An algebraic operator approach to the analysis of Gerber-Shiu functions

We introduce an algebraic operator framework to study discounted penalty functions in renewal risk models. For inter-arrival and claim size distributions with rational Laplace transform, the usual integral equation is transformed into a boundary value problem, which is solved by symbolic techniques. The factorization of the differential operator can be lifted to the level of boundary value problems, amounting to iteratively solving first-order problems. This leads to an explicit expression for the Gerber-Shiu function in terms of the penalty function.

La construction argumentative des émotions dans les débats parlementaires français sur l'abolition de la peine de mort

Ce travail se situe au carrefour de la rhétorique, des théories de l'argumentation et de la linguistique du discours : il s'intéresse aux modalités diverses selon lesquelles une émotion peut être sémiotisée par un locuteur, et cela dans le cadre spécifique d'un discours de type argumentatif. Le questionnement vise à reprendre à nouveaux frais le concept rhétorique de pathos et porte, de façon générale, sur les rapports complexes qui unissent l'argumentation, d'une part, et l'émotion, d'autre part. L'hypothèse développée a trait à ce que l'on peut appeler l'argumentabilité des émotions. Les locuteurs ne font pas seulement « appel » à l'émotion dans le but d'accroître l'efficacité d'une argumentation visant à établir le bien-fondé d'une opinion ou l'opportunité d'une action : ils peuvent aussi, dans certains cas, chercher à argumenter pour ou contre l'émotion elle-même. Ils s'efforcent alors de formuler les raisons pour lesquelles il convient ou, au contraire, il ne convient pas d'éprouver cette émotion. La construction de l'émotion est dite « argumentative », dans le sens où l'émotion en vient à constituer l'objet même de l'argumentation : l'effort argumentatif des locuteurs porte moins sur des dispositions à croire et à agir que sur des dispositions à ressentir. Parler de l'« argumentabilité » des émotions, c'est insister sur le fait - essentiel, mais rarement relevé - que les émotions donnent elles aussi prise aux opérations argumentatives que l'on recense traditionnellement (mise en doute quant à la légitimité, justification ou, au contraire, tentative de réfutation). Ce travail ne vise pas seulement à apporter une contribution théorique aux études sur l'argumentation : il entend aussi mettre en pratique l'analyse argumentative sur un corpus de textes. Il s'agit des comptes-rendus écrits des principaux débats parlementaires français relatifs à l'abolition de la peine de mort (1791, 1848, 1908 et 1981). Bien qu'il s'échelonne sur une période de près de deux siècles, ce corpus présente une forte cohésion, dans la mesure où les textes qui le composent traitent d'un même thème et appartiennent à un même genre de discours. Cette cohésion est essentielle, dans la mesure où elle autorise une pratique raisonnée de la comparaison en diachronie : l'enjeu est de décrire l'évolution des stratégies argumentatives à travers le temps. Observé sur une longue durée, le pathos que développent les parlementaires favorables ou au contraire hostiles à l'abolition présente des visages multiples. On cherche à décrire aussi rigoureusement que possible la logique qui, lors de chaque débat, préside à la construction d'émotions comme la peur, la pitié, l'indignation ou encore la honte.

Influence of operator experience on performance of ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy.

The purpose was to evaluate the influence of radiologist's experience on the diagnostic yield and complications of a percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) method. Six hundred patients underwent an ultrasound-guided PLB by an inexperienced operator in 25.2% of cases (experience of less than 15 percutaneous liver biopsies performed alone--group I) or by an experienced operator (experience of more than 150 percutaneous liver biopsies--group II). The two groups were well-matched with respect to sex, age, percentage with viral hepatitis without histological cirrhosis, number of needle passes, history of liver biopsy and pain before the biopsy. A histological diagnosis was available in 97.3% of cases without any significant difference between the two groups ( P=0.25). However, group II samples were significantly longer and contained more portal tracts ( P=0.01). Pain was mild immediately and 6 h after the biopsy, without significant difference between both groups. Eight vasovagal reactions (five in group II) and one arteriobiliary fistula (in group II) occurred. With the method of PLB used for this study, operator's experience did not influence either the final histological diagnosis or the degree of pain suffered.

An operator formulation of the multiscale finite-volume method with correction function

The multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) method has been derived to efficiently solve large problems with spatially varying coefficients. The fine-scale problem is subdivided into local problems that can be solved separately and are coupled by a global problem. This algorithm, in consequence, shares some characteristics with two-level domain decomposition (DD) methods. However, the MSFV algorithm is different in that it incorporates a flux reconstruction step, which delivers a fine-scale mass conservative flux field without the need for iterating. This is achieved by the use of two overlapping coarse grids. The recently introduced correction function allows for a consistent handling of source terms, which makes the MSFV method a flexible algorithm that is applicable to a wide spectrum of problems. It is demonstrated that the MSFV operator, used to compute an approximate pressure solution, can be equivalently constructed by writing the Schur complement with a tangential approximation of a single-cell overlapping grid and incorporation of appropriate coarse-scale mass-balance equations.

A prospective observational study comparing a non-operator dependent automatic PWV analyser to pulse pressure, in assessing arterial stiffness in hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) accelerates vascular stiffening related to age. Arterial stiffness may be evaluated measuring the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) or more simply, as recommended by KDOQI, monitoring pulse pressure (PP). Both correlate to survival and incidence of cardiovascular disease. PWV can also be estimated on the brachial artery using a Mobil-O-Graph; a non-operator dependent automatic device. The aim was to analyse whether, in a dialysis population, PWV obtained by Mobil-O-Graph (MogPWV) is more sensitive for vascular aging than PP. METHODS: A cohort of 143 patients from 4 dialysis units has been followed measuring MogPWV and PP every 3 to 6 months and compared to a control group with the same risk factors but an eGFR > 30 ml/min. RESULTS: MogPWV contrarily to PP did discriminate the dialysis population from the control group. The mean difference translated in age between the two populations was 8.4 years. The increase in MogPWV, as a function of age, was more rapid in the dialysis group. 13.3% of the dialysis patients but only 3.0% of the control group were outliers for MogPWV. The mortality rate (16 out of 143) was similar in outliers and inliers (7.4 and 8.0%/year). Stratifying patients according to MogPWV, a significant difference in survival was seen. A high parathormone (PTH) and to be dialysed for a hypertensive nephropathy were associated to a higher baseline MogPWV. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing PWV on the brachial artery using a Mobil-O-Graph is a valid and simple alternative, which, in the dialysis population, is more sensitive for vascular aging than PP. As demonstrated in previous studies PWV correlates to mortality. Among specific CKD risk factors only PTH is associated with a higher baseline PWV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02327962.