Síntesi i propietats de vidres metàl•lics massissos i materials nanocomposites basats en Fe per aplicacions com a materials magnètics tous

Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada a l’ Institut für Komplexe Materialien, Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden, entre 2010 i 2011. S'ha explorat l'efecte de les condicions i influència dels elements d'aleació en la capacitat de formació de vidre, l'estructura i les propietats tèrmiques i magnètiques de vidres metàl•lics massissos i materials nanocristal•lins en base Fe. La producció d'aquests materials en forma de cintes de unes 20 micres de gruix ha estat àmpliament estudiada i s'ha vist que presenten unes propietats excel•lents com a materials magnètics tous. El propòsit general d'aquest projecte era l'obtenció de composicions òptimes amb alta capacitat de formar vidre i amb excel•lents propietats magnètiques com a materials magnètics tous combinat amb bones propietats mecàniques. El projecte prenia com a punt de partida l'aliatge [FeCoBSi]96Nb4 ja que és el que presenta millor capacitat de formar vidre i presenta una alta imantació de saturació i baix camp coercitiu. S'ha fet un estudi dels factors fonamentals que intervenen en la formació de l'estat vitri. La composició abans esmentada ha estat variada amb l'addició d'altres elements per estudiar com afecten aquests nous elements a les propietats, la formació de vidre i l'estructura dels aliatges resultants amb l'objectiu de millorar-ne les propietats magnètiques i la capacitat de formació de vidre. Entre altres s'ha usat el Zr, Mo, Y i el Gd per millorar la formació de vidre; i el Co i el Ni per millorar les propietats magnètiques a alta temperatura. S'han estudiat les relacions entre la capacitat de formació de vidre i la seva estabilitat tèrmica, la resistència a la cristal•lització i la estructura de l'aliatge resultant després del procés de solidificació. Per aquest estudi s'han determinat els mecanismes que controlen la transformació i la seva cinètica així com les fases que es formen durant el tractament tèrmic permetent la formulació de models predictius.

Nanocrystalline M-type hexaferrite powders: preparation, geometric and magnetic propertiess

Co-Ti-Sn-Ge substituted M-type bariumhexaferrite powders with mean grain sizes between about 10 nm and about 1 ¿m and a narrow size distribution were prepared reproducibly by means of a modified glass crystallization method. At annealing temperatures between 560 and 580°C of the amorphous flakes nanocrystalline particles grow. They behave superparamagnetically at room temperature and change into stable magnetic single domains at lower temperatures. The magnetic volume of the powders is considerably less than the geometric one. However, the effective anisotropy fields are larger by a Factor of two to three.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in chemically disordered FePd-FeV(100) alloy thin films

We find that the use of V(100) buffer layers on MgO(001) substrates for the epitaxy of FePd binary alloys yields to the formation at intermediate and high deposition temperatures of a FePd¿FeV mixed phase due to strong V diffusion accompanied by a loss of layer continuity and strong increase of its mosaic spread. Contrary to what is usually found in this kind of systems, these mixed phase structures exhibit perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) which is not correlated with the presence of chemical order, almost totally absent in all the fabricated structures, even at deposition temperatures where it is usually obtained with other buffer layers. Thus the observed PMA can be ascribed to the V interdiffusion and the formation of a FeV alloy, being the global sample saturation magnetization also reduced.

Nucleation and growth of GaN nanorods on Si (111) surfaces by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy - The influence of Si- and Mg-doping

The self-assembled growth of GaN nanorods on Si (111) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy under nitrogen-rich conditions is investigated. An amorphous silicon nitride layer is formed in the initial stage of growth that prevents the formation of a GaN wetting layer. The nucleation time was found to be strongly influenced by the substrate temperature and was more than 30 min for the applied growth conditions. The observed tapering and reduced length of silicon-doped nanorods is explained by enhanced nucleation on nonpolar facets and proves Ga-adatom diffusion on nanorod sidewalls as one contribution to the axial growth. The presence of Mg leads to an increased radial growth rate with a simultaneous decrease of the nanorod length and reduces the nucleation time for high Mg concentrations.

Nanocrystalline SnO2 by liquid pyrolisis

Liquid pyrolysis is presented as a new production method of SnO2 nanocrystalline powders suitable for gas sensor devices. The method is based on a pyrolytic reaction of high tensioned stressed drops of an organic solution of SnCl4·5(H2O). The main advantages of the method are its capability to produce SnO2 nanopowders with high stability, its accurate control over the grain size and other structural characteristics, its high level of repeatability and its low industrialization implementation cost. The characterization of samples of SnO2 nanoparticles obtained by liquid pyrolysis in the range between 200ºC and 900ºC processing temperature is carried out by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results are analyzed and discussed so as to validate the advantages of the liquid pyrolysis method.

Structural and gas-sensing properties of WO3 nanocrystalline powders obtained by a sol-gel method from tungstic acid

WO3 nanocrystalline powders were obtained from tungstic acid following a sol-gel process. Evolution of structural properties with annealing temperature was studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. These structural properties were compared with those of WO3 nanopowders obtained by the most common process of pyrolysis of ammonium paratungstate, usually used in gas sensors applications. Sol-gel WO3 showed a high sensor response to NO2 and low response to CO and CH4. The response of these sensor devices was compared with that of WO3 obtained from pyrolysis, showing the latter a worse sensor response to NO2. Influence of operating temperature, humidity, and film thickness on NO2 detection was studied in order to improve the sensing conditions to this gas.

Alloy inhomogeneities in InAlAs strained layers grown by MBE

Transmission electron microscopy studies have been performed to characterize InxAl1−xAs layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (100) InP substrates. The first observations of compositional nonuniformities in strained InAlAs layers are reported. The coarse quasiperiodic structure present in each sample has been found to be dependent upon the growth parameters and the sample characteristics.

Vacancy-driven ordering in a two-dimensional binary alloy

Domain growth in a system with nonconserved order parameter is studied. We simulate the usual Ising model for binary alloys with concentration 0.5 on a two-dimensional square lattice by Monte Carlo techniques. Measurements of the energy, jump-acceptance ratio, and order parameters are performed. Dynamics based on the diffusion of a single vacancy in the system gives a growth law faster than the usual Allen-Cahn law. Allowing vacancy jumps to next-nearest-neighbor sites is essential to prevent vacancy trapping in the ordered regions. By measuring local order parameters we show that the vacancy prefers to be in the disordered regions (domain boundaries). This naturally concentrates the atomic jumps in the domain boundaries, accelerating the growth compared with the usual exchange mechanism that causes jumps to be homogeneously distributed on the lattice.

Comparison between molecular dynamics abd Monte Carlo simulations of an ordering process in a binary alloy

Ordering in a binary alloy is studied by means of a molecular-dynamics (MD) algorithm which allows to reach the domain growth regime. Results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations using a realistic vacancy-atom (MC-VA) mechanism. At low temperatures fast growth with a dynamical exponent x>1/2 is found for MD and MC-VA. The study of a nonequilibrium ordering process with the two methods shows the importance of the nonhomogeneity of the excitations in the system for determining its macroscopic kinetics.

Temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the elastic constants of Ni-Mn-Al magnetic Heusler alloy

We report on measurements of the adiabatic second-order elastic constants of the off-stoichiometric Ni54Mn23Al23 single-crystalline Heusler alloy. The variation in the temperature dependence of the elastic constants has been investigated across the magnetic transition and over a broad temperature range. Anomalies in the temperature behavior of the elastic constants have been found in the vicinity of the magnetic phase transition. Measurements under applied magnetic field, both isothermal and variable temperature, show that the value of the elastic constants depends on magnetic order, thus giving evidence for magnetoelastic coupling in this alloy system.