Der Einfluss des Ernährungswissens auf Nahrungsmittelpräferenzen bei Kindern: Eine experimentelle Untersuchung

Adipöse Kinder zeigen stärkere Präferenzen für und einen größeren Konsum fetthaltiger Nahrungsmittel. Die aktuelle Studie untersucht, ob Ernährungswissen die Präferenz für Nahrungsmittel beeinflusst. 59 Kinder nahmen an der experimentellen Untersuchung teil, in der Comicfiguren als konditionierte Reize und Nahrungsmittelbilder als unkonditionierte Reize dienten. Relative Präferenzen für die Comicfiguren wurden vor und nach gepaarter Präsentation und das Ernährungswissen mittels Fragebogen erfasst. Das Ernährungswissen scheint die Veränderung der Präferenzen zu beeinflussen. Vor allem die Veränderung der Präferenz für die mit dem fettarmen Nahrungsmittel gepaarte Comicfigur kann dadurch vorhergesagt werden. Ernährungswissen scheint die Attraktivität des fettarmen Nahrungsmittels zu steigern und somit Präferenz für das Nahrungsmittel zu beeinflussen. Es ist daher von Relevanz, dass in Interventionen bei kindlicher Adipositas über gesunde Ernährung aufgeklärt wird. Zukünftige Forschung soll weitere potentielle Einflussvariablen untersuchen.

Zapfen-Stäbchen-Dystrophie durch eine neue reinerbige RPE65-Mutation in Leberscher kongenitaler Amaurose Cone-Rod Dystrophy Caused by a Novel Homozygous RPE65 Mutation in Leber Congenital Amaurosis.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe an unexpected phenotype in a family with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) due to a retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa (RPE65) homozygous mutation. History and Signs: We analyzed a family from Yemen in which 3 individuals were affected with LCA. Linkage analysis using markers flanking the known LCA genes was done, followed by direct sequencing of RPE65. Therapy and Outcome: Severe visual impairment and night blindness were observed during infancy. We observed photophobia only in the 8-year-old patient. The youngest affected had bilateral hyperopia of + 3.50 and visual acuity of 1/60. The oldest two had visual acuity limited to hand movements in the right eye (OD) and counting fingers in the left eye (OS) for the oldest and of 5/60 OD, 6/60 OS for the other. They showed disc pallor, attenuated vessels, white flecks in the retina mid-periphery and bull's eye maculopathy. ERGs of the oldest child were completely unresponsive. Genomic sequencing identified a novel homozygous missense mutation, IVS2-3C > G, in the second RPE65 intron. Conclusions: We identified a novel LCA-related homozygous RPE65 mutation associated with a severe clinical presentation including an early and severe cone dysfunction. This is in contrast with the presentation associated with other RPE65 mutations predominantly causing rod-cone dystrophy with residual visual function.

Early disturbances of gamma band dynamics in mild cognitive impairment.

Recent studies have indicated that gamma band oscillations participate in the temporal binding needed for the synchronization of cortical networks involved in short-term memory and attentional processes. To date, no study has explored the temporal dynamics of gamma band in the early stages of dementia. At baseline, gamma band analysis was performed in 29 cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during the n-back task. Based on phase diagrams, multiple linear regression models were built to explore the relationship between the cognitive status and gamma oscillation changes over time. Individual measures of phase diagram complexity were made using fractal dimension values. After 1 year, all cases were assessed neuropsychologically using the same battery. A total of 16 MCI patients showed progressive cognitive decline (PMCI) and 13 remained stable (SMCI). When adjusted for gamma values at lag -2, and -3 ms, PMCI cases displayed significantly lower average changes in gamma values than SMCI cases both in detection and 2-back tasks. Gamma fractal dimension of PMCI cases displayed significantly higher gamma fractal dimension values compared to SMCI cases. This variable explained 11.8% of the cognitive variability in this series. Our data indicate that the progression of cognitive decline in MCI is associated with early deficits in temporal binding that occur during the activation of selective attention processes.