The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution.

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.

Depression, migraine with aura and migraine without aura: their familiality and interrelatedness.

Migraine is frequently comorbid with depression. There appear to be common aetiological factors for both disorders, but the aetiology of migraine within depressed patients, in particular the significance of aura, has been little studied. A large sample of concordantly depressed sibling pairs [the Depression-Network (DeNT) sample] was assessed as having migraine with aura (MA), migraine without aura (MoA), probable migraine or no migraine according to International Headache Society guidelines. Correlations between siblings' migraine status were used to assess the nature of familial liability to migraine. A multiple threshold isocorrelational model fit best, in which different syndromes are conceptualized as different severities of one underlying dimension rather than as having separate aetiologies. Thus, MA and MoA were found to be different forms of the same disorder, with MA occupying the more extreme end of the spectrum of liability. Implications for our understanding of the relationship between migraine and depression are discussed.

The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.

PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status is the key prognostic molecular marker in rhabdomyosarcoma and significantly improves current risk stratification.

PURPOSE: To improve the risk stratification of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) through the use of clinical and molecular biologic data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two independent data sets of gene-expression profiling for 124 and 101 patients with RMS were used to derive prognostic gene signatures by using a meta-analysis. These and a previously published metagene signature were evaluated by using cross validation analyses. A combined clinical and molecular risk-stratification scheme that incorporated the PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status was derived from 287 patients with RMS and evaluated. RESULTS: We showed that our prognostic gene-expression signature and the one previously published performed well with reproducible and significant effects. However, their effect was reduced when cross validated or tested in independent data and did not add new prognostic information over the fusion gene status, which is simpler to assay. Among nonmetastatic patients, patients who were PAX3/FOXO1 positive had a significantly poorer outcome compared with both alveolar-negative and PAX7/FOXO1-positive patients. Furthermore, a new clinicomolecular risk score that incorporated fusion gene status (negative and PAX3/FOXO1 and PAX7/FOXO1 positive), Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study TNM stage, and age showed a significant increase in performance over the current risk-stratification scheme. CONCLUSION: Gene signatures can improve current stratification of patients with RMS but will require complex assays to be developed and extensive validation before clinical application. A significant majority of their prognostic value was encapsulated by the fusion gene status. A continuous risk score derived from the combination of clinical parameters with the presence or absence of PAX3/FOXO1 represents a robust approach to improving current risk-adapted therapy for RMS.

De la stratification sociale à la mobilité : une analyse du positionnement professionnel perçu

Avant-propos : De nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur les inégalités factuelles des structures sociales, comprenant aussi bien l'aspect statique de la stratification sociale que l'aspect dynamique de la mobilité sociale (voir par exemple Levy et Suter, 2002, Lemel, 1991, Erikson et Goldthorpe, 1992, Esping-Andersen, 1993). Par contre, les recherches portant sur la perception, par les acteurs, des inégalités des structures sociales sont en comparaison peu nombreuses en ce qui concerne les représentations de la stratification sociale (Levy et al., 1997, Lorenzi-Cioldi et Joye, 1988, Coxon, Davies et Jones, 1986, Zwicky, 1989) et presque inexistantes dans le cas des représentations de la mobilité sociale (Attias-Donfut et Wolff, 2001). La présente recherche se propose d'étudier simultanément la perception de la stratification sociale et de la mobilité sociale intragénérationnelle par les acteurs en intégrant le caractère multidimensionnel du système d'inégalités. Elle défend la thèse fondamentale d'une double origine des inégalités perçues, qui participeraient à la fois d'aspects macrosociaux et mésosociaux de la stratification sociale, les premiers portant sur la structure sociale dans son ensemble, les seconds sur une partie seulement de celle-ci (voir par exemple Kelley et Evans, 1995, Levy, 2002). Dans une perspective systémique, on se trouverait, à côté de la structure macrosociale, en présence de sous-systèmes mésosociaux, de portée restreinte. La perception de la stratification sociale dépendrait alors du cadre de référence adopté par les acteurs, selon qu'il porte sur le système dans son ensemble ou sur un sous-système. Un des objectifs de cette recherche sera d'établir que la pertinence des cadres de référence macrosocial et mésosocial est étroitement liée à la lecture statique ou dynamique de la stratification sociale. Dans le cas statique, celui du positionnement, les représentations sociales s'articuleraient autour des inégalités macrosociales, tenant compte du système dans son ensemble, tandis que dans le cas dynamique, celui de la mobilité ou de l'évolution du positionnement, les inégalités mésosociales, propres aux sous-systèmes, l'emporteraient. D'une part, la perception du positionnement social dépendrait de l'insertion de l'acteur dans la structure sociale, comprise dans son ensemble, et reproduirait les inégalités factuelles macrosociales, telles qu'elles apparaissent par exemple au travers des catégories socioprofessionnelles. D'autre part, la perception du parcours de mobilité ? conservation, amélioration ou dégradation de la position perçue ? resterait indépendante des changements macrosociaux de l'insertion, mais relèverait avant tout de déterminants propres à l'environnement social immédiat de l'acteur. L'environnement de l'acteur, en tant qu'il s'inscrit dans une partie restreinte de la structure sociale, permettrait de saisir les inégalités mésosociales. L'expérience, par les acteurs, de ces deux aspects de la structure sociale conduirait à la mise en place de deux types d'inégalités perçues irréductibles les unes aux autres dans la mesure où le système macrosocial et les sous-systèmes mésosociaux présentent une certaine autonomie. Cette autonomie peut être vue d'une part en rapport avec l'importance propre des organisations de nature mésosociale - en particulier les entreprises - dans les sociétés contemporaines (Sainsaulieu et Segrestin, 1986, Perrow, 1991), d'autre part en relation avec l'hétérogénéité que ces dernières induisent en termes de segmentation du marché de l'emploi (Baron et Bielby, 1980). Dans une large mesure, les organisations intermédiaires se distinguent ainsi de la structure sociale prise dans son ensemble: plutôt que de reproduire les inégalités macrosociales, elles constitueraient des systèmes d'inégalités indépendants, notamment quant à la régulation des parcours professionnels (Bertaux, 1977). Ainsi, la perception de la structure sociale ne se réduirait pas aux seuls facteurs macrosociaux, mais dépendrait, en l'absence d'un modèle d'organisation mésosocial unique, de la diversité des structures intermédiaires. On peut d'ailleurs supposer que la prise en compte des organisations mésosociales est susceptible de pallier la faiblesse des explications classiques en termes macrosociologiques, relevées par les tenants des thèses avançant le déclin du pouvoir structurant de la stratification sociale ou du travail (voir Levy, 2002 et, sur les thèses citées, par exemple Beck, 1983, Matthes, 1983, Berger et Hradil, 1990, Clark et Lipset, 1991). En effet, dans la mesure où l'acteur serait plus souvent confronté aux structures de son environnement social immédiat plutôt qu'à la structure sociale dans son ensemble, la perception pourrait dépendre en premier lieu de facteurs mésosociaux, susceptibles de supplanter ou, à tout le moins, d'atténuer l'effet des facteurs macrosociaux. Une telle approche permet de conserver une lecture structurelle de la perception du positionnement en enrichissant la relation classique entre structure macrosociale et acteur d'une composante mésosociologique, évitant ainsi le recours à une explication culturelle ad hoc Dès lors, la principale question de recherche s'adresse au lien entre structure sociale factuelle et structure sociale perçue. Dans la perspective statique du positionnement, l'effet des structures mésosociales serait tel qu'il se superposerait à la détermination macrosociale de la perception, sans pour autant subvertir la hiérarchie des positions induites par les catégories socioprofessionnelles. Dans la perspective dynamique, en revanche, les changements liés à l'insertion mésosociale peuvent l'emporter sur l'immobilité ou la mobilité définies en termes macrosociologiques. D'une part, en supposant que les plans mésosocial et macrosocial agissent de manière plus ou moins autonome sur la perception, l'amélioration, la conservation ou la dégradation de la position ne coïncide pas nécessairement selon ces deux plans. D'autre part, l'ampleur de la mobilité perçue due à l'écart entre le positionnement mésosocial passé et actuel peut dépasser celle qui est liée à la mobilité macrosociale, surtout si cette dernière est de faible distance. Le passage de la perspective statique à la perspective dynamique peut dès lors être vu comme un moyen de faire apparaître le rôle fondamental joué par les structures mésosociales au sein de la stratification sociale. L'orientation de la recherche consistera d'abord à mettre en évidence, par-delà les différences macrosociales des représentations des positions professionnelles, les variations de la perception au sein des catégories socioprofessionnelles. Ces étapes montreront, à différents égards, que les représentations se singularisent en relation avec l'insertion mésosociale de l'acteur. On verra également que la perception de la mobilité échappe à une détermination macrosociale, mais qu'elle présente une cohérence mésosociale certaine. Ces résultats, insistant sur la prise en compte des structures mésosociales, nous amèneront enfin à un examen systématique des déterminants de la perception du positionnement et du parcours de mobilité, mettant en oeuvre une variété de facteurs explicatifs dépassant un cadre d'analyse purement structurel. La recherche débute par une discussion de la place qui revient à une étude des représentations du parcours professionnel dans le champ des travaux sur la stratification et la mobilité sociale, en particulier sa justification théorique et empirique, et la formulation des hypothèses de recherche (chapitre 1). Elle se poursuit par la présentation de l'échantillonnage et des variables utilisées (chapitre 2). Le traitement des hypothèses de recherche fait l'objet de trois chapitres distincts. Chaque hypothèse s'accompagne, en plus des développements liés à son examen, d'une introduction et d'une conclusion spécifiques. Le premier (chapitre 3) porte sur la perception de la stratification sociale des positions professionnelles, le second (chapitre 4) sur la perception du parcours de mobilité et le troisième (chapitre 5) sur les déterminants sociologiques de la perception des inégalités liées au positionnement et à la mobilité professionnels. Enfin, au traitement des hypothèses fait suite la conclusion de la recherche (chapitre 6).

A genetic risk score combining 32 SNPs is associated with body mass index and improves obesity prediction in people with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is strongly associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and various other diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple risk loci robustly associated with body mass index (BMI). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether a genetic risk score (GRS) combining multiple BMI risk loci might have utility in prediction of obesity in patients with MDD. METHODS: Linear and logistic regression models were conducted to predict BMI and obesity, respectively, in three independent large case-control studies of major depression (Radiant, GSK-Munich, PsyCoLaus). The analyses were first performed in the whole sample and then separately in depressed cases and controls. An unweighted GRS was calculated by summation of the number of risk alleles. A weighted GRS was calculated as the sum of risk alleles at each locus multiplied by their effect sizes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the discriminatory ability of predictors of obesity. RESULTS: In the discovery phase, a total of 2,521 participants (1,895 depressed patients and 626 controls) were included from the Radiant study. Both unweighted and weighted GRS were highly associated with BMI (P <0.001) but explained only a modest amount of variance. Adding 'traditional' risk factors to GRS significantly improved the predictive ability with the area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC analysis, increasing from 0.58 to 0.66 (95% CI, 0.62-0.68; χ(2) = 27.68; P <0.0001). Although there was no formal evidence of interaction between depression status and GRS, there was further improvement in AUC in the ROC analysis when depression status was added to the model (AUC = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.68-0.73; χ(2) = 28.64; P <0.0001). We further found that the GRS accounted for more variance of BMI in depressed patients than in healthy controls. Again, GRS discriminated obesity better in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. We later replicated these analyses in two independent samples (GSK-Munich and PsyCoLaus) and found similar results. CONCLUSIONS: A GRS proved to be a highly significant predictor of obesity in people with MDD but accounted for only modest amount of variance. Nevertheless, as more risk loci are identified, combining a GRS approach with information on non-genetic risk factors could become a useful strategy in identifying MDD patients at higher risk of developing obesity.

Clinical trial designs for rare diseases: studies developed and discussed by the International Rare Cancers Initiative.

BACKGROUND: The past three decades have seen rapid improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of most cancers and the most important contributor has been research. Progress in rare cancers has been slower, not least because of the challenges of undertaking research. SETTINGS: The International Rare Cancers Initiative (IRCI) is a partnership which aims to stimulate and facilitate the development of international clinical trials for patients with rare cancers. It is focused on interventional--usually randomized--clinical trials with the clear goal of improving outcomes for patients. The key challenges are organisational and methodological. A multi-disciplinary workshop to review the methods used in ICRI portfolio trials was held in Amsterdam in September 2013. Other as-yet unrealised methods were also discussed. RESULTS: The IRCI trials are each presented to exemplify possible approaches to designing credible trials in rare cancers. Researchers may consider these for use in future trials and understand the choices made for each design. INTERPRETATION: Trials can be designed using a wide array of possibilities. There is no 'one size fits all' solution. In order to make progress in the rare diseases, decisions to change practice will have to be based on less direct evidence from clinical trials than in more common diseases.

Glutamine and antioxidants in the critically ill patient: a post hoc analysis of a large-scale randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The recent large randomized controlled trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation suggested that high-dose glutamine is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients with multiorgan failure. The objectives of the present analyses were to reevaluate the effect of supplementation after controlling for baseline covariates and to identify potentially important subgroup effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a post hoc analysis of a prospective factorial 2 × 2 randomized trial conducted in 40 intensive care units in North America and Europe. In total, 1223 mechanically ventilated adult patients with multiorgan failure were randomized to receive glutamine, antioxidants, both glutamine and antioxidants, or placebo administered separate from artificial nutrition. We compared each of the 3 active treatment arms (glutamine alone, antioxidants alone, and glutamine + antioxidants) with placebo on 28-day mortality. Post hoc, treatment effects were examined within subgroups defined by baseline patient characteristics. Logistic regression was used to estimate treatment effects within subgroups after adjustment for baseline covariates and to identify treatment-by-subgroup interactions (effect modification). RESULTS: The 28-day mortality rates in the placebo, glutamine, antioxidant, and combination arms were 25%, 32%, 29%, and 33%, respectively. After adjusting for prespecified baseline covariates, the adjusted odds ratio of 28-day mortality vs placebo was 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.1, P = .05), 1.2 (0.8-1.8, P = .40), and 1.4 (0.9-2.0, P = .09) for glutamine, antioxidant, and glutamine plus antioxidant arms, respectively. In the post hoc subgroup analysis, both glutamine and antioxidants appeared most harmful in patients with baseline renal dysfunction. No subgroups suggested reduced mortality with supplements. CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for baseline covariates, early provision of high-dose glutamine administered separately from artificial nutrition was not beneficial and may be associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients with multiorgan failure. For both glutamine and antioxidants, the greatest potential for harm was observed in patients with multiorgan failure that included renal dysfunction upon study enrollment.

Clinical determinants of early parasitological response to ACTs in African patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a literature review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). METHODS: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. RESULTS: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5-64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8-8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5-1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08-1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P <0.001); fever (>37.5 °C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06-2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21-3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38-5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14-4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). CONCLUSIONS: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.

Reticular dysgenesis-associated AK2 protects hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell development from oxidative stress.

Adenylate kinases (AKs) are phosphotransferases that regulate the cellular adenine nucleotide composition and play a critical role in the energy homeostasis of all tissues. The AK2 isoenzyme is expressed in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and is mutated in reticular dysgenesis (RD), a rare form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in humans. RD is characterized by a maturation arrest in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, leading to early onset, recurrent, and overwhelming infections. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of RD, we studied the effects of AK2 deficiency using the zebrafish model and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of an RD patient. In zebrafish, Ak2 deficiency affected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) development with increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. AK2-deficient iPSCs recapitulated the characteristic myeloid maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage and demonstrated an increased AMP/ADP ratio, indicative of an energy-depleted adenine nucleotide profile. Antioxidant treatment rescued the hematopoietic phenotypes in vivo in ak2 mutant zebrafish and restored differentiation of AK2-deficient iPSCs into mature granulocytes. Our results link hematopoietic cell fate in AK2 deficiency to cellular energy depletion and increased oxidative stress. This points to the potential use of antioxidants as a supportive therapeutic modality for patients with RD.

Third International Congress on Epilepsy, Brain, and Mind: Part 2.

Epilepsy is both a disease of the brain and the mind. Here, we present the second of two papers with extended summaries of selected presentations of the Third International Congress on Epilepsy, Brain and Mind (April 3-5, 2014; Brno, Czech Republic). Humanistic, biologic, and therapeutic aspects of epilepsy, particularly those related to the mind, were discussed. The extended summaries provide current overviews of epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and treatment, including brain functional connectivity and functional organization; juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; cognitive problems in newly diagnosed epilepsy; SUDEP including studies on prevention and involvement of the serotoninergic system; aggression and antiepileptic drugs; body, mind, and brain, including pain, orientation, the "self-location", Gourmand syndrome, and obesity; euphoria, obsessions, and compulsions; and circumstantiality and psychiatric comorbidities.

Use of the EpiNet database for observational study of status epilepticus in Auckland, New Zealand.

The EpiNet project has been established to facilitate investigator-initiated clinical research in epilepsy, to undertake epidemiological studies, and to simultaneously improve the care of patients who have records created within the EpiNet database. The EpiNet database has recently been adapted to collect detailed information regarding status epilepticus. An incidence study is now underway in Auckland, New Zealand in which the incidence of status epilepticus in the greater Auckland area (population: 1.5 million) will be calculated. The form that has been developed for this study can be used in the future to collect information for randomized controlled trials in status epilepticus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".