Perheyhtiö ja paikallisuus. A. Ahlström Osakeyhtiön historian perintö Noormarkussa

Tutkimus tarkastelee kulttuuriperinnön asemaa perheyrityksen yrityskulttuurin,identiteetin ja yrityskuvan osatekijänä ja sitä, miten historiatietoisuus ohjaa yrityksen toimintaa paikallisen vaikuttavuuden näkökulmasta. Samalla tutkimus selvittää, miten liiketoiminnan laajeneminen ja globalisoituminen vaikuttavat paikallistason toimintaan ja miten yritys käyttää kulttuuriperintöään muutosten hallinnassa. Tutkimus on historiallinen tapaustutkimus. Esimerkkitapauksena on A. Ahlström Osakeyhtiö ja Länsi-Suomessa sijaitseva Noormarkun ruukki, joka on ollut yrityksen omistuksessa 1870-luvulta lähtien. 1800-luvun lopusta 2000-luvulle ulottuva tutkimus perustuu pääasiassa arkistolähteisiin. Tutkimuksessa yhdistyvät kulttuuriperinnön ja liiketaloustieteen tutkimuksen sekä historiantutkimuksen lähestymistavat. Paikallistason toiminnan tarkastelussa tutkimus saa piirteitä myös tehdasyhdyskuntatutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksessa perheyrityksen kulttuuriperintöön sisällytetään aineellisen kulttuuriperinnön ja menneisyyden kuvausten lisäksi yrityksen jatkuvuuteen, omistajuuteen, kotipaikkaan ja yhteiskuntavastuuseen liittyvät perinteet. Tutkimus osoittaa, että historia ja perinteet voivat olla yritykselle voimavara mutta myös hidaste. Perheyhtiön traditio on kestänyt liiketoiminnallisista ja organisatorisista muutoksista huolimatta. Suvun rooli yhtiön sisällä on kuitenkin muuttunut. Perhejohtajuudesta on siirrytty sukuomistukseen. Ahlström on tyyppiesimerkki siitä, miten yritykset korostavat historian avulla toimintansa jatkuvuutta, luotettavuutta, uskottavuutta ja innovatiivisuutta. Yritys on rakentanut historiallista yrityskuvaansa muun muassa museoiden, näyttelyiden ja julkaisujen avulla. Yrityksen suhde historialliseen kotipaikkaansa, Noormarkkuun, on ollut poikkeuksellisen kiinteä. Noormarkun ruukki on esimerkki siitä, miten yrityksen menneisyyteen liittyvistä paikoista voi muodostua symbolisia muistin paikkoja. Historiatietoisuus synnyttää ja ylläpitää paikallisvastuuta, joka on ilmennyt eri aikakausina eri tavoin. Ruukin toimintoja on kehitetty, kun vanhat toiminnot ovat päättyneet. 2000-luvulla yritys hyödyntää kulttuuriperintöään liiketoiminnan resurssina, paikallisen liiketoiminnan ja matkailun kehittämisen lähtökohdista. Kansainvälisissä tutkimuksissa historian aktiivista käyttöä yrityksen strategisessa suunnittelussa kuvataan käsitteellä history management. Suomessa aihetta on toistaiseksi tutkittu vähän. Tutkimus on siten avaus yrityksiä kulttuuriperinnön säilyttäjinä ja käyttäjinä koskeville keskusteluille.

Historical logging, productivity, and structural characteristics of boreal coniferous forests in Norway

Abstract

Value at Risk in measuring market risk: Historical simulation

In this study the theoretical part was created to make comparison between different Value at Risk models. Based on that comparison one model was chosen to the empirical part which concentrated to find out whether the model is accurate to measure market risk. The purpose of this study was to test if Volatility-weighted Historical Simulation is accurate in measuring market risk and what improvements does it bring to market risk measurement compared to traditional Historical Simulation. Volatility-weighted method by Hull and White (1998) was chosen In order to improve the traditional methods capability to measure market risk. In this study we found out that result based on Historical Simulation are dependent on chosen time period, confidence level and how samples are weighted. The findings of this study are that we cannot say that the chosen method is fully reliable in measuring market risk because back testing results are changing during the time period of this study.

Celebrating Creative Consciousness: Insights Into Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetics

Tutkielmani valottaa irlantilaisen kirjailijan Oscar Wilden (1854-1900) vähemmän tunnettua työtä ja ajattelua taidekriitikkona fin de sièclen ja modernismin välisen siirtymävaiheen estetiikassa. Wilden voidaan sanoa olleen edellä aikaansa estetiikkakäsityksensä suhteen: Hän käsittelee taidekritiikissään teemoja, jotka tulivat keskeisiksi modernismin ja postmodernismin myötä – esimerkiksi kielen pettävyyttä, sellaisten käsitteiden kuin ’todellisuus’, ’luonto’ tai ’yhteiskunta’ sattumanvaraisuutta sekä yhteisön ja yksilön identiteettien fragmentoitumista. Wilde myös kyseenalaistaa – paradoksien, kielellisten nokkeluuksien ja ironian avulla – monia länsimaisessa filosofiassa ’normatiivisina’ pidettyjä arvoja, kuten totuuteen pyrkimisen. Lisäksi hän haastaa taiteenkritiikin akateemisen tradition hylkäämällä sellaiset sen hyveinä pitämät piirteet kuin johdonmukaisuus ja ristiriidattomuus. Tarkastelen Wilden estetiikkakäsitystä pääasiassa esseekokoelman Intentions (1891), etenkin esseen Valehtelun rappio, sekä De Profundis –teoksen (1905) kautta. Tekstejä analysoimalla ja vertaamalla osoitan miten 1890-luvun alkupuolen ja vankilatuomiotaan istuvan Wilden estetiikkakäsitys muuttui ja kehittyi. Wilden kohdalla on syytä puhua taidefilosofiasta taiteenteorian sijaan. Hänen kriittiset esseensä eivät tähtää ’harmonisen’ kokonaisuuden luomiseen tai pragmaattis-loogisen mallin rakentamiseen taiteen ymmärtämiseksi vaan tulvivat ironiaa ja ristiriitaisuuksia. Wildella taideteoksen tarkasteluun liittyy aina eettisiä, ontologisia ja metafyysisiä kysymyksiä, jotka syventävät mutta myös monimutkaistavat esteettistä kokemusta. Keskeinen teema Wildelle onkin taiteen ja elämän vastakkainasettelu sekä niiden välisen yhteyden tunnistaminen ja tunnustaminen: taide on sekä autonomista että subjektiivista. Tämä paradoksi kulminoituu esteettisessä kokemuksessa. Wildelle luomistyö ja vastaanottajan elämys ovat tiedostamattomia prosesseja – tietoista luovuutta ei ole. Esteettinen kuitenkin voidaan yhdistää tietoisuuteen, mutta se edellyttää että myös tietoisuuden on oltava luovaa. Siksipä lähestyäkseen taidetta kritiikin on tultava enemmän taiteen kaltaiseksi – epänormatiiviseksi ja epäloogiseksi. Tässä prosessissa paradokseilla on merkittävä tehtävä: ne muistuttavat siitä, että puhuttaessa taiteesta ei ole oikeita vastauksia, on vain hyviä kysymyksiä.

Book review

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Dental Health in Primary Teeth after Prevention of Mother-Child Transmission of Mutans Streptococci. A Historical Cohort Study on Restorative Visits and Maternal Prevention Costs

Mutansstreptokokkitartunnan ehkäisemisen pitkäaikaisvaikutukset maitohampaiden terveyteen. Kohorttitutkimus korjaavan hoidon määrästä ja kariesehkäisyn kustannuksista. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää varhaisen mutansstreptokokki (MS)-kolonisaation ehkäisyn pitkäaikaisvaikutuksia korkean kariesriskin omaavien lasten maitohampaistossa sekä tarkastella MS-tartunnan estämisen kustannuksia. Tiedot lasten hampaiden terveydestä ja hammashoitotoimenpiteistä syntymästä 10-vuotiaaksi sekä äiteihin kohdistuneen kariesehkäisyn kustannuksista kerättiin Ylivieskan terveyskeskuksen asiakirjoista. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana yhteensä 507 lasta, heistä 148 oli osallistunut aikaisempaan Ylivieskan äiti-lapsitutkimukseen, jossa verrattiin äitien käyttämän ksylitolipurukumin ja äidille tehtyjen fluori- tai klooriheksidiinilakkausten vaikutusta pikkulasten hampaiden terveyteen. Maitohammaskariesta esiintyi 10-vuotiaaksi asti merkitsevästi vähemmän lapsilla, jotka eivät olleet saaneet MS-tartuntaa alle 2-vuotiaana, heidän maitohampaansa säilyivät 3,4 vuotta kauemmin täysin ehjinä (p<0.001) ja he tarvitsivat vähemmän maitohampaiden korjaavaa hoitoa (p=0.005) kuin lapset, joiden hampaisto oli kolonisoitunut MS-bakteerilla jo 2-vuotiaana. Koska ksylitoliryhmän lasten MS-kolonisaatio oli vähäisintä, heidän maitohampaissaan oli vähemmän kariesta ja korjaavan hoidon tarvetta kuin kahden muun korkeariskisen ryhmän lapsilla. Äitien käyttämän ksylitolipurukumin kustannukset olivat yhteensä 116 euroa ja lapsen maitohampaiden säilyminen täysin ehjinä vuoden pidempään maksoi 37 euroa. Kun MS-tartunta oli saatu estettyä, korkean kariesriskin omaavien lasten hampaiden terveys oli samalla tasolla kuin keskimäärin koko ikäkohortilla. Lapsen maitohampaat säilyvät terveinä pidempään ja korjaavan hoidon tarve vähenee, kun MS-kolonisaatio alle 2-vuotiaana saadaan estettyä. Lapsen MS-kolonisaatio vähenee merkitsevästi, kun äiti käyttää ksylitolipurukumia lapsen ollessa 0-2 vuoden ikäinen, siten pikkulapsen äidin säännöllinen ksylitolipurukumin käyttö saattaa olla julkisen tereydenhuollon kannalta tarkoituksenmukainenterveyttä edistävä menetelmä.

Customer consciousness in the production process of a steel factory

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the level of customer consciousness of the production process employees in a steel factory and to investigate the methods of internal marketing in order to propose development practices to enhance the customer consciousness of the case company employees. The significance of the level of customer consciousness is discussed and practices already implemented affecting the level of customer consciousness in the company are examined. The literature review gives an insight to the role of customer consciousness in the CRM philosophy of a manufacturing company and examines the means of internal marketing in enhancing customer consciousness. In the empirical part of the study, the level and significance of customer consciousness is determined by conducting individual and focus group interviews. The interviews are also used to examine the practices that could function in enhancing the customer consciousness of the employees. Development suggestions to improve the level of customer consciousness in the production process are given based on the results. The level of customer consciousness is at a poor level in the production process and influences above all on work motivation and job satisfaction, but possibly on customer satisfaction as well. The enhancement of customer consciousness in the production process should be done e.g. by ensuring the distribution of right knowledge coherently to all of the employees, gathering large customer reference database to exploit in work and in training, using visual illustration in presenting the customer information, training proactively and letting the employees to participate in the customer oriented development activities. Customer satisfaction focused reward system can be considered.

Sivistyksestä sivilisaatioon. Kulttuurikäsitys J. V. Snellmanin historiallisessa ajattelussa

From Bildung to Civilisation. Conception of Culture in J. V. Snellman’s Historical Thinking The research explores Johan Vilhelm Snellman’s (1806–1881) conception of culture in the context of his historical thinking. Snellman was a Finnish, Swedish-speaking journalist, teacher and thinker, who held a central position in the Finnish national discourse during the nineteenth century. He has been considered as one of the leading theorists of a Finnish nation, writing widely about the themes such as the advancement of the national education, Finnish language and culture. Snellman is already a widely studied person in Finnish intellectual history, often characterised as a follower of G. W. F. Hegel’s philosophical system. My own research introduces a new kind of approach on Snellman’s texts, emphasising the conceptual level of his thought. With this approach, my aim is to broaden the Finnish research tradition on conceptual history. I consider my study as a cultural history of concepts, belonging also to the field of intellectual history. My focus is on one hand on the close reading of Snellman’s texts and on the other hand on contextualising his texts to the European intellectual tradition of the time. A key concept of Snellman’s theoretical thinking is his concept of bildning, which can be considered as a Swedish counterpart of the German concept of Bildung. The Swedish word incorporated all the main elements of the German concept. It could mean education or the so-called high culture, but most fundamentally it was about the self-formation of the individual. This is also the context in which Snellman’s concept of bildning has often been interpreted. In the study, I use the concept of bildning as a starting point of my research but I broaden my focus on the cognate concepts such as culture (kultur), spirit (anda) and civilisation. The purpose of my study is thus to illustrate how Snellman used and modified these concepts and from these observations to draw a conclusion about the nature of his conception of culture. Snellman was an early Finnish philosopher of history but also interested in the practice of the writing of history. He did not write any historical presentations himself but followed the publications in the field of history and introduced European historical writing to the Finnish, Swedish-speaking reading audience in his newspapers. The primary source material consists of different types of Snellman’s texts, including philosophical writings, lecture material, newspaper articles and private letters. I’m reading Snellman’s texts in the context of other texts produced both by his Finnish predecessors and contemporaries and by Swedish, German and French writers. Snellman’s principal philosophical works, Versuch einer spekulativen Entwicklung der Idee der Persönlichkeit (1841) and Läran om staten (1842), were both written abroad. Both of the works were contributions to contemporary debates on the international level, especially in Germany and Sweden. During the 1840s and 1850s Snellman had two newspapers of his own, Saima and Litteraturblad, which were directed towards the Swedish-speaking educated class. Both of the newspapers were very popular and their circulations were among the largest of their day in Finland. The topics of his articles and reviews covered literature, poetry, philosophy and education as well as issues concerning the economic, industrial and technical development in Finland. In his newspapers Snellman not only brought forth his own ideas but also spread the knowledge of European events and ideas to his readers. He followed very carefully the cultural and political situation in Western Europe. He also followed European magazines and newspapers and was well acquainted with German, French and also English literature – and of course Swedish literature to with which he had the closest ties. In his newspapers Snellman wrote countless number of literary reviews and critics, introducing his readers to European literature. The study consists of three main chapters in which I explore my research question in three different, yet overlapping contexts. In the first of these chapters, I analyse Snellman’n theoretical thinking and his concepts of bildning, kultur, anda and civilisation in the context of earlier cultural discourse in Finland as well as the tradition of German idealistic philosophy and neo-humanism. With the Finnish cultural discourse I refer to the early cultural discussion in Finland, which emerged after the year 1809, when Finland became an autonomous entity of its own as a Grand Duchy of Russia. Scholars of the Academy of Turku opened a discussion on the themes such as the state of national consciousness, the need for national education and the development of the Finnish language as a national language of Finland. Many of these academics were also Snellman’s teachers in the early years of his academic career and Snellman clearly formulated his own ideas in the footsteps of these Finnish predecessors. In his theoretical thinking Snellman was a collectivist; according to him an individual should always be understood in connection with the society, its values and manners, as well as to the traditions of a culture where an individual belongs to. In his philosophy of the human spirit Snellman was in many ways a Hegelian but his notion of education or ‘bildning’ includes also elements that connect him with the wider tradition of German intellectual history, namely the neo-humanist tradition and, at least to some extent, to the terminology of J. G. Herder or J. G. Fichte, for example. In this chapter, I also explore Snellman’s theory of history. In his historical thinking Snellman was an idealist, believing in the historical development of the human spirit (Geist in German language). One can characterise his theory of history by stating that it is a mixture of a Hegelian triumph of the spirit and Herderian emphasis on humanity (Humanität) and the relative nature of ‘Bildung’. For Snellman, the process of ‘bildning’ or ‘Bildung’ is being realised in historical development through the actions of human beings. Snellman believed in the historical development of the human civilization. Still Snellman himself considered that he had abandoned Hegel’s idea about the process of world history. Snellman – rightly or wrongly – criticised Hegel of emphasising the universal end of history (the realisation of the freedom of spirit) at the expense of the historical plurality and the freedom of each historical era. Snellman accused Hegel of neglecting the value and independency of different historical cultures and periods by imposing the abstract norm, the fulfilment of the freedom of spirit, as the ultimate goal of history. The historicist in Snellman believed in the individuality of each historical period; each historical era or culture had values, traditions and modes of thought of its own. This historicist in Snellman could not accept the talk about one measure or the end of history. On the other hand Snellman was also a universalist. He believed that mankind had a common task and that task was the development of ‘Bildung’, freedom or humanity. The second main chapter consists of two parts. In the first part, I explore the Finnish nationalistic discourse from the cultural point of view by analysing the notions such as a nation, national spirit or national language and showing how Snellman formulated his own ideas in a dialogic situation, participating in the Finnish discourse but also reacting to international discussions on the themes of the nation and nationality. For Snellman nationality was to a great extent the collective knowledge and customs or practices of the nation. Snellman stated that nationality is to be considered as a form of ‘bildning’. This could be seen not simply as affection for the fatherland but also for the mental identity of the nation, its ways of thinking, its practices, national language, customs and laws, the history of the nation. The simplest definition of nationality that Snellman gives is that nationality is the social life of the people. In the second part of the chapter I exam Snellman’s historical thinking and his understanding about historical development, interaction between different nations and cultures in the course of history, as well as the question of historical change; how do cultures or civilisations develop and who are the creators of culture? Snellman did not believe in one dominating culture but understood the course of history as a dialogue between different cultures. On the other hand, his views are very Eurocentric – here he follows the ideas of Hegel or for example the French historian François Guizot – for Snellman Europe represented the virtue of pluralism; in Europe one could see the diversity of cultures which, on the other hand, were fundamentally based on a common Christian tradition. In the third main chapter, my focus is on the writing of history, more precisely on Snellman’s ideas on the nature of history as a science and on the proper way of writing historical presentations. Snellman wrote critics on the works of history and introduced his readers to the writing of history especially in France, Sweden and German-speaking area – in some extend also in Britain. Snellman’s collectivistic view becomes evident also in his reviews on historical writing. For Snellman history was not about the actions of the states and their heads, nor about the records of ruling families and battles fought. He repeatedly stressed that history is a discipline that seeks to provide a total view of a phenomenon. A historian should not only collect information on historical events, since this information touches only the surface of a certain epoch or civilisation; he has to understand an epoch as totality. This required an understanding about the major contours in history, connections between civilisations and an awareness of significant turning points in historical development. In addition, it required a holistic understanding about a certain culture or historical era, including also the so-called inner life of a specific nation, a common people and their ways of life. Snellman wrote explicitly about ‘cultural history’ in his texts, referring to this kind of broad understanding of a society. In historical writing Snellman found this kind of broader view from the works of the French historians such as François Guizot and Jules Michelet. In all of these chapters, I elaborate the conceptual dimension of Snellman’s historical thinking. In my study I argue that Snellman not only adopted the German concepts of Bildung or Kultur in his own thinking but also developed the Swedish concepts in a way that include personal and innovative aspects. Snellman’s concept of bildning is not only a translation from ‘Bildung’ but he uses the Swedish concept in a versatile way that includes both the moral aspect of human development and social dimension of a human life. Along with ‘bildning’ Snellman used also the terms ‘kultur’ and ‘civilisation’ when referring to the totality of a certain nation or historical era, including both the so-called high culture (arts, science, religion) and the modes of thought as well as ways of life of the people as a whole. Unlike many of his Finnish contemporaries, Snellman did not use civilisation as a negative concept, lacking the moral essence of German term ‘Bildung’ or ‘Kultur’. Instead, for Snellman civilisation was a neutral term and here he comes close to the French tradition of using the term. In the study I argue that Snellman’s conception of culture in fact includes a synthesis of the German tradition of ‘Bildung’ and the French tradition of ‘civilisation’.