65 resultados para défi verbal

em Université de Lausanne, Switzerland


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Previous studies have demonstrated that non-demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have a specific impairment of verb production compared with noun generation. One interpretation of this deficit suggested the influence of striato-frontal dysfunction on action-related verb processing. The aim of our study was to investigate cerebral changes after motor improvement due to dopaminergic medication on the neural circuitry supporting action representation in the brain as mediated by verb generation and motor imagery in PD patients. Functional magnetic resonance imaging on 8 PD patients in "ON" dopaminergic treatment state (DTS) and in "OFF" DTS was used to explore the brain activity during three different tasks: Object Naming (ObjN), Generation of Action Verbs (GenA) in which patients were asked to overtly say an action associated with a picture and mental simulation of action (MSoA) was investigated by asking subjects to mentally simulate an action related to a depicted object. The distribution of brain activities associated with these tasks whatever DTS was very similar to results of previous studies. The results showed that brain activity related to semantics of action is modified by dopaminergic treatment in PD patients. This cerebral reorganisation concerns mainly motor and premotor cortex suggesting an involvement of the putaminal motor loop according to the "motor" theory of verb processing.

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Le 5 octobre 1994, 48 membres de la secte de l'Ordre du Temple Solaire ont été trouvés morts à Cheiry (FR) et à Salvan (VS). L'Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale de Lausanne a été chargé de s'occuper des problèmes médico-légaux de cette tragédie, notemment l'estimation de l'heure du décès, la détermination de la cause et des circonstances du décès et l'identification des victimes. Pour cette intervention, nous avons dû faire face à une série de facteurs inhabituels comme l'absence d'une "liste de passagers" (c'est à dire de personnes touchées par la catastrophe), des victimes de différentes nationalités (dont certaines uniquement de passage en Suisse), un groupe de configurations familiales complexes, des corps souvent carbonisés et, de plus, une couverture médiatique exceptionnelle.

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BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies show cerebellar activations in a wide range of cognitive tasks and patients with cerebellar lesions often present cognitive deficits suggesting a cerebellar role in higher-order cognition. OBJECTIVE: We used cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), known to inhibit neuronal excitability, over the cerebellum to investigate if cathodal tDCS impairs verbal working memory, an important higher-order cognitive faculty. METHOD: We tested verbal working memory as measured by forward and backward digit spans in 40 healthy young participants before and after applying cathodal tDCS (2 mA, stimulation duration 25 min) to the right cerebellum using a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. In addition, we tested the effect of cerebellar tDCS on word reading, finger tapping and a visually cued sensorimotor task. RESULTS: In line with lower digit spans in patients with cerebellar lesions, cerebellar tDCS reduced forward digit spans and blocked the practice dependent increase in backward digit spans. No effects of tDCS on word reading, finger tapping or the visually cued sensorimotor task were found. CONCLUSION: Our results support the view that the cerebellum contributes to verbal working memory as measured by forward and backward digit spans. Moreover, the induction of reversible "virtual cerebellar lesions" in healthy individuals by means of tDCS may improve our understanding of the mechanistic basis of verbal working memory deficits in patients with cerebellar lesions.

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(Résumé de l'ouvrage) L'apport fondamental de Jean Ansaldi pour la théologie n'est plus à démontrer. Ce livre réunit une vingtaine de spécialistes qui l'ont tous connu de près. Si pour Ansaldi, aucun savoir sur Dieu et sur l'homme n'est possible avant la rencontre entre un «je en perdition» et un «Christ en recherche de ma vie», cette rencontre n'a lieu que hors langage: on ne peut en parler qu'après coup, dans une langue toujours dépendante du contexte culturel. C'est une des raisons pour laquelle notre théologien s'est tant intéressé à la psychanalyse lacanienne. Il a su faire dialoguer ainsi éthique et psychanalyse de manière fructueuse. Dans ce livre chaque contribution développe, discute et prolonge des chantiers ouverts par lui. Ainsi une réflexion critique de François Vouga sur l'articulation supposée entre la maladie et le pêché, la foi et la guérison. Un débat proposé par Elian Cuvillier sur la question du mal, présent au coeur du monde. Une discussion sur le concept de Loi, qui désigne l'Autre et ne renvoie plus seulement à soi par Eric Fuchs ou encore un bel article de Pierre Bühler sur la place de l'humour laissé par la psychanalyse à l'éthique.

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The rate of teenagers who engage in sports activity on a regular basis has decreased since ten years, whereas the rate of overweight and obesity is steadily increasing. This paper discusses the meaning as well as the limits of sports activity during adolescence. Guidelines for sports participation include: a discussion of the frequency and duration of sports training sessions, which have to be adapted to the growth and pubertal stage of the adolescent. Any symptoms suggesting overuse should be tackled seriously. Physician's counselling in the field of protective behaviour (injury prevention) is effective. Finally, the majority of chronic conditions are compatible with moderate sports activity.

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