Functional and evolutionary analysis of DXL1, a non-essential gene encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana

The synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), catalyzed by the enzyme DXP synthase (DXS), represents a key regulatory step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In plants DXS is encoded by small multigene families that can be classified into, at least, three specialized subfamilies. Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes encoding proteins with similarity to DXS, including the well-known DXS1/CLA1 gene, which clusters within subfamily I. The remaining proteins, initially named DXS2 and DXS3, have not yet been characterized. Here we report the expression and functional analysis of A. thaliana DXS2. Unexpectedly, the expression of DXS2 failed to rescue Escherichia coli and A. thaliana mutants defective in DXS activity. Coherently, we found that DXS activity was negligible in vitro, being renamed as DXL1 following recent nomenclature recommendation. DXL1 is targeted to plastids as DXS1, but shows a distinct expression pattern. The phenotypic analysis of a DXL1 defective mutant revealed that the function of the encoded protein is not essential for growth and development. Evolutionary analyses indicated that DXL1 emerged from DXS1 through a recent duplication apparently specific of the Brassicaceae lineage. Divergent selective constraints would have affected a significant fraction of sites after diversification of the paralogues. Furthermore, amino acids subjected to divergent selection and likely critical for functional divergence through the acquisition of a novel, although not yet known, biochemical function, were identified. Our results provide with the first evidences of functional specialization at both the regulatory and biochemical level within the plant DXS family.

The synthesis of 1,2,3,6,6a,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-imino-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazolo[5,4-b]indole

N-3-(1-Methylindol-3-yl)propan-N-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxysulfonyl)guanidine was synthesized from 3-formyl-1-methylindole in six steps and subjected to conditions intended to convert the side-chain into a 2-iminotetrahydropyrimidine- containing product, of relevance to a possible synthesis of the aplicyanins. An alternative reaction course was observed, resulting in the formation of a new tetracyclic system.

The synthesis of 1,2,3,6,6a,7-hexahydro-7-methyl-5-imino-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazolo[5,4-b]indole

N-3-(1-Methylindol-3-yl)propan-N-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxysulfonyl)guanidine was synthesized from 3-formyl-1-methylindole in six steps and subjected to conditions intended to convert the side-chain into a 2-iminotetrahydropyrimidine- containing product, of relevance to a possible synthesis of the aplicyanins. An alternative reaction course was observed, resulting in the formation of a new tetracyclic system.

Multisystem Developmental Disorder in Children from 2 to 6 Years Old : A Three Years Follow-Up Study

This research studied children who had been diagnosed with Multisystem Developmental Disorder (MSDD) (NC, 2002) under the Diagnostic Classifications of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC: 0 - 3). They all showed, to a varying degree, difficulties in relating to others, play, affective interaction and severe delay in developing communication skills. Some studies have observed continuity in the diagnosis of autism during the first years of life. The objective of this study is to analyse the development of infants with MSDD whose diagnosis of autism was not confirmed. We also attempted to verify any possible psychomotor developmental differences based on, or related to, the severity and typology (B and C) of the MSDD. To enable us to do this we carried out a 3-year follow-up during which we assessed the infants (n = 15) and their parents. They are 2 - 4 years old. Results showed that type B children did present a greater impairment of psychomotor development in assessment tests. However, we did not observe any correlation between the degree of severity of the initial symptoms and later diagnoses. Conclusion: although our sample is small, we can conclude that there isn’t a clear evolution in the diagnosis, but we have found significant differences in the symptomatology between the type B and C

Pd-catalysed amidation of 2,6-dihalopurine nucleosides. Replacement of iodine at 0 ºC

Pd-catalysed reactions of 2-Cl, 2-Br and 2-I derivatives of a 6-chloropurine nucleoside with benzamide have been compared, using Pd2dba3, Xantphos and Cs2CO3 in toluene, between 20 and 80 °C. The reactivity order was 2-I > 2-Br > 6-Cl ≫ 2-Cl. The 2-I substituent could be replaced even at 0 °C, under conditions disclosed here for the first time. On the other hand, the replacement of the chlorine atom at position 2 (2-Cl) required 110 °C.

Pd-catalysed amidation of 2,6-dihalopurine nucleosides. Replacement of iodine at 0 ºC

Pd-catalysed reactions of 2-Cl, 2-Br and 2-I derivatives of a 6-chloropurine nucleoside with benzamide have been compared, using Pd2dba3, Xantphos and Cs2CO3 in toluene, between 20 and 80 °C. The reactivity order was 2-I > 2-Br > 6-Cl ≫ 2-Cl. The 2-I substituent could be replaced even at 0 °C, under conditions disclosed here for the first time. On the other hand, the replacement of the chlorine atom at position 2 (2-Cl) required 110 °C.

1,2-Dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) as protecting group for the side chain of arginine

The protection of arginine (Arg) side chains is a crucial issue in peptide chemistry because of the propensity of the basic guanidinium group to produce side reactions. Currently, sulfonyl-type protecting groups, such as 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman (Pmc) and 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofurane (Pbf), are the most widely used for this purpose. Nevertheless, Arg side chain protection remains problematic as a result of the acid stability of these two compounds. This issue is even more relevant in Arg-rich sequences, acid-sensitive peptides and large-scale syntheses. The 1,2-dimethylindole-3-sulfonyl (MIS) group is more acid-labile than Pmc and Pbf and can therefore be a better option for Arg side chain protection. In addition, MIS is compatible with tryptophan-containing peptides.

Effect of diet composition and ration size on key enzyme activities of glycolysis-gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism in liver of Sparus aurata

The effects of diet composition and ration size on the activities of key enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism were studied in the liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Highcarbohydrate, low-protein diets stimulated 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase (EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) enzyme activities, while they decreased alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activity. A high degree of correlation was found between food ration size and the activity of the enzymes 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (positive correlations) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) (negative correlation). These correlations matched well with the high correlation also found between ration size and growth rate in starved fish refed for 22 d. Limited feeding (5 g/kg body weight) for 22 d decreased the activities of the key enzymes for glycolysis and lipogenesis, and alanine aminotransferase activity. The findings presented here indicate a high level of metabolic adaptation to both diet type and ration size. In particular, adaptation of enzyme activities to the consumption of a diet with a high carbohydrate level suggests that a carnivorous fish like Sparus aurata can tolerate partial replacement of protein by carbohydrate in the commercial diets supplied in culture. The relationship between enzyme activities, ration size and fish growth indicates that the enzymes quickly respond to dietary manipulations of cultured fish.

Effect of diet composition and ration size on key enzyme activities of glycolysis-gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism in liver of Sparus aurata

The effects of diet composition and ration size on the activities of key enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism were studied in the liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Highcarbohydrate, low-protein diets stimulated 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase (EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) enzyme activities, while they decreased alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activity. A high degree of correlation was found between food ration size and the activity of the enzymes 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (positive correlations) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) (negative correlation). These correlations matched well with the high correlation also found between ration size and growth rate in starved fish refed for 22 d. Limited feeding (5 g/kg body weight) for 22 d decreased the activities of the key enzymes for glycolysis and lipogenesis, and alanine aminotransferase activity. The findings presented here indicate a high level of metabolic adaptation to both diet type and ration size. In particular, adaptation of enzyme activities to the consumption of a diet with a high carbohydrate level suggests that a carnivorous fish like Sparus aurata can tolerate partial replacement of protein by carbohydrate in the commercial diets supplied in culture. The relationship between enzyme activities, ration size and fish growth indicates that the enzymes quickly respond to dietary manipulations of cultured fish.

Comportamiento en plantación de nueve genotipos del género Pistacia para su uso forestal en condiciones de sequía estricta

La introducción de varios materiales del género Pistacia procedentes de diferentes partes del mundo se efectuó, en un principio, en el marco de un programa de mejora del pistachero de orientación frutícola en el IRTA de Mas de Bover, para su utilización como patrones. Esta introducción permitió observar el interés medio ambiental y forestal de estas especies en condiciones mediterráneas e identificar algunos progenitores de familia con descendencias destacadas. Para conocer la bondad de estos materiales y evaluar las posibilidades de sus descendencias se diseñó un ensayo de genotipos de pistacea que se plantó en 2003, en Constantí (Tarragona), en condiciones de secano (P ± 500 mm anuales) y a un marco de 7 x 7 m. En el ensayo se incluyeron tres progenies híbridas, dos de P. integerrima x P. atlantica (PAI 0-268 y PAI 0-286) y una de ‘Tsikoudia’ (PTS 0-107), todas ellas producidas en el IRTA, y seis progenies de especies supuestamente puras, cuatro de P. atlantica, dos producidas en el IRTA (PA 0- 121 y PA 0-168) y dos procedente de Túnez, una de P. chinensis llegada de China y una de P. terebinthus, especie autóctona de la Península Ibérica, usada como referencia y procedente de un vivero de Castilla-La Mancha. Se estableció un diseño en bloques completos con 5 repeticiones de 8 árboles. Del 2º al 6º año de plantación se han registrado datos de crecimiento (diámetros y alturas) y de conformación de los árboles (dominancia, rectitud, ramificación, porte y forma de la punta). Los resultados muestran importantes crecimientos de la plantación en altura (incrementos anuales medios entre 50 y 70 cm/año) y en diámetro (incrementos anuales medios a 50 cm del suelo de 5 a 18 mm/año). Se presentan diferencias significativas en vigor entre materiales, destacando los crecimientos primario y secundario de ‘PTS 0-107’ y de ‘PA 0-121’.

Nivell global d'estrès en pares i mares de fills diagnosticats amb trastorn del desenvolupament en les primeres etapes evolutives

Aquest treball és un estudi descriptiu centralitzat en una població concreta i en un moment concret. La investigació estudia el nivell d’estrès global que tenen els pares i les mares de fills/es amb un trastorn del seu desenvolupament en les seves primeres edats maduratives i com afronten aquest procés. S’han estudiat pares i mares de nens i nenes d’entre 2 i 6 anys d’edat i que han estat atesos en el Centre de Desenvolupament Infantil d’Atenció Precoç (CDIAP) Tris-Tras de Vic (Barcelona).

Survival, development and growth of larvae of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, cultured under different photoperiod conditions

The blue swimmer crab is a commercially important species of the tropical Indo-Pacific regions that shows substantial potential as a candidate species for aquaculture. Optimization of larval rearing conditions, including photoperiod, is therefore important to establish a method for the intensive hatchery culture of this species. Newly hatched larvae of Portunuspelagicus in first zoeal stage (ZI) were reared under five photoperiod regimes 0L: 24D, 6L: 18D, 12L: 12D, 18L: 6D, and 24L: 0D (5 replicates per treatment) till they metamorphosed to megalopae (ranged from 8.5 ± 0.3 days (18L: 6D) to 10.8 ± 1.8 days (0L: 24D) at 29 ± 1 °C). Daily, larvae of each treatment were fed an identical diet of mixed rotifer and Artemia nauplii, and the survival and molt to successive stages was monitored. Newly hatched ZI larvae of P. pelagicus could successfully develop to the megalopal stage under all tested photoperiod conditions, but we detected significant differences in survival among treatments (p & 0.05). The constant darkness treatment (0L: 24D) had the lowest (19.2 ± 7.2%, mean ± S.E.) cumulative survival from ZI to the megalopal stage, while the 18L: 6D treatment achieved the highest survival (51.2 ± 23.6%). Similarly, the photoperiod significantly affected zoeal development. Constant darkness led to the longest cumulative zoeal duration (10.8 ± 1.8 days), whereas the 18L: 6D treatment rendered the shortest larval development (8.5 ± 0.3 days). In addition, larvae reared under constant darkness resulted in the smallest megalopae (carapace length = 1.44 ± 0.09 mm) and the lowest dry weight (0.536 ± 0.188 mg). In conclusion, photoperiod significantly affected the survival, development, and growth of P. pelagicus zoeal larvae. Constant darkness led to the lowest larval survival and developmental rate, while a photoperiod regime of 18L: 6D appeared to be the most suitable condition for the rearing of zoeal larvae of P. pelagicus.

Caracterización de biomarcadores en la recurrencia postquirúrgica de la enfermedad de Crohn: valor predictivo y/o implicación patogénica de los mismos

La recurrència postquirúrgica en els pacients amb malaltia de Crohn intervinguts és molt freqüent i, al seu torn, té implicacions terapèutiques importants. No s'han caracteritzat fins ara marcadors biològics que, pel seu valor predictiu, poguessin ser d'utilitat en el maneig postquirúrgic d'aquests pacients. En aquest estudi s'analitza el perfil evolutiu després de la cirurgia de diverses citocines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL1B, IFN-g i TNF-a), marcadors fecals (calprotectina) i paràmetres serològics (proteïna C reactiva, fibrinogen), per determinar la seva possible utilitat com a marcadors predictius de recurrència després de la cirurgia resectiva.

Avenços en la preparació d'organosíliques derivades de sals d'imidazoli i de prolinsulfonamides

Durant la última dècada l’organocatàlisi ha suscitat molt d’interès en la comunitat científica. Per una banda, els carbens N-heterocíclics (NHC) són capaços de catalitzar un ampli ventall de reaccions (condensacions benzoíniques, condensacions creuades d’enals amb aldehids o imines, reaccions de Stetter, transesterificacions, reaccions de polimerització,...). Aquesta recerca s’ha centrat en processos homogenis. La inmmobilització de l’organocatalitzador a un suport polimèric insoluble en permetría una fàcil separació per filtració, possibilitant el seu reciclatge. Representa un repte científic que reportaría beneficis des del punt de vista econòmic i medi-ambiental. En aquest treball s’han preparat els monòmers sililats 2 i 6 i les organosíliques M1, M2 i M3 pel procés sol-gel, per a ser assajades en un futur com a organocatalitzadors en fase heterogènia. Per una altra banda, les prolinsulfonamides representen la última incorporació a la família dels derivats de prolina i han mostrat molt bons resultats com a organocatalitzadors quirals en fase homogènia en reaccions aldòliques, addicions de Michael, reaccions de Mannich i d’aza-Diels Alder. Per aquest motiu, i tenint en compte les mateixes raons abans esmentades, en aquest treball es va plantejar la síntesi del mònomer sililat 9 per a poder preparar posteriorment la corresponent organosílica mitjançant el procés sol-gel. La preparació del producte 9 no ha estat possible i s’ha canviat l’estratègia sintètica per tal de sintetitzar un altre monòmer sililat, 16, que s’utilitzarà per la preparació del material corresponent. S’ha fet estudis per obtenir un substrat model 17 a fi de trobar les condicions adients de l’acoblament entre N-Cbz-L-prolina i arilsulfonamides.