Chemical sensing in Drosophila.

Chemical sensing begins when peripheral receptor proteins recognise specific environmental stimuli and translate them into spatial and temporal patterns of sensory neuron activity. The chemosensory system of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become a dominant model to understand this process, through its accessibility to a powerful combination of molecular, genetic and electrophysiological analysis. Recent results have revealed many surprises in the biology of peripheral chemosensation in Drosophila, including novel structural and signalling properties of the insect odorant receptors (ORs), combinatorial mechanisms of chemical recognition by the gustatory receptors (GRs), and the implication of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels as a novel class of chemosensory receptors.

Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer.

The risk of endometrial cancer in relation to cigarette consumption was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study of breast and genital neoplasms conducted in Milan, northern Italy. For the present analysis, 357 women (cases) with histologically confirmed endometrial cancer were compared to a group of 1122 women (controls) admitted for a large spectrum of acute conditions unrelated to smoking or to any of the known or potential risk factors for endometrial cancer. Compared with never-smokers, the multivariate relative risk estimates were for current 0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.70] and 0.86 (95% CI = 0.50-1.46) for ex-smokers. The negative association of endometrial cancer with current smoking was not influenced by menopausal status as well as by other major identified potential confounding factors, i.e. menstrual and reproductive history, body mass index, oral contraceptive or estrogen replacement therapy use and family gynecologic cancer history. However, there was no evidence of a dose-risk effect, since the relative risks were similar in moderate and heavy smokers. The present study confirms that smoking is less frequent in cases hospitalized for endometrial cancer than in a comparison group of patients with non-smoking-related acute conditions. This negative association is perhaps explained in terms of reduced estrogen levels in smokers, though the influence and the importance of some uncontrolled selection bias (due, for instance, to longer hospital stay of smokers even when admission diagnosis was for non-smoking-related conditions) cannot be ruled out.

Incidence, complications and risk factors for severe falls in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Falls have been insufficiently studied in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). This study assessed the incidence and complications of severe falls and the ability of risk factors, including the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) test, to predict them in this population. METHODS: All patients on MHD from our centre were asked to participate in this survey. POMA test and a record of risk factors for falls were obtained at baseline. Severe falls, as defined by an admission in an emergency ward, were documented prospectively. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (median age 69.5 years, minimum 26 years, maximum 85 years) were enrolled. Predialytic POMA scores were low (median 20, minimum 5, maximum 26). After a mean follow-up of 20.6 months (142.2 patient-years), 31 severe falls were recorded in 24 patients (28.6%; incidence 0.22 per patient-year) and complicated by fractures in 54.8% of severe falls. In univariate analysis, age, a past history of falls, malnutrition, depression, but not POMA score, were associated with severe falls. A POMA score of >21 had a negative predictive value of 82%. CONCLUSIONS: Severe falls were common in MHD patients in this study and resulted in fractures in >50% of the cases. They were associated with ageing, a past history of falls, malnutrition and depression. Although there was a trend towards a lower POMA score in fallers as compared to non-fallers, the POMA score was not an independent predictor of severe falls in this study. These data may help to stratify the patient's risk of falling in order to target programmes to prevent falls in this population.

A multicentre, retrospective case-control study assessing the role of trabecular bone score (TBS) in menopausal Caucasian women with low areal bone mineral density (BMDa): Analysing the odds of vertebral fracture.

INTRODUCTION: The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a new parameter that is determined from grey level analysis of DXA images. It relies on the mean thickness and volume fraction of trabecular bone microarchitecture. This was a preliminary case-control study to evaluate the potential diagnostic value of TBS, both alone and combined with bone mineral density (BMDa), in the assessment of vertebral fracture. METHODS: Out of a subject pool of 441 Caucasian, postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 80 years, we identified 42 women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures, and compared them with 126 age-matched women without any fractures (1 case: 3 controls). Primary outcomes were BMDa and TBS. Inter-group comparisons were undertaken using Student's t-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Odds ratios for vertebral fracture were calculated for each incremental one standard deviation decrease in BMDa and TBS, and areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) calculated and sensitivity analysis were conducted to compare BMDa alone, TBS alone, and the combination of BMDa and TBS. Subgroup analyses were performed specifically for women with osteopenia, and for women with T-score-defined osteoporosis. RESULTS: Across all subjects (n=42, 126) weight and body mass index were greater and BMDa and TBS both less in women with fractures. The odds of vertebral fracture were 3.20 (95% CI, 2.01-5.08) for each incremental decrease in TBS, 1.95 (1.34-2.84) for BMDa, and 3.62 (2.32-5.65) for BMDa + TBS combined. The AUC was greater for TBS than for BMDa (0.746 vs. 0.662, p=0.011). At iso-specificity (61.9%) or iso-sensitivity (61.9%) for both BMDa and TBS, TBS + BMDa sensitivity or specificity was 19.1% or 16.7% greater than for either BMDa or TBS alone. Among subjects with osteoporosis (n=11, 40) both BMDa (p=0.0008) and TBS (p=0.0001) were lower in subjects with fractures, and both OR and AUC (p=0.013) for BMDa + TBS were greater than for BMDa alone (OR=4.04 [2.35-6.92] vs. 2.43 [1.49-3.95]; AUC=0.835 [0.755-0.897] vs. 0.718 [0.627-0.797], p=0.013). Among subjects with osteopenia, TBS was lower in women with fractures (p=0.0296), but BMDa was not (p=0.75). Similarly, the OR for TBS was statistically greater than 1.00 (2.82, 1.27-6.26), but not for BMDa (1.12, 0.56-2.22), as was the AUC (p=0.035), but there was no statistical difference in specificity (p=0.357) or sensitivity (p=0.678). CONCLUSIONS: The trabecular bone score warrants further study as to whether it has any clinical application in osteoporosis detection and the evaluation of fracture risk.

The novel proteins Rng8 and Rng9 regulate the myosin-V Myo51 during fission yeast cytokinesis.

The myosin-V family of molecular motors is known to be under sophisticated regulation, but our knowledge of the roles and regulation of myosin-Vs in cytokinesis is limited. Here, we report that the myosin-V Myo51 affects contractile ring assembly and stability during fission yeast cytokinesis, and is regulated by two novel coiled-coil proteins, Rng8 and Rng9. Both rng8Δ and rng9Δ cells display similar defects as myo51Δ in cytokinesis. Rng8 and Rng9 are required for Myo51's localizations to cytoplasmic puncta, actin cables, and the contractile ring. Myo51 puncta contain multiple Myo51 molecules and walk continuously on actin filaments in rng8(+) cells, whereas Myo51 forms speckles containing only one dimer and does not move efficiently on actin tracks in rng8Δ. Consistently, Myo51 transports artificial cargos efficiently in vivo, and this activity is regulated by Rng8. Purified Rng8 and Rng9 form stable higher-order complexes. Collectively, we propose that Rng8 and Rng9 form oligomers and cluster multiple Myo51 dimers to regulate Myo51 localization and functions.

Tissue-based immune monitoring I: tumor core needle biopsies allow in-depth interrogation of the tumor microenvironment.

We sought to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of performing tissue-based immune characterization of the tumor microenvironment using CT-compatible needle biopsy material. Three independent biopsies were obtained intraoperatively from one metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer lesion of 7 consecutive patients undergoing surgical cytoreduction using a 16-gauge core biopsy needle. Core specimens were snap-frozen and subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) against human CD3, CD4, CD8, and FoxP3. A portion of the cores was used to isolate RNA for 1) real-time quantitative (q)PCR for CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, IL-10 and TGF-beta, 2) multiplexed PCR-based T cell receptor (TCR) CDR3 Vβ region spectratyping, and 3) gene expression profiling. Pearson's correlations were examined for immunohistochemistry and PCR gene expression, as well as for gene expression array data obtained from different tumor biopsies. Needle biopsy yielded sufficient tissue for all assays in all patients. IHC was highly reproducible and informative. Significant correlations were seen between the frequency of CD3+, CD8+ and FoxP3+ T cells by IHC with CD3ε, CD8A, and FoxP3 gene expression, respectively, by qPCR (r=0.61, 0.86, and 0.89; all p< 0.05). CDR3 spectratyping was feasible and highly reproducible in each tumor, and indicated a restricted repertoire for specific TCR Vβ chains in tumor-infiltrating T cells. Microarray gene expression revealed strong correlation between different biopsies collected from the same tumor. Our results demonstrate a feasible and reproducible method of immune monitoring using CT-compatible needle biopsies from tumor tissue, thereby paving the way for sophisticated translational studies during tumor biological therapy.

Le pays entre le Strymon et le Nestos du VIIe au IVe siècle avant J.-C. : étude géographique et historique

INTRODUCTION Le pays s'étendant entre le Strymon et le Nestos, c'est-à-dire la Thrace du sud-ouest, est une région montagneuse riche en mines d'or, d'argent, de fer, de cuivre et de plomb, qui dispose en outre de plusieurs vastes plaines fertiles. Un grand nombre de peuples indigènes habitaient dans ce pays et tiraient profit de ses richesses durant les époques archaïque et classique. Ces richesses sont également à l`origine de l'intérêt que portèrent plusieurs colons grecs à cette région. Le but de cet ouvrage n'est pas d'analyser de manière exhaustive l'histoire de la Thrace du sud-ouest. Ce sujet fait d'ailleurs l'objet de nombreuses investigations savantes internationales. En revanche, nous souhaitons approfondir certains aspects des relations que les peuples indigènes de cette région entretinrent avec les pouvoirs limitrophes, notamment avec l'île de Thasos et les autres cités grecques de la région, avec le royaume de Macédoine et, en dernier lieu, avec Athènes. Pour ce faire, nous étudierons dans un premier temps la topographie et les ressources naturelles de la région. Nous examinerons des problèmes portant sur l'identification des montagnes, des lacs et des rivières ainsi que sur la localisation de toponymes et de villes. Cet exposé, accompagné d'une carte, vise non seulement à rapprocher les toponymes actuels des toponymes transmis par les auteurs anciens mais aussi à enrichir nos connaissances relatives aux ressources naturelles de ces territoires. Où se trouvaient les zones minières principales et à quelles peuplades étaient-elles associées ? A quelle époque remontait leur exploitation ? On suppose souvent que ces mines cessèrent de fonctionner avant l'époque impériale. Cette hypothèse est-elle correcte ? Le but principal du premier chapitre de cette étude est de rassembler les données de nature archéologique et géologique relatives à l'exploitation des mines de la région concernée en les associant aux nombreux témoignages fournis par les auteurs antiques. Le deuxième chapitre concerne le peuplement du pays étudié. Nous nous efforcerons d'apporter des précisions sur l'origine des populations indigènes et sur la date approximative de leur installation dans la région. En se fondant sur les nombreuses informations que nous avons réunies, nous nous pencherons en particulier sur les questions relatives à la situation géographique de ces populations. Les richesses et la position stratégique de la Thrace du sud-ouest attirèrent de nombreux prétendants d`origines différentes. La vision que l`on a de la Thrace du sud-ouest aux époques archaïque et classique est le plus souvent celle d'un pays habité par des populations thraces hostiles envers les Grecs, et plus particulièrement envers les Athéniens. Est-ce qu'est cette image exacte ? En s'appuyant sur les sources littéraires et archéologiques, le troisième chapitre propose une discussion sur les premiers contacts que les divers peuples établis dans cette région établirent avec les Grecs venant de Thasos, d'Andros et d'Asie Mineure durant les VIIe et VIe siècles. Nous nous pencherons ensuite sur le rôle que jouèrent Macédoniens et Athéniens dans l'évolution du peuplement de cette région au cours du VIe siècle et au début du Ve siècle. Cette question, qui constitue le sujet du quatrième chapitre, a rendu nécessaire le réexamen du processus de l'expansion macédonienne vers l'est jusqu'au pays du Strymon. A quelle époque remonte cette expansion et quelles furent ses conséquences pour les peuples concernés? Nous allons aussi examiner le contexte historique du séjour de Pisistrate dans la région du Pangée et des rapports qu'entretint Miltiade Il avec les peuples indigènes et la Macédoine. Pour ce faire, nous nous fonderons sur l'apport des sources littéraires, épigraphiques et archéologiques. Les réponses à ces questions nous permettront ensuite, dans le cinquième chapitre, de nous interroger sur la nature des relations politiques et économiques des peuples indigènes avec Thasos, Athènes et la Macédoine dans le cadre de l'occupation perse en Thrace. Le sixième chapitre, quant à lui, se propose d`étudier l'équilibre politique et économique entre Athènes, Thasos et la Macédoine dans le territoire édonien et bisalte durant le Ve siècle. Nous nous proposons d`examiner les données témoignant de l'influence et du contrôle exercés par chacun de ces pouvoirs dans la région. Cette discussion soulève un certain nombre de questions historiques importantes. Quel rôle jouèrent les rois macédoniens dans le pays du Strymon ? Est-ce que l'entrée des cités grecques de Bisaltie dans la Ligue de Délos témoigne de l'affaiblissement du pouvoir du royaume de Macédoine, comme on le pense d'habitude ? Dans quelles zones furent actifs les Athéniens ? De quels appuis disposaient les Thasiens sur le continent avant et après la perte de leurs mines et emporia au profit des Athéniens (465-463) ? Cette discussion nous permettra aussi de faire une distinction claire entre les peuples indigènes annexés au royaume macédonien et ceux qui demeurèrent autonomes à partir de la fin du VIe siècle avant J.-C. En quoi consistait l'autonomie de ces Thraces et comment l'expliquer? L'histoire et l'organisation des ethnè thraces de la région suite à leur annexion au royaume macédonien durant le IVe siècle constituent le sujet du septième chapitre. La question de la présence athénienne dans cette région a provoqué de nombreux débats. Les savants modernes affirment souvent que les sources ne se réfèrent pas à l'existence d'une ville athénienne dans la région. Dans le huitième chapitre, nous réexaminerons les éléments de ce débat, qui touche directement au problème de la localisation de la cité prospère de Datos et des conditions historiques de la fondation de Philippes (357 avant J -C.). Enfin, nous traiterons la question du statut juridique des Athéniens présents dans la région. Bien que notre documentation sur ces sujets soit riche, elle demeure très fragmentaire. En effet, de nombreux ouvrages antiques qui traitaient de ce pays ne nous sont pas parvenus. Hormis les poèmes d"Eschyle Lycourgeia, d'[Euripide] Rhèsos et les histoires invraisemblables d'Asclepiades de Tragilos intitulées Tragodoumena, nous avons perdu des dizaines de livres historiques et géographiques rédigées par Hécatée, Hellanicos, Ephore, Eudoxe, Théopompe, Marsyas le Philippien, Armenidas, Hégisippos de Mekybema, Balakros, ainsi que Strabon, qui nous auraient certainement donné une image plus précise de l'histoire de la Thrace du sud-ouest au VIe siècle et à l'époque classique. La documentation relative à l'histoire politique, économique, sociale et géographique de la région nous fait défaut. Une autre difficulté majeure de notre travail consiste dans la nature complexe de l'histoire de la région elle-même. Enfin, une foule de questions de géographie historique et de topographie ne sont pas encore résolues. Toutes ces difficultés sont accentuées malheureusement par le manque de données archéologiques. Seul un petit nombre de sites, repérés grâce à des prospections de surface, ont fait l'objet de fouilles systématiques et de publications complètes. Il ne fait aucun doute que des recherches archéologiques nous fourniraient des indices permettant de répondre aux nombreuses questions historiques et géographiques encore en suspens. Pour tenter de pallier ces lacunes, nous avons réexaminé toutes les sources, repris l"inte1-prétation des passages litigieux et mis en valeur les résultats des nouvelles recherches.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings

BACKGROUND: In animal farming, respiratory disease has been associated with indoor air contaminants and an excess in FEV1 decline. Our aim was to determine the characteristics and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in never-smoking European farmers working inside animal confinement buildings. METHODS: A sample of participants in the European Farmers' Study was selected for a cross-sectional study assessing lung function and air contaminants. Dose-response relationships were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: COPD was found in 18 of 105 farmers (45.1 SD 11.7 years) (17.1%); 8 cases (7.6%) with moderate and 3 cases (2.9%) with severe disease. Dust and endotoxin showed a dose-response relationship with COPD, with the highest prevalence of COPD in subjects with high dust (low=7.9%/high=31.6%) and endotoxin exposure (low=10.5%/high=20.0%). This association was statistically significant for dust in the multivariate analysis (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.10-39.54). CONCLUSION: COPD in never-smoking animal farmers working inside confinement buildings is related to indoor dust exposure and may become severe. [Authors]

Biomechanical stability of a posterior-alone fixation technique after craniovertebral junction realignment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to investigate the biomechanical stability and fixation strength provided by a posterior approach reconstruction technique to realign the craniovertebral junction.¦METHODS: We tested seven human cadaver occipito-cervical spines (occiput-C4) by applying pure moments of ±1.5 Nm on a spine tester. Each specimen was tested in the following modes: 1) intact; 2) injured; 3) spacers alone at C1-C2 articulation (S); 4) spacers plus C1-C2 Posterior Instrumentation (S+PI); and 5) spacers plus C1-C2 posterior instrumentation plus midline wiring (S+PI+MLW). C1-C2 range of motion for each construct was obtained in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.¦RESULTS: In all the loading modes, S, S+PI, and S+PI+MLW constructs significantly reduced range of motion compared with the intact and injured condition (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between any of the three instrumentation constructs (P > 0.05).¦CONCLUSIONS: This study investigated the biomechanics of the posterior approach technique for realignment of the craniovertebral junction and also made comparisons with additional posterior fixations. The stand-alone spacers were stable in all three loading modes. Posterior instrumentation increased the stability as compared to stand-alone spacers. The third point of fixation, carried out by using midline wiring, increased the stability further. However, there was not much difference in the stability imparted with the midline wiring versus without. The present study highlights the biomechanics of this novel concept and reaffirms the view that distraction of the C1-C2 articular facets and direct articular joint atlantoaxial fixation would be an ideal method of management of basilar invagination.

Oxidation of methane at the CH4/H2O-(CO2) transition zone in the external part of the Central Alps, Switzerland: Evidence from stable isotope investigations

With the aim of understanding the mechanisms that control the metamorphic transition from the CH4- to the H2O-(CO2)-dominated fluid zone in the Helvetic domain of the Central Alps of Switzerland, fluid inclusions in quartz, illite ``crystallinity'' index, vitrinite reflectance, and the stable isotope compositions of vein and whole rock minerals and fluids trapped in quartz were investigated along four cross-sections. Increasing temperature during prograde metamorphism led to the formation of dry gas by hydrocarbon cracking in the CH4-zone. Fluid immiscibility in the H2O-CH4-(CO2)-NaCl system resulted in cogenetic, CH4- and H2O-dominated fluid inclusions. In the CH4-zone, fluids were trapped at temperatures <= 270 +/- 5 degrees C. The end of the CH4-zone is markedby a sudden increase of CO2 content in the gas phase of fluid inclusions. At temperatures > 270 +/- 5 degrees C, in the H2O-zone, the total amount of volatiles within the fluid decreased below 1 mol% with no immiscibility. This resulted m total homogenization temperatures of H2O-(CO2-CH4)-NaCl inclusions below 180 degrees C. Hydrogen isotope compositions of methane in fluid inclusion have delta D values of less than -100 parts per thousand in the CH4-zone, typical for an origin through cracking of higher hydrocarbons, but where the methane has not equilibrated with the pore water. delta D values of fluid inclusion water are around -40 parts per thousand., in isotopic equilibrium with phyllosilicates of the whole rocks. Within the CH4 to H2O(CO2) transition zone, delta D(H2O) values in fluid inclusions decrease to -130 parts per thousand interpreted to reflect the contribution of deuterium depleted water from methane oxidation. In the H2O-zone, delta D(H2O) values increase again towards an average of -30 parts per thousand which is again consistent with isotopic equilibrium with host-rock phyllosilicates. delta C-13 values of methane in fluid inclusions from the CH4-zone are around -27 parts per thousand in isotopic equilibrium with calcite in veins and whole rocks. The delta C-13(CH4) values decrease to less than -35 parts per thousand at the transition to the H2O-zone and are no longer in equilibrium with the carbonates in the whole rocks. delta C-13 values of CO, are variable but too low to be in equilibrium with the wall rock fluids, compatible with a contribution of CO2 from closed system oxidation of methane. Differences in isotopic composition between host-rock and Alpine fissure carbonate are generally small, suggesting that the amount of CO2 produced by oxidation of methane was small compared to the C-budget in the rocks and local pore fluids were buffered by the wall rocks during precipitation of calcite within the fissures. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Prediction of plant species distributions across six millennia.

The usefulness of species distribution models (SDMs) in predicting impacts of climate change on biodiversity is difficult to assess because changes in species ranges may take decades or centuries to occur. One alternative way to evaluate the predictive ability of SDMs across time is to compare their predictions with data on past species distributions. We use data on plant distributions, fossil pollen and current and mid-Holocene climate to test the ability of SDMs to predict past climate-change impacts. We find that species showing little change in the estimated position of their realized niche, with resulting good model performance, tend to be dominant competitors for light. Different mechanisms appear to be responsible for among-species differences in model performance. Confidence in predictions of the impacts of climate change could be improved by selecting species with characteristics that suggest little change is expected in the relationships between species occurrence and climate patterns.