The roots of success: industrial growth in Italy reconsidered, 1911- 1951

This article reconsiders the growth of Italian industry from the First World War to the eve of the economic miracle, with the aid of sector-specific new value-added series, at three different price-bases. The new estimates reduce growth during the First World War, making the Italian case comparable to the other belligerent countries, while improving the performance of the 1920s. The 1929 crisis looks more profound than before, while the recovery after 1933 is now stronger. During the 1920s and the 1930s, a significant shift from traditional to more advanced activities took place: when confronted with the rest of Europe, the interwar period was a relative success, which laid the ground for the following economic boom.

An analysis of inflation rates in the European Union using wavelets : strong evidence against unit roots

In this paper we assume inflation rates in European Union countries may in fact be fractionally integrated. Given this assumption, we obtain estimations of the order of integration by means a method based on wavelets coefficients. Finally, results obtained allow reject the unit root hypothesis on inflation rates. It means that a random shock on the rate of inflation in these countries has transitory effects that gradually diminish with the passage of time, that this, said shock hasn��t a permanent effect on future values of inflation rates

Using the HEGY Procedure When Not All Roots Are Present

Empirical studies have shown little evidence to support the presence of all unit roots present in the $^{\Delta_4}$ filter in quarterly seasonal time series. This paper analyses the performance of the Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo (1990) (HEGY) procedure when the roots under the null are not all present. We exploit the Vector of Quarters representation and cointegration relationship between the quarters when factors $(1-L),(1+L),\bigg(1+L^2\bigg),\bigg(1-L^2\bigg) y \bigg(1+L+L^2+L^3\bigg)$ are a source of nonstationarity in a process in order to obtain the distribution of tests of the HEGY procedure when the underlying processes have a root at the zero, Nyquist frequency, two complex conjugates of frequency $^{\pi/2}$ and two combinations of the previous cases. We show both theoretically and through a Monte-Carlo analysis that the t-ratios $^{t_{{\hat\pi}_1}}$ and $^{t_{{\hat\pi}_2}}$ and the F-type tests used in the HEGY procedure have the same distribution as under the null of a seasonal random walk when the root(s) is/are present, although this is not the case for the t-ratio tests associated with unit roots at frequency $^{\pi/2}$.

Using the HEGY Procedure When Not All Roots Are Present

Empirical studies have shown little evidence to support the presence of all unit roots present in the $^{\Delta_4}$ filter in quarterly seasonal time series. This paper analyses the performance of the Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo (1990) (HEGY) procedure when the roots under the null are not all present. We exploit the Vector of Quarters representation and cointegration relationship between the quarters when factors $(1-L),(1+L),\bigg(1+L^2\bigg),\bigg(1-L^2\bigg) y \bigg(1+L+L^2+L^3\bigg)$ are a source of nonstationarity in a process in order to obtain the distribution of tests of the HEGY procedure when the underlying processes have a root at the zero, Nyquist frequency, two complex conjugates of frequency $^{\pi/2}$ and two combinations of the previous cases. We show both theoretically and through a Monte-Carlo analysis that the t-ratios $^{t_{{\hat\pi}_1}}$ and $^{t_{{\hat\pi}_2}}$ and the F-type tests used in the HEGY procedure have the same distribution as under the null of a seasonal random walk when the root(s) is/are present, although this is not the case for the t-ratio tests associated with unit roots at frequency $^{\pi/2}$.

An analysis of inflation rates in the European Union using wavelets : strong evidence against unit roots

In this paper we assume inflation rates in European Union countries may in fact be fractionally integrated. Given this assumption, we obtain estimations of the order of integration by means a method based on wavelets coefficients. Finally, results obtained allow reject the unit root hypothesis on inflation rates. It means that a random shock on the rate of inflation in these countries has transitory effects that gradually diminish with the passage of time, that this, said shock hasn��t a permanent effect on future values of inflation rates

Notes breus (flora). Nasella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth and N. mucronata (Kunth) R.W. Pohl in Barkworth dues gram��nies al��l��ctones noves a Catalunya

Nota breu de flora que fa refer��ncia a la pres��ncia al NE del Principat de dues esp��cies noves de Nasella (N. neesiana i N. Mucronata), origin��ries de l��� Am��rica del Sud

Relaci�� entre fotos��ntesi i respiraci�� en cultius sotmesos a estr��s h��dric mitjan��ant is��tops estables

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Universite Paris Sud ��� XI, France, from July until october 2007. The relationship between photosynthesis and respiration were studied in crops using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes under well watered and water-stressed conditions. The analyses of the 13C isotopic composition (��13C) of total organic matter (TOM) recently fixed of well-watered plants revealed that it was mainly delivered to apical tissues and tap root. The fact that that the apical leaf and stems together with the inflorescences were d13C depleted, suggests that those tissues were newly formed and had a larger sink strength and metabolic activity. Secondly, the analyses of ��13C of respired CO2 immediately after the labelling (T=0) showed that a significant part of the C respired by leaves and nodules proceeded of the recently fixed CO2. In the following harvests (T=7 and T=14) such percentage tended to decrease, especially in apical leaves. Interestingly, the respiration d13C data also highlighted that even if at T=0 part of the respired proceeded from the CO2 fixed during the labelling, this percentage was even larger at T=7. Finally, the d15N also revealed that, similarly to what described for 12C, immediately after the 15N2 labelling (T=0), apical leaf and stems, together with tap root and in this case the nodules, were the tissues with larger sink strength. It is noteworthy the fact that the largest amount of N2 newly fixed was delivered to the tap roots where it was stored until it was required for the aboveground regrowth period.

The simultaneous conjugacy problem in groups of piecewise linear functions

Guba and Sapir asked, in their joint paper [8], if the simultaneous conjugacy problem was solvable in Diagram Groups or, at least, for Thompson's group F. We give an elementary proof for the solution of the latter question. This relies purely on the description of F as the group of piecewise linear orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of the unit. The techniques we develop allow us also to solve the ordinary conjugacy problem as well, and we can compute roots and centralizers. Moreover, these techniques can be generalized to solve the same questions in larger groups of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms.

Introducci�� experimental a la biotecnologia amb clavellina: cultiu in vitro

Treball de recerca realitzat per una alumna d'ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit cient��fic del Jovent l'any 2009. Es tracta d���una recerca experimental en la que s���han assajat vuit t��cniques de cultiu in vitro amb clavellina. El material vegetal s���ha esterilitzat per immersi�� en una soluci�� dilu��da de lleixiu i s���ha manipulat de manera est��ril. En tots els casos el medi de cultiu utilitzat ha estat el MS amb una concentraci�� de sacarosa i reguladors de creixement variable segons l���experiment. La incubaci�� dels cultius s���han dut a terme en una cambra amb control de fotoper��ode durant 4 setmanes. Els diferents reguladors de creixement han mostrat un clar efecte sobre les seccions de tija. Els explants cultivats en medi lliure d���hormones han crescut menys que els exposats a diverses concentracions de NAA i BA. Aquests tractaments hormonals han originat s��mptomes de creixement an��mals (engruiximents a la base i vitrificaci��). La presencia de 2,4-D ha afavorit la formaci�� de cal���lus i d���arrels per organog��nesi advent��cia indirecta. L���obtenci�� de pl��ntules per germinaci�� in vitro de llavors ha perm��s reduir notablement les p��rdues per contaminaci��, mentre que el subcultiu d���aquestes ha donat unes tases de micropropagaci�� de 7.2 seccions/pl��ntula. Ha estat possible aclimatar aquestes vitroplantes per tal d���adaptar-les a les condicions de camp. No hem pogut obtenir organog��nesis advent��cia ni embriog��nesi som��tica a partir d anteres ni hem pogut iniciar un cultiu de c��l���lules a partir dels cal���lus. Tot i la complexitat d���aquestes t��cniques, ��s possible dur-les a terme en un laboratori escolar.

Republicanismo, servidumbre y servicio dom��stico

En este trabajo se exploran los condicionantes sociol��gicos e institucionales del mercado del servicio dom��stico en Europa. Para ello se trabaj��, b��sicamente, en tres l��neas de investigaci��n que aun est��n en curso. La primera, consiste en una exploraci��n filos��fica republicana, hist��rica y jur��dica de la familia y la empresa capitalistas como instituciones que tienen una raigambre hist��rica com��n ���la antigua domus, donde se desarrollaban todas las actividades productivas y reproductivas y que se caracterizaba constitutivamente por relaciones de dominaci��n entre el propietario de los medios de producci��n y todos aqu��llos que depend��an de ��ste para subsistir-. Bajo el capitalismo, la familia ���entendida ya como el hombre, su mujer e hijos leg��timos- se constituy�� en una instituci��n eminentemente privada y las actividades desarrolladas en su seno quedaron fuera de lo que se consider�� trabajo susceptible de reconocimiento econ��mico. En este sentido, la normativa que regula al servicio dom��stico como una relaci��n laboral de car��cter ���especial��� es un reflejo de la desvalorizaci��n socioecon��mica de que ha sido objeto el trabajo reproductivo y la asociaci��n conceptual entre la ���improductividad��� del ama de casa y la empleada dom��stica. En la segunda l��nea del trabajo se exploraron las variaciones cuantitativas del mercado del servicio dom��stico en Europa, cuya trayectoria presenta una forma de U entre la d��cada de 1880 y mediados de la d��cada de 1990. Tambi��n mediante el an��lisis de fuentes secundarias de datos se pudieron establecer las profundas diferencias regionales que ha comportado este resurgimiento del empleo en servicios dom��sticos y su peso dentro de la estructura de empleo de cada sociedad. Por ��ltimo, en la tercera se indag�� la fluctuaci��n hist��rica y geogr��fica de la oferta de trabajadoras dom��sticas en Europa, que pas�� de las migraciones internas a las internacionales, coincidiendo con periodos de fuerte desigualdad econ��mica entre las zonas expulsoras y receptoras.

Did the cooperative start life as a Joint-Stock company? business law and cooperatives in Spain, 1869���1931

Studies of Spanish cooperatives date their spread from the Law on Agrarian Syndicates of 1906. But the first legislative appearance of cooperatives is an 1869 measure that permitted general incorporation for lending companies. The 1931 general law on cooperatives, which was the first act permitting the formation of cooperatives in any activity, reflects the gradual disappearance of the cooperative���s "business" characteristics. In this paper we trace the Spanish cooperative���s legal roots in business law and its connections to broader questions of the freedom of association, the formation of joint-stock enterprises, and the liability of investors in business and cooperative entities. Our account underscores the similarities of the organizational problems approach by cooperatives and business firms, while at the same time respecting the distinctive purposes cooperatives served.

Giacomo Becattini and the Marshall's method. A Schumpeterian approach

The studies of Giacomo Becattini concerning the notion of the "Marshallian industrial district" have led a revolution in the field of economic development around the world. The paper offers an interpretation of the methodology adopted by Becattini. The roots are clearly Marshallian. Becattini proposes a return to the economy as a complex social science that operates in historical time. We adopt a Schumpeterian approach to the method in economic analysis in order to highlight the similarities between the Marshall and Becattini's approach. Finally the paper uses the distinction between logical time, real time and historical time which enable us to study the "localized" economic process in a Becattinian way.

A non-possibility theorem for joint-stability in interindustry models

Joint-stability in interindustry models relates to the mutual simultaneous consistency of the demand-driven and supply-driven models of Leontief and Ghosh, respectively. Previous work has claimed joint-stability to be an acceptable assumption from the empirical viewpoint, provided only small changes in exogenous variables are considered. We show in this note, however, that the issue has deeper theoretical roots and offer an analytical demonstration that shows the impossibility of consistency between demand-driven and supply-driven models.