Complex formation by the human RAD51C and XRCC3 recombination repair proteins.

In vertebrates, the RAD51 protein is required for genetic recombination, DNA repair, and cellular proliferation. Five paralogs of RAD51, known as RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, and XRCC3, have been identified and also shown to be required for recombination and genome stability. At the present time, however, very little is known about their biochemical properties or precise biological functions. As a first step toward understanding the roles of the RAD51 paralogs in recombination, the human RAD51C and XRCC3 proteins were overexpressed and purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells. The two proteins copurify as a complex, a property that reflects their endogenous association observed in HeLa cells. Purified RAD51C--XRCC3 complex binds single-stranded, but not duplex DNA, to form protein--DNA networks that have been visualized by electron microscopy.

Langages métaphoriques en formation et en thérapie : sur les traces d'Edith Tilmans-Ostyn

Préface / Gilbert Pregno - Représentations métaphoriques d'Edith Tilmans-Ostyn - La création du système formatif - Création de l'espace thérapeutique - S'il vous plaît, dessine-moi une métaphore ! - Les métaphores individuelles en formation - Les métaphores individuelles en thérapie - Les métaphores relationnelles en formation - Les métaphores relationnelles en thérapie - CONTES : Voyage au pays des contes - Les contes dans la postformation - Les contes en thérapie - LES SCULPTURES : Les sculptures - En formation - Et en thérapie familiale - Postface / Edith Tilmans-Ostyn

Does Influenza Vaccination Induce De Novo HLA Alloantibody Formation in Transplant Recipients?

Introduction: Infl uenza vaccination is recommended for all solid organ transplant recipients. However, some centers are reluctant to give annual vaccination due to concerns about precipitating rejection. A proposed mechanism of this is vaccineinduced development of cellular and humoral responses to donor HLA antigens. We studied the induction of HLA Ab in a cohort of lung transplant recipients receiving infl uenza vaccination. Methods: Adult lung transplant recipients were immunized with 0.5 mL intramuscular seasonal infl uenza vaccine followed by 0.1 mL intradermal booster at 4 weeks as part of a previous study. Sera were collected pre-vaccination and at 4, 8 weeks post-vaccination. Post-vaccination sera were analyzed for HLA Ab using fl owPRA specifi c beads (One Lambda Inc). A positive result was defi ned as 5%. Positive samples were further analyzed for antibody specifi city by single antigen bead testing. Pre-vaccination sera were tested only only if post-vaccination sample screen was positive for HLA Ab. The presence of HLA Ab was correlated to vaccine seroresponse and rejection episodes. Results: Sixty patients were included with equal numbers of men and women. Mean age of patients was 47.3 years (range 20.7-72.4). Median time post-transplant was 1.3 years (range 85 days - 17 years). One patient was excluded due to an uninterpretable baseline screen result. 16/59 (27.1%) patients were positive for HLA Ab both in both pre- and post-vaccination samples. Of these, 12/16 (75%) had antibody against HLA Class I (majority A30,A31,B27,B44), 2/16 (12.5%) had antibody against HLA class II (majority DQ4, DQ7), and 2/16 (12.5%) had antibody against both Class I & II. There was no signifi cant increase in existing HLA Ab post-vaccination. Of the 16 patients, only one (6.3%) patient had de novo HLA Ab and this was determined to be non donor specifi c. Factors such as gender, time from transplant, immunosuppression, and acute rejection episodes did not correlate with presence of HLA Ab. HLA Ab was not associated with seroconversion to to vaccine antigens. Conclusions: Our data support that receiving the annual infl uenza vaccine does not lead to the generation of de novo donor specifi c antibodies in lung transplant recipients or upregulation of existing HLA Ab.

The global activator GacA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO positively controls the production of the autoinducer N-butyryl-homoserine lactone and the formation of the virulence factors pyocyanin, cyanide, and lipase.

The global activator GacA, a highly conserved response regulator in Gram-negative bacteria, is required for the production of exoenzymes and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas spp. The gacA gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was isolated and its role in cell-density-dependent gene expression was characterized. Mutational inactivation of gacA resulted in delayed and reduced formation of the cell-density signal N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL), of the cognate transcriptional activator RhIR (VsmR), and of the transcriptional activator LasR, which is known to positively regulate RhIR expression. Amplification of gacA on a multicopy plasmid caused precocious and enhanced production of BHL, RhIR and LasR. In parallel, the gacA gene dosage markedly influenced the BHL/RhIR-dependent formation of the cytotoxic compounds pyocyanin and cyanide and the exoenzyme lipase. However, the concentrations of another known cell-density signal of P. aeruginosa, N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, did not always match BHL concentrations. A model accounting for these observations places GacA function upstream of LasR and RhIR in the complex, cell-density-dependent signal-transduction pathway regulating several exoproducts and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa via BHL.

Differential protein labeling with thiol-reactive infrared DY-680 and DY-780 maleimides and analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Differential protein labeling with 2-DE separation is an effective method for distinguishing differences in the protein composition of two or more protein samples. Here, we report on a sensitive infrared-based labeling procedure, adding a novel tool to the many labeling possibilities. Defined amounts of newborn and adult mouse brain proteins and tubulin were exposed to maleimide-conjugated infrared dyes DY-680 and DY-780 followed by 1- and 2-DE. The procedure allows amounts of less than 5 microg of cysteine-labeled protein mixtures to be detected (together with unlabeled proteins) in a single 2-DE step with an LOD of individual proteins in the femtogram range; however, co-migration of unlabeled proteins and subsequent general protein stains are necessary for a precise comparison. Nevertheless, the most abundant thiol-labeled proteins, such as tubulin, were identified by MS, with cysteine-containing peptides influencing the accuracy of the identification score. Unfortunately, some infrared-labeled proteins were no longer detectable by Western blots. In conclusion, differential thiol labeling with infrared dyes provides an additional tool for detection of low-abundant cysteine-containing proteins and for rapid identification of differences in the protein composition of two sets of protein samples.

Formation of knots in partially replicated DNA molecules.

Bacterial plasmids with two origins of replication in convergent orientation are frequently knotted in vivo. The knots formed are localised within the newly replicated DNA regions. Here, we analyse DNA knots tied within replication bubbles of such plasmids, and observe that the knots formed show predominantly positive signs of crossings. We propose that helical winding of replication bubbles in vivo leads to topoisomerase-mediated formation of knots on partially replicated DNA molecules.

Response to the comments on "The formation of Pangea" by D.A. Ruban

The Variscan structures of the Caucasus region are still quite difficult to decipher, they certainly deserved some in depth investigations in the future. Thus, it is right to question any paleogeographic models proposed in that area, as made by D.A. Ruban. We present here the arguments that we used to decide on the distribution of the terranes in that region. The Transcaucasus massif is regarded as pertaining to the Galatian super-terrane, whereas, the Great Caucasus terrane belongs to the Hanseatic ribbon terrane. The latter was a part of Hunia, detached from Laurussia in the Devonian.

Processus de "deuil gelé" chez les femmes bosniaques, épouses de disparus

Les femmes concernées par cette recherche sont des femmes bosniaques, requérantes d'asile en Suisse, suivies au sein de l'association « Appartenances ». Elles ont quitté leur pays à la suite de la prise de la ville de Srebrenica, en juillet 1995. Lors de cet exode, elles ont été séparées de leurs maris, qui sont aujourd'hui encore portés disparus. Ces femmes partagent une expérience douloureuse qui transparaît derrière un certain nombre de symptômes physiques et psychiques. Nous avons été frappés par la répétition de pertes importantes, sans que les conditions permettant un travail de deuil soient réunies. Aucune signification ne peut être attribuée aux disparitions et aux décès, masqués par le silence politique et par l'impossibilité d'accomplir un rituel. Le deuil peut ainsi se compliquer jusqu'à devenir un deuil impossible, dont le prototype pourrait être le « deuil gelé » lors d'une disparition. D'autre part, le stress et l'attaque de l'identité occasionnés par les traumatismes et l'exil ont coupé ces femmes de leurs ressources personnelles et culturelles. La perte d'une image entière de soi est prolongée par le statut précaire de requérant d'asile et par la perte des espoirs mis dans le pays d'accueil. Devant la complexité de cette problématique, nous nous sommes demandés sur quel aspect axer la prise en charge thérapeutique. Nous avons décidé de travailler sur le vécu et les deuils actuels de ces patientes (stress post-traumatique et statut précaire en Suisse). Le concept-clé qui a étayé cette recherche s'inspire de Pollock (7): « le processus de deuil devient très significatif, dans le sens qu 'il est apparemment une des formes les plus universelles de l'adaptation et de la croissance à travers la structuration, disponible pour l'homme. » Dès lors, nous avons fait l'hypothèse que si le deuil est une forme universelle d'adaptation, l'élaboration d'un travail de deuil ou d'un processus d'adaptation quel qu'il soit, pourra servir d'apprentissage pour l'élaboration d'autres deuils. Concrètement, en travaillant sur le rétablissement de leur identité, les femmes pourront retrouver un accès à leurs ressources personnelles et culturelles, tandis que travailler sur les espoirs et déceptions face au statut en Suisse permettra de développer des moyens permettant plus de contrôle sur l'environnement. Leur autonomie rétablie, elles pourront consacrer leurs énergies à attribuer une signification à leur vécu et faire face aux autres deuils paralysant leur guérison. Nous avons assisté aux entretiens thérapeutiques, en récoltant des témoignages sur la base d'un canevas d'entretien semi-structuré, puis nous avons transposé les éléments sur une grille d'analyse regroupant les informations en items. L'analyse de ces entretiens nous a permis de préciser notre hypothèse et de développer des pistes de réflexion pour l'accompagnement thérapeutique de personnes vivant une disparition. A l'issue de ce travail, nous pouvons tirer des parallèles entre les processus d'élaboration des divers deuils. Les femmes sont entrées peu à peu dans le souvenir de la personne aimée et non plus dans le souvenir des événements traumatiques qui ont marqué sa disparition. S'appuyant alors sur la « mémoire sereine » de Kristeva (1) une recherche de signification a pu être entreprise, rejoignant ce que Métraux et Fleuiy (43) définissent comme la santé : « ... se voir créateur du sens qu'on veut donner à sa propre existence, à ses actes et à ses projets. »