The effects of tax deductibility on the mix of property taxes and use charges: an empirical analysis of the spanish case

This paper tests some hypothesis about the determinants of the local tax structure. In particular, we focus on the effects that the property tax deductibility in the national income tax has on the relative use of the property tax and user charges. We deal with the incentive effects that local governments face regarding the different sources of revenue by means of a model in which the local tax structure and the level of public expenditure arise as a result of the maximizing behaviour of local politicians subject to the economic effects of the tax system. We attempt to test the hypothesis developed with data corresponding to a set of Spanish municipalities during the period 1987-9l. We find that tax deductibility provides incentives to raise revenues from the property tax but does not introduce a biass against user charges or in favor of overall spending growth

The effects of tax deductibility on the mix of property taxes and use charges: an empirical analysis of the spanish case

This paper tests some hypothesis about the determinants of the local tax structure. In particular, we focus on the effects that the property tax deductibility in the national income tax has on the relative use of the property tax and user charges. We deal with the incentive effects that local governments face regarding the different sources of revenue by means of a model in which the local tax structure and the level of public expenditure arise as a result of the maximizing behaviour of local politicians subject to the economic effects of the tax system. We attempt to test the hypothesis developed with data corresponding to a set of Spanish municipalities during the period 1987-9l. We find that tax deductibility provides incentives to raise revenues from the property tax but does not introduce a biass against user charges or in favor of overall spending growth

Optimal enforcement policy and firms' emissions and compliance with environmental taxes

In a market where firms with different characteristics decide upon both the level of emissions and their reports, we study the optimal audit policy for an enforcement agency whose objective is to minimize the level of emissions. We show that it is optimal to devote the resources primarily to the easiest-to-monitor firms and to those firms that value pollution the less. Moreover, unless the budget for monitoring is very large, there are always firms that do not comply with the environmental objective and others that do comply; but all of them evade the environmental taxes.

Can genetic algorithms explain experimental anomalies? An application to common property resources

It is common to find in experimental data persistent oscillations in the aggregate outcomes and high levels of heterogeneity in individual behavior. Furthermore, it is not unusual to find significant deviations from aggregate Nash equilibrium predictions. In this paper, we employ an evolutionary model with boundedly rational agents to explain these findings. We use data from common property resource experiments (Casari and Plott, 2003). Instead of positing individual-specific utility functions, we model decision makers as selfish and identical. Agent interaction is simulated using an individual learning genetic algorithm, where agents have constraints in their working memory, a limited ability to maximize, and experiment with new strategies. We show that the model replicates most of the patterns that can be found in common property resource experiments.

Implementing a double dividend: recycling ecotaxes towards lower labour taxes

In this paper we follow the tradition of applied general equilibrium modelling of the Walrasian static variety to study the empirical viability of a double dividend (green, welfare, and employment) in the Spanish economy. We consider a counterfactual scenario in which an ecotax is levied on the intermediate and final use of energy goods. Under a revenue neutral assumption, we evaluate the real income and employment impact of lowering payroll taxes. To appraise to what extent the model structure and behavioural assumptions may influence the results, we perform simulations under a range of alternative model and policy scenarios. We conclude that a double dividend –better environmental quality, as measured by reduced CO2 emissions, and improved levels of employment– may be an achievable goal of economic policy.

Generalized property R and the Schoenflies Conjecture

There is a relation between the generalized Property R Conjecture and the Schoenflies Conjecture that suggests a new line of attack on the latter. The new approach gives a quick proof of the genus 2 Schoenflies Conjecture and suffices to prove the genus 3 case, even in the absence of new progress on the generalized Property R Conjecture.

Real rank zero algebras have the corona factorization property

The purpose of this short note is to prove that a stable separable C*-algebra with real rank zero has the so-called corona factorization property, that is, all the full multiplier projections are properly in finite. Enroute to our result, we consider conditions under which a real rank zero C*-algebra admits an injection of the compact operators (a question already considered in [21]).

Pareto-improving optimal capital and labor taxes

We show a standard model where the optimal tax reform is to cut labor taxes and leave capital taxes very high in the short and medium run. Only in the very long run would capital taxes be zero. Our model is a version of Chamley??s, with heterogeneous agents, without lump sum transfers, an upper bound on capital taxes, and a focus on Pareto improving plans. For our calibration labor taxes should be low for the first ten to twenty years, while capital taxes should be at their maximum. This policy ensures that all agents benefit from the tax reform and that capital grows quickly after when the reform begins. Therefore, the long run optimal tax mix is the opposite from the short and medium run tax mix. The initial labor tax cut is financed by deficits that lead to a positive long run level of government debt, reversing the standard prediction that government accumulates savings in models with optimal capital taxes. If labor supply is somewhat elastic benefits from tax reform are high and they can be shifted entirely to capitalists or workers by varying the length of the transition. With inelastic labor supply there is an increasing part of the equilibrium frontier, this means that the scope for benefitting the workers is limited and the total benefits from reforming taxes are much lower.

Subgroups of small index in Aut(Fn) and Kazhdan's property (T)

We give a series of interesting subgroups of finite index in Aut(Fn). One of them has index 42 in Aut(F3) and infinite abelianization. This implies that Aut(F3) does not have Kazhdan’s property (T) (see [3] and [6] for another proofs). We proved also that every subgroup of finite index in Aut(Fn), n &= 3, which contains the subgroup of IA-automorphisms, has a finite abelianization.

A theoretical and practical study on linear reforms of dual taxes

We extend the linear reforms introduced by Pf¨ahler (1984) to the case of dual taxes. We study the relative effect that linear dual tax cuts have on the inequality of income distribution -a symmetrical study can be made for dual linear tax hikes-. We also introduce measures of the degree of progressivity for dual taxes and show that they can be connected to the Lorenz dominance criterion. Additionally, we study the tax liability elasticity of each of the reforms proposed. Finally, by means of a microsimulation model and a considerably large data set of taxpayers drawn from 2004 Spanish Income Tax Return population, 1) we compare different yield-equivalent tax cuts applied to the Spanish dual income tax and 2) we investigate how much income redistribution the dual tax reform (Act ‘35/2006’) introduced with respect to the previous tax.

A Comparison of the poverty impact of transfers, taxes and market income across five OECD Countries

This paper compares the poverty reduction impact of income sources, taxes and transfers across five OECD countries. Since the estimation of that impact can depend on the order in which the various income sources are introduced into the analysis, it is done by using the Shapley value. Estimates of the poverty reduction impact are presented in a normalized and un-normalized fashion, in order to take into into account the total as well as the per dollar impacts. The methodology is applied to data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database.

Taxes de reincidència 2008 de justícia juvenil: actualització de la taxa de reincidència dels joves sotmesos a mesures de llibertat vigilada i internament en centre

L’estudi actualitza les taxes de reincidència dels menors sotmesos a una mesura d’internament o de llibertat vigilada que van ser publicades a la recerca “La reincidència en el delicte en la justícia de menors” finalizada l’any 2005 i que van iniciar la sèrie. Aquest estudi ja és el quart del mateix tipus i en aquest cas segueix els joves que van finalitzar una mesura de llibertat vigilada i d’internament l’any 2005 i els segueix fins el 31 de desembre de 2008, per saber si han comès un nou delicte que hagi estat detectat per la Xarxa d’execució penal, tant de joves com d’adults. S’ha estudiat tota la població de joves desinternats de centres, que per l’any 2005 foren 183 subjectes. En el cas de llibertat vigilada del total de joves que finalitzaren mesura l’any 2005 (N=1.102), s’ha fet una mostra de 529 subjectes (interval de confiança:95,5%; marge d’error ±3,1; p=q=50). Els resultats en llibertat vigilada apunten a un manteniment en la taxa de reincidència aquest darrer any, desprès d’un descens perllongat al llarg dels tres anys anteriors. S’ha passat del 31,9% al 2005 al 22,0% el 2007 i al 23,0% el 2008. En canvi en internament la fluctuació de la taxa no dona diferències significatives tot i que al 2005 era del 62,8%, va augmentar al 66,9% el 2006, va baixar al 56,2% l’any 2007, i ha tornat a pujar al 62,3% l’any 2008. L’estudi permet comparar de forma seriada ja quatre anys d’evolució de la taxa de reincidència juvenil després de la posada en marxa de la Llei Orgànica 5/2000, de 12 de gener, reguladora de la responsabilitat penal dels menors (LORPM).

Taxes de reincidència 2006 de justícia juvenil: actualització de la taxa de reincidència dels joves sotmesos a mesures de llibertat vigilada i internament en centre

L’estudi actualitza les taxes de reincidència dels menors sotmesos a una mesura d’internament o de llibertat vigilada que van ser publicades a la recerca “La reincidència en el delicte en la justícia de menors” l’any 2005. Si en aquell estudi es recollien per primer cop dades sobre la reincidència dels joves infractors que havien entrat en el circuit de la justícia de menors després de la posada en marxa de la Llei Orgànica 5/2000, de 12 de gener, reguladora de la responsabilitat penal dels menors (LORPM), en aquest s’actualitzen les dades pel col•lectiu de joves que van ser sotmesos a mesures de llibertat vigilada i internament i que les van finalitzar durant l’any 2003. Es fa un seguiment als joves fins a finals del 2006 per saber si han reincidit. També s’ha seguit als joves que hagin arribat a la majoria d’edat per saber si han entrat novament en el sistema d’execució penal, en aquest cas sentenciat al compliment d’una mesura penal alternativa, o a una mesura de privació de llibertat. L’estudi pretén iniciar una sèrie que permeti comparar els resultats anualment, de manera que puguem veure l’evolució de l’execució penal juvenil en algunes de les variables estudiades.

Taxes de reincidència 2007 de justícia juvenil Actualització de la taxa de reincidència dels joves sotmesos a mesures de llibertat vigilada i internament en centre

L’estudi actualitza les taxes de reincidència dels menors sotmesos a una mesura d’internament o de llibertat vigilada que van ser publicades a la recerca “La reincidència en el delicte en la justícia de menors” finalitzada l’any 2005 i que van iniciar la sèrie. Aquesta recerca ja és la tercera del mateix tipus i en aquest cas estudia els joves que van finalitzar una mesura de llibertat vigilada i d’internament l’any 2004 i els segueix fins el 31 de desembre de 2007, per saber si han comès un nou delicte que hagi estat detectat per la Xarxa d’execució penal, tant de joves com d’adults. S’ha estudiat tota la població de joves desinternats de centres (N=169 subjectes l’any 2004). En el cas de llibertat vigilada, del total de joves que finalitzaren mesura l’any 2004 (N= 718), s’ha fet una mostra de 558 subjectes (interval de confiança:95,5%; marge d’error±2;p=q=50). Els resultats en llibertat vigilada apunten un descens significatiu en la taxa de reincidència, que ha passat del 31,9% al 2005 al 22,0% el 2007. En canvi en internament la fluctuació de la taxa no dona diferències significatives tot i que el 2005 era del 62,8%, va augmentar al 66,9% el 2006 i ha tornat a baixar al 56,2% l’any 2007. L’estudi permet comparar de forma seriada ja tres anys d’evolució de la taxa de reincidència juvenil després de la posada en marxa de la Llei Orgànica 5/2000, de 12 de gener, reguladora de la responsabilitat penal dels menors (LORPM).

On finite unions and finite products with the D-property

We show that the product of a subparacompact C-scattered space and a Lindelöf D-space is D. In addition, we show that every regular locally D-space which is the union of a finite collection of subparacompact spaces and metacompact spaces has the D-property. Also, we extend this result from the class of locally D-spaces to the wider class of D-scattered spaces. All the results are shown in a direct way.