Pehr Adrian Gadd. Phil. mag.

Dedicated to: Konglige swenska wetenskaps academien.

Sednare delen, om Gamle Carleby, ... : Utgifwen af praeses Jacob Chydenius Jac. son, och som et academiskt prof, allmän granskning understäld i Åbo Academies öfre sal den 7. Dec. efter middagen 1754, af respondens Samuel Fabrell, norr finne.

Dedicated to: Thomas Holmstedt, Wilhelm Ehrnstolppe, Friedrich Grönhage, Henric Dahlman, Christlieb Lebr. Carpelan, Axel Germund Lilliegren, Johan Haxen, Pehr Granroth.

Beskrifning öfwer de til Sweriges krona lydande lapmarker, : innehollande kort underrättelse så wäl om landets belägenhet och beskaffenhet i gemen, som des inwånares tilstånd och husholdning, deras seder, maner och lefnadsart, samt laster och widskepelser, m.m. : Framgifwen af mag. Pehr Högström missionar och kyrkoherde wid Gelliware.

The date of publication is handwritten ʼ1747ʼ.

Geographie öfver konungariket Swerige samt dårunder hörande länder : författad af Eric Tuneld ... Tredje bandet, som innehåller Norrland, Lappland, Finland och Sweriges utrikes besittningar.

On the flyleaf (back): handwritten text, dated Mars/April 1831.

Formaterade nyheter : studier i hur tv-nyheter formatmässigt editeras, gestaltas och tas emot

Under de trettio senaste åren har tv-nyhetsjournalistiken som genre, d.v.s. som en egen särpräglad läsart och form av journalistik, på olika sätt förändrats. Hur denna formatförändring ser ut och om tv-nyheter i takt med samhällets och massmediernas allmänna kommersialisering har blivit mer tabloida är två centrala frågeställningar i avhandlingen. Nyhetsprogrammet TV-nytt i public service-företaget Yle:s svenskspråkiga kanal FST5, har långt en monopolställning. På svenska har TV-nytt inga konkurrenter i tv-etern i Finland och som ett sorts flaggskepp för hela FST5, har nyhetsredaktionen länge haft en stark ställning och uppbackning på svenska Yle. Så om t.o.m. TV-nytts nyhetsformat har förändrats och t.ex. blivit mer tabloida, torde åtminstone public service-nyheter i tv överlag ha förändrats minst lika mycket. Detta granskas empiriskt i avhandlingen. Utan att i frågeställningarna även ta med hur mottagarna, det vill säga hur tv-tittarna reagerar på tv-nyheter, är det svårt att mer ingående och trovärdigt förklara tv-nyheters roll i samhället. Därför är det viktigt att även fråga hur tittarnas intresse och uppmärksamhet påverkas av olika sorts tv-nyheter och hur deras ihågkomst samt nyhetsförståelse påverkas av olika slags tv-nyhetsformat såsom ett mer tabloidiserat dylikt? Avhandling har följaktligen fyra syften: att undersöka vad tv-nyhetsformatet för public service-tv består av, hur detta format ur olika synvinklar har förändrats, om det har tabloidiserats och hur tittarna reagerar på olika tv-nyhetsformat. Avhandlingen består av tre innehållsanalyser och ett laboratorietest. Resultaten visar i korthet att tv-nyhetsformatet både på inslags- och sändningsnivå kan sägas ha två olika formatdimensioner; det audiovisuellt editerade och det journalistiskt innehållsgestaltande formatet. Det senare formatet har för TV-nytts del sedan 1980-talet förändrats mycket mindre än det förra och i synnerhet det audiovisuellt editerade formatet har tydligt utvecklats i en tabloid riktning. Resultaten från de laborativa publiktesterna visar igen att tittarnas uppmärksamhet och intresse i första hand har med audiovisuell editering och allmän visualitet att göra. Mer tabloida nyhetsinslag får därför generellt mer uppmärksamhet än övriga inslag. I synnerhet bildtempo, bildsättning och inslagslängd är här utslagsgivande. Det att tabloidisering ger förbättrad uppmärksamhet betyder ändå inte att tittarna mycket bättre kommer ihåg eller bättre förstår tabloida nyhetsinslag än icke-tabloida. Testerna visar samtidigt att även längre, icke-tabloida nyhetsinslag väl kan fånga tittarens uppmärksamhet och fasta i minnet om inslaget är i en sorts ideologisk resonans med tittaren.